• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.47-59
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• 2020

Scientific analysis was conducted to identify the paint pigments used in the Buseoksa Josadang murals. optical microscopy(OM), X-ray fluorescence(XRF), XRF mapping, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDS), and Raman spectroscopy were performed to examine the pigments. The results confirmed that the Josadang murals consist of two paint layers wherein the pigments were distinct for most colors. It was estimated that celadonite, white clay, red ochre, cinnabar and minium, synthetic green pigment containing tin and zinc paratacamite, or botallackite were used in the upper layer. In addition, bone white, celadonite, red ochre, azurite, cinnabar or vermilion, and gold were identified in the lower layer. In addition, as Zn and Sn were detected in the green pigments extracted from the top layer of the paint, it is believed that Josadang murals were repainted over the original paint layer at some point after the 17th century. In addition, white pigments containing calcium phosphate were found in all the colors in the bottom layer, which is the original paint layer. These results are significant because this is the first time that white pigments are found in Korean traditional paintings. Additionally, the information revealed about the pigments in this study will serve as areference for the pigments used in the Goryeo period.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.403-415
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• 2019

According to oral tradition, the King Sejo's palanquin is indeed the palanquin of King Sejo, the 7^th monarch of the Joseon dynasty who reigned from 1455 to 1468, which was left behind after visiting the Magoksa temple. The palanquin is painted in five colors, mainly black, white, yellow, red and green. The chromaticity measurement of the yellow pigment showed that orpiment and gold are a noticeable distinction between the lightness and b^⁎ values. In the case of the red pigment, a^⁎ values of areas painted with cinnabar tend to measure at high values. As a result of the optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses, it was determined that Chinese ink was used for the black pigment, lead white and white clay were used for the white, and orpiment and gold for the yellow. The red pigment was found to be the result of minium, cinnabar and red ocher, atacamite was used as green pigment. Though the analysis results of the cross sections on very small exfoliation fragments of pigments, it was confirmed that white clay and lead white were used for the preparation layer. In addition, several coloration techniques were considered based on these analyses.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.2
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• pp.35-40
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• 2000

Conservation Science Lab. of the National Museum of Korea recovered Bamboo-plated inkstone case which is used for keeping inkstick, inkstone and inkstone water container by using traditional lacquering and wooden art technology. Texture and construction method of wood, ingredients for lacquering and the method, and the design were analyzed in order to restore the original manufacturing method. Especially, perfect restoration of partially damaged lacquer surface is the most important aspect in restoring Bamboo plated inkstone case, therefore focus was put on investigation of surface lacquering. First, lacquering surface sample was taken off from the object and processed into flake and observed with transmission microscope in order to investigate lacquering method and the pigment in the lacquering surface was analyzed with XRD and SEM-EDS. The result showed that the object was decorated with thin-layered bamboo in the surface which is made of Royal paulownio. and lacquered several times with the mixture of Hematite(Fe₂O₃) and Cinnabar(HgS) in the remaining part.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2014

This study interpreted the chemicals of the pigments and the coloring techniques employed on Youngsan Ritual Ceremony Buddhist Painting through a nondestructive analysis method and a microscopic observation. Based on the interpretation, this study closely examined the chemical properties of the names of the coloring materials specified on the ceremonial writing of the Buddhist painting. It is estimated that lead white was used for the white pigments, orpiment and organic pigment for the yellow pigment, cinnabar/vermilion, minium, red ochre, and red dyes for the red pigments, malachite or atacamite for the green pigments, azurite and indigo for the blue pigments, and ink stick for the black pigments. The pigment names specified on the ceremonial writing are juhong, jungcheong, hayeop, whangdan, and whanggeum, and it was verified that juhong is cinnabar or vermilion, jungcheong is azurite, hayeop is malachite or atacamite, whangdan is minium, and whanggeum is a gold foil.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.277-286
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• 2014

This is the scientific analysis of lacquered pottery cup and lacquered pottery plate excavated from Pyongyang Tomb No.53 at Namjeong-ri, Nangnang Tomb, which were under conservation treatment as a part of the Project of Unregistered Artefacts Uncovered in the Japanese Colonial Era. It is very rare to have a lacquered pottery cup and plate, lying on a lacquered pottery table, as a set of grave goods. In particular, they are not wooden but pottery items. Of that on this analysis Lacquered pottery cup and lacquered pottery plate use red pigment and black pigment mixed with lacquer. Analysis results of red pigment is cinnabar(HgS) and black pigment is estimated carbon-based pigment.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.141-194
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• 2018

