• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.125-145
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• 2003

The core version of UDC(Universal Decimal Classification) is available in an electronic form called MRF(Master Reference File) which supports the maintenance of the quality of the scheme as a working tool for the UDCC(UDC Consortium) by annual reviewing its content and initiating revisions and extensions. In this paper, we discuss outcomes of our in-depth analysis of the geography, biography and history disciplines in UDC focused on the its evolutions and characteristics, including the common auxiliaries of place, the common auxiliaries of time and the common auxiliaries of race, ethnic grouping and nationality. Based on the in-depth analysis, we suggested some ideas which can be applied into the history class of KDC(Korean Decimal Classification). In particular, its principle of combination methods in the history of individual regions, the way of its assignment of physical geography and human geography in the same division, the possibilities of the extension of the table of geographical division and the adaptation of the table of chronological division in KDC.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.124-132
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• 2015

This study investigated the complex meanings of the concept of place and their periodical changes in the Korean architectural discourse. For that, the study surveyed almost every articles in majour 3 Korean architectural magazines during around 1990s, when the Korean architects and theorists concerned the 'place' as an alternative of the modernists' 'space'. 60 selected articles were organized in a table in a chronological order together with their keywords and category codes. The 8 categories reflecting 8 issues of 'place' were suggested in the study after the analysis of selected articles' contents. The categories were structured by two axes which were 4-grade scale axis influences by C. Norberg-Schultz' approach, and 'architecture-human' axis following the 'structure-action' division by A. Giddens. After the analysis of the diachronic and synchronic tables, the study tried to establish a structure model of the concept of place in Korean architectural context, which consisted of architectural terms such as environment, social system, context, identity, landscape, community, Materiality, and residence. This final result could be useful for both architects and theorists who might try to apply the idea of 'place' without erstwhile confusion on their design or research by examining the detailed contents of the concept.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 1991

Since the discovery of the Loeb-Sourirajan reverse osmosis membrane, thirty years have passed and many membrane technologies and new membranes for applications have been developed in the world. In the early stage of these developments Japan has not contributed much, but from the middle of 70ties Japan has started its own R&D projects starting from the desalination technology, and now various private industries and government ministries are actively engaging in R & D of membrane technologies in Japan. In Table 1 the chronological developments of important events of developments and projects relating membrane technologies inside and outside of Japan are introduced and their details will be explained. The first membrane technology applied in the Japanese industry was a electrodialysis(ED) process using ion-exchange membranes. These membranes were first developed in early 50ties and the Japanese government decided to use this method for concentration of sea-water to produce salt, which was then produced by solar evaporation. This development program started from 1960 by the Japan Monopoly Corp.(at that time). To apply ED process for sea-water concentration it was necessary to develop ion-exchange membranes having very low electric resistance to avoid energy loss due to Joule heat, and those having selectivity to permeate single valent ions only to avoid scale formation in the ED stacks. Three Japanese companies, Asahi Glass, Asahi Chemical and Tokuyama Soda, have succeeded to develop such membranes, and until 1971 all of the seven salt manufacturing companies had adopted ED for production of food salt.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.44
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• pp.213-261
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• 2023

The purpose of this article was to examine whether the parallel passages from The Canonical Scripture and Jeungsan Cheonsa Gongsagi (甑山天師公事記 Records of the Reordering Works of Celestial Master Jeungsan), the first full-length record related to the life of Kang Jeungsan compiled by Lee Sang-ho, indicate the same chronology. A comparison of the contents between The Canonical Scripture and Jeungsan Cheonsa Gongsagi revealed the following. The contents of The Canonical Scripture are categorized by a table of contents. By way of contrast, the contents of Jeungsan Cheonsa Gongsagi, is organized year by year. When parallel passages appear, the two texts tend to indicate the same year for specific events, but the chronology of some events do not match. A comparison of the contents of The Canonical Scripture and the first edition of Daesoon Jeongyeong (大巡典經 The Canonical Scripture of the Great Itineration) shows the following. Once again, the contents of The Canonical Scripture are organized via a table of contents. The contents of the first edition of the Daesoon Jeongyeong are also indicated through a table of contents. When lined up for comparison, most of the passages show the same content to have occurred in matching years. However, new contents are contained in this record that were absent in Jeungsan Cheonsa Gongsagi. All of these texts contain a summary of the life of Kang Jeung-san; however, they are organized differently. Jeungsan Cheonsa Gongsagi presents that summary chronologically (year by year with some gaps in years). Daesoon Jeongyeong and The Canonical Scripture both feature a table of contents wherein chapters are based around specific themes. One key takeaway is that different passages appear in the contents of each text. Also, The Canonical Scripture and the first edition of the Daesoon Jeongyeong contain some parallel passages wherein the two texts disagree on what year some events took place. Despite the different style of organization, Jeungsan Cheonsa Gongsagi and The Canonical Scripture can still be compared and such comparison shows the same pattern as comparison between The Canonical Scripture and Daesoon Jeongyeong. As a result of organizing and comparing the contents of the table of contents with the chronological record, the parallel passages wherein chronology is disputed can be highlighted and the introduction of new passages can also be shown.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.587-616
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• 2010

Just after decolonization in 1945, there was no basic research in Korea representing only 12 PhD's and about 300 college graduates of science and technology areas. Now, the symbols of basic scientific research have been developed to 66,000 university researchers in science and technology area and 36,000 SCI papers. The government can be credited as playing the most important role in such development, but there are no studies about what are the process and details of the policies. 1his paper examines the flow of major events in the basic scientific research through government policies suggesting a chronological table. The selection and checking of each event were supported by two other experts besides two authors. We divide policies for basic scientific research with policy infrastructure, administration system, and policy subject. Policy subject is further divided into research environment, research infrastructure, and human resources. The results are threefold. We show that basic scientific research has progressed over 5 stages of development, and 15 significant incidents has occurred. Also, major events were done not solely by the government, but also the requests by researchers. Scientific society has continually put the impetus on the government.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2015

Recently, due to various environmental problems such as global warming, increases of international oil prices, exhaustion of resource, a paradigm of world automobile market is rapidly changing from conventional vehicles using internal combustion engine to eco-friendly vehicles using electric power such as EV, HEV, PHEV and FCEV. Generally, in order to measure fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of cars, chassis dynamometer tests are performed on various driving cycles before actual driving test. There are many driving cycles for performance evaluation of conventional vehicles. However, there is a lack of researches on driving cycle for EV. In this study, the urban driving cycle for performance evaluation of electric vehicles was developed. This study is composed of two parts. In the part 1, the urban driving cycle 'GUDC-EV(Gwