• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.335-338
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• 2000

The technology of direct-seeding in rice cultivation is an innovation mainly induced by factors in market economy and is rapidly diffused among individual farmhouses. Because the effect of technology can be affected by many factors under various farming circumstances, the impact and stability of the direct-seeding technology compared with transplanting was analyzed under various topographical regions. Yield in direct-seeding was higher in plains, although the farm size producing higher yield was quite different depending on the topographical regions. In the direct-seeding cultivation of rice, man-labor hours was reduced by about 38 percent and the reduction rate showed little difference among topographical regions. Fertilizer was used about 11 percent more but the increase rate varied from 3 to 17 percent depending on regions with higher rates in plains. Application of agricultural chemicals was also increased about 9 percent in direct-seeding, but the increase rate was as high as 12 percent in suburbs. More fertilizer and agricultural chemicals were used in direct-seeding cultivation by farmhouses implementing both direct-seeding and transplanting than by those implementing direct-seeding only. Use of more fertilizers and agricultural chemicals in direct-seeding in all regions may indicate its technical instability. Major problems causing the technical instability of direct-seeding cultivation should be solved by comprehensive research considering various farming circumstances such as topographical features rather than just a top-down style research and extension.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.75-84
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• 2008

Recently, construction industry demands have been changed by domestic construction circumstances such as high-technology, mega-projects, and the complexity of construction. In order to deal with the change of such a domestic construction circumstances, the Ministry of Construction and Transportation (MOCT) has introduced advanced delivery methods. However, the advantages and disadvantages of the advanced delivery methods have not been effectively applied for previous projects. The reason for this is that the "Reviewing Standard for the Large-scale Construction Bidding Method" has not reflected enough prcject characteristics when the delivery method is selected in the project planning phase. Therefore, this paper proposes the Analysis on the Impact Factors of Delivery Method for Multi-Family Housing Projects.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.61-88
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• 2017

This paper seeks to use case studies of training programs for teachers at US K-12 schools to provide a model for developing training programs in South Korea for Korean language teachers overseas, and to consider directions for the future. Toward the end, we review examples of professional development programs for Korean language instructors at US K-12 schools that we have developed and conducted between 2011 and 2016. By comparing these programs with the results of post-program assessments, we explore ways of improving those programs. To respect teachers' wishes, these training programs have attempted to strike a balance between cultural and linguistic education while focusing more on workshops, debates, and field trips than on theoretical lectures. The difficulty of operating such programs is the difference in the teachers' individual circumstances and educational context, which necessitates giving teachers an opportunity to discuss the content of the program and find ways to apply it to their own circumstances. To resolve such difficulties, the training programs that we develop should avoid predetermined curriculums and should not be focused on simple drills or the trainer. Instead, these programs should take the approach of proactively incorporating contents desired by the participating teachers by starting with the situations, needs, and tasks of each of those teachers.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.15
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• pp.139-161
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• 2008

This study examined the texts of the Late Joseon Dynasty's YEONJEONG GASA, whose authors are unknown, to list the contents of education which can be provided by conventional elements. Most existing discussions on expression education have focused on creativity. However, the perspective creativity based on the concepts of modern individualism and difference believes that creation can be done only by special professionals with inborn abilities and is likely to jeopardize the possibility and need of expression education to reduce the scope of expression education. On the other hand, conventionality has been related to "cliche" and "old-fashioned" and considered the counterpoint of creativity with lacking originality and aesthetical or educational valuelessness. Nevertheless, conventionality is valuable as cultural custom in that it is closely related to the contemporary culture, thoughts, and language. Also, it is the power that creates new text and induces sympathy in receivers. The Late Joseon Dynasty's YEONJEONG GASA by unknown authors include typicality of circumstances, schematism of emotion, and formula in conventionality. The positive aspects of conventionality - familiarity and intimacy - are the basis of sympathy and become the power that encourages the public to participate in creation and enjoyment within the frame of creativity. Ultimately, conventionality of YEONJEONG GASA allows learners to experience the pleasure of expression and has an important meaning for expression education as it provides them with the opportunity to perform expressions to extend sympathy.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.745-751
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• 2011

In most agricultural soils, ammonium ($NH_4^+$) from fertilizer is quickly converted to nitrate ($NO_3^-$) by the process of nitrification which is crucial to the efficiency of N fertilizers and their impact on the environment. However, nitrification studies have been studied extensively in agricultural soils, not in a newly reclaimed tidal soil which show saline-sodic and high pH. Therefore, understanding the fate of nitrogen species transformed from urea introduced into reclaimed tidal soil is important for nutrient management and environmental quality. This paper reviewed studies regarding to transformation and fate of nitrogen sources such as urea under the circumstances of a reclaimed tidal soils located in a western coastal area.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.723-730
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• 2019