The article is about Yong-Ho-Bi-Gyeol(龍虎秘訣), which is one of the most important Taoist text in Korea written by Jeong-Ryum, a Taoist and alchemist in the Chosun Dynasty. The article deals with the alchemical and psychological meanings of Yong-Ho (龍虎, Dragon-Tiger), the way of nurturing cinnabar (修丹之道), the closing of the qi (閉氣), the method of alchemical breathing, the Dantian (丹田, cinnabar-field), and the Mysterious Female's One Opening (玄牝一竅), in addition to the brief introduction of the life of Jeong-Ryum and the bibliography of the book. The Yong-Ho (龍虎) meaning the dragon and tiger is the archetype of transformation in the form of their opposites, rooted in the psychoid system of the human psyche. The unified Yong-Ho makes Dan and the Dan, literally indicating cinnabar, has many alchemical connotations such as Mercurius, the rubedo state of the alchemical process, and the philosopher's stone. In the book, Jeong-Ryum emphasized the slow and subtle way of breathing in and out of Dantian to develop neidan (内丹, inner cinnabar or inner alchemy). The refining of neidan begins by the closing of the qi, which symbolizes the radical introversion and withdrawal of all the projections on the outer objects. The Dantian located at the lower part of the abdomen has been known to preserve jing (精), the vital essence of life, which can be refined into qi and spirit (神). In Jungian perspective, the Dantian is a mandala where an individual's mind can stay and focus at the center of psyche detached from ego and related to the Self. The long-nurtured introverted energy makes the Mysterious Female's One Opening (玄牝一竅), a pit or cavity in the transcendental space, through which the meditator can have a relationship with the great female principle of the universe. The current article has introduced the contents of the Yong-Ho-Bi-Gyeol in the perspective of analytical psychology. However, it has not dealth with the remaining topics including Taesik (胎息, embryonic breathing) and Juchenhwahu (周天火候, the great Celestial circuit firing), due to the lack of author's sufficient knowledge and experience. The unexplored areas of Yong-Ho-Bi-Gyeol will be studied in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 2023

This study conducted scientific analyses on eight objects of wooden lacquerware to understand the manufacturing techniques of wooden lacquerware in the late Joseon Dynasty. The results of lacquer layer analysis with a microscope and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry revealed that most samples were composed of 1-3 lacquer layers. Moreover, a red-colored layer was found to be red ocher and cinnabar, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was carried out to determine the components of the lacquer layer. The detected components were mostly lacquer and partially cashew shell nut liquid.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.15
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• pp.78-95
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• 2014

To examine the materials, production techniques, and key features of Goryeo wooden lacquerwares, scientific analysis was conducted on six relevant lacquerware items. All of the items, except for a lacquered bowl ^{duksu 4123}, were found to have been made by first covering the surface of the wood with cloth and then varnishing with lacquer. The wooden frames of flower-shaped lacquered case and pine leaves shape lacquered case were made by wrapping thin wood around either the lid or bottom panel. In most cases, microscopic analysis revealed a lower layer of lacquer mixed with bone ash and bone dust, followed by an upper varnish layer of lacquer. SEM-EDS analysis and μ-XRF ^{Micro-X-ray Fluorescence} analysis showed that vermilion lacquer mixed with cinnabar was used on the surface. A lid decorated with a dot pattern was made by first varnishing the surface with yellow lacquer mixed with orpiment, and then irregular dot pattern with a mixture of black lacquer and soot. The vermilion lacquer used to varnish the side of the lacquered bowls was composed of lacquer mixed with cinnabar and minium ^{Red Lead}.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 1999

The medical mineral menas a single mineral or a complex of minerals. It is natural material. using the medical action of he major or the minor elements, and traditional medicine stuff which has been used since long time ago. Jusa, cinnabar as the mineral name, is the product of the hydrothermal process. It is used to relax the body and cure high blood pressure, apoplexy and cardiopathy. Jusais the major component of "An shin hwan" and "Woo hwang chung shim hwan" nowadays because it has such an excellent calm effect. In addition, it is used to cure cancers such as esophageal cancer and gastric cancer. Jusa composed of mercuric sulfide causes mercury poisoning such as Minamata disease. It is dealt with mineralogical property and chemical composition medical stuff in Korea and China, as well asmercury poisoning and medical action of Jusa in this study. In order to predct accumulation of the interior of the body of the major and minor elements in Jusa, leaching experiment of Jusa by artificial gastric juice was done as well as thermodynamic reaction modelling to know concentration of each species of body fluid. The minor elements of 24 species such as As, Pb, Cd, a and Fe by leaching reaction of Jusa and artificial gastric juice were leached. We can know the fact that as is less than 1 ppm, Hg is less than 25 ppm and Cd and m are not detected. In addition, mercury exists as species of Hg2+, HgCl+, HgCl2, HgCl3-, HgCl42-, HgClOH, HgS(H2S)2, Hg(HS)3-, HgS22-, HgOH and Hg(OH)2 by reaction modelling between Jusa and artificial gastric juice. The concentration of sulfide complexes is 24.2 ppm and that of others is less than 10 ppm. According to increasing pH, the concentration of HgS(H2S)2, Hg(HS)3+, HgS22- and Hg(OH)2 increases, whereas the concentration of HgCl+, HgCl2, HgCl3- and HgCl42- decreases. Therefore, Jusa is very useful for the development of new medicine because it is possible to predict formation of the body species and species accumulation on mercury known as a toxic element and concentration changes of toxicity and efficiency.city and efficiency.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2020

In this study, we tried to reproduce some of the cosmetics from the Joseon period based on the previous analysis of the cosmetics excavated from the tomb of Princess Hwahyup. The two cosmetic powders, the white powder consisting of lead(II) carbonate and talc and the cinnabar-based red powder, were reproduced according to the records from the 6th to the 19th centuries. We also studied the degradation profiles of these reproduced samples by comparison of XRD patterns. Basic lead carbonate of the reproduced white powder turned into lead(II) carbonate, while the reproduced red powder showed different crystalline structure from the excavated cosmetics even after the degradation. Results of the evaluation tests showed that these reproduced cosmetics fell short of the standards set for the modern-day cosmetics, but based on their mixing ratio, the spreadability and oil absorption capacity of some samples of the reproduced white powder were found to be similar to those of the modern cosmetics.