Acquiring instrumentation signals generated from nuclear power plants (NPPs) is essential to maintain nuclear reactor integrity or to mitigate an abnormal state under normal operating conditions or severe accident circumstances. However, various safety-critical instrumentation signals from NPPs cannot be accurately measured on account of instrument degradation or failure under severe accident circumstances. Reactor vessel (RV) water level, which is an accident monitoring variable directly related to reactor cooling and prevention of core exposure, was predicted by applying a few signals to deep neural networks (DNNs) during severe accidents in NPPs. Signal data were obtained by simulating the postulated loss-of-coolant accidents at hot- and cold-legs, and steam generator tube rupture using modular accident analysis program code as actual NPP accidents rarely happen. To optimize the DNN model for RV water level prediction, a genetic algorithm was used to select the numbers of hidden layers and nodes. The proposed DNN model had a small root mean square error for RV water level prediction, and performed better than the cascaded fuzzy neural network model of the previous study. Consequently, the DNN model is considered to perform well enough to provide supporting information on the RV water level to operators.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.253-269
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is modeling a user-friendly Korean-Japanese thesaurus for internet circumstances. The methodology had two steps: first, the problems were analyzed when multilingual thesaurus is constructed, with review of various multilingual thesauri and interview with multilingual thesaurus constructor in Korea and Japan. Second, collaborative tags were analyzed to differentiate cultural/linguistic background from word usage pattern. As a result, searching thesaurus model was suggested and applied to develop a user-friendly Korean-Japanese thesaurus.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.117-139
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• 2020

In case of international long-term transactions, there are various risks of economic change of circumstances including skyrocketing price increase and shortage of raw material, as well as force majeure in a general sense. Nevertheless, pretty many of international long-term commercial contracts do not include the provisions of renegotiation and adaptation of the contract. In this case, possibility of renegotiation and adaptation depends mainly on the applicable law. Namely, it may be possible or not, according to choice of law. The reason is that national laws have nuances each other, and most of national courts are traditionally reluctant to accept hardship. and also, provisions of international uniform law (CISG) has ambiguity and inflexibility in relation to the problems of change of circumstances. Accordingly, this paper analyzes comparatively the doctrines and provisions related to renegotiation and adaptation of contracts of the most representative countries such as England, U.S.A., France, Germany as well as provisions CISG and soft law such as PICC. By doing so, the author makes clear which laws of instruments is more flexible or acceptable in allowing renegotiation and adaptation of long-term commercial contracts, and emphasizes on the importance of inclusion of express terms by using other alternative supplementing clauses, as a best solution for settling the problems of legal uncertainty of contract in relation to renegotiation and adaptation.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-101
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• 2024

This study investigates the variation in anxiety levels across income classes in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The research is based on data from nationally representative surveys conducted in 2017 and 2021, and it employs a multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic model. The unique aspect of this investigation lies in its utilization of the Cantril ladder, a commonly employed tool in public opinion research, to gauge anxiety levels. Participants are prompted to assess their present life circumstances concerning their daily worries and anxieties. The empirical findings provide evidence that individuals in provinces with higher exposures to COVID-19 reported heightened anxiety levels. Furthermore, the results highlight a consistent association between higher household income and lower levels of anxiety. Notably, individuals from the highest income group experienced a substantial decline in anxiety levels during the pandemic. When examining specific income classes, the study reveals heightened anxiety among women in higher-income brackets and among lower-income households residing in urban areas. Furthermore, regarding macroeconomic circumstances, the results illustrate a positive correlation between economic prosperity and anxiety levels among members of low-income households. The study also uncovers a positive connection between income inequality and self-assessed anxiety within upper-middle and high-income brackets.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.9-74
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• 2006

Due to the awareness of their rights for medical liability and the advancement of legal principles, it becomes also not hard to find those who seek damages against hospitals, doctors and nurses for the suicide committed under the protection of psychiatric institute in Korea these days. Judgements on these kinds of cases are not enough yet, so that it may be too early to try to find principles used in these cases, however it is hardly wrong to read following things from above cases. That is, to gain the case, plaintiffs should show (1) there exists an obligation of "due care"(there is a special relation between patients and hospitals), (2) the duty is violated on the basis of the applicable standard of care, (3) whatever injures or damages are sustained are proximately caused by the breach of duty and (4) the plaintiff suffers compensable damages. To specific, whether a psychiatric institute was liable for wrong death or not depends upon the patients conditions, circumstances and the extent of the danger the patients poses to himself or herself; in short, the foreseeability of self-inflicted harm(the doctor should have or could reasonably have foreseen the patient's suicide and the doctor's negligence actually caused the suicide). In this context if a patient exhibit strong suicidal tendencies, constant observation should be required. Negligence has been found not exist, however, when a patient abruptly and unexpectedly dashes from an attendant and jumps out a window or otherwise attempts to injure himself or herself. And the standard of conduct that is required to meet the obligation of "due care" is based on what the "reasonable practitioner" would do in like circumstances. The standard is not one of excellence or superior practice; it only re quires that the physician exercise that degree of skill and care that would be expected of the average qualified practitioner practicing under like circumstances. Most of these principles have been established at cases of the U.S.A and Japan. In this article you can also find the legal organizations of medical liability and medical contacts on the suicide of patients who have psychiatric diseases under Korean negligence law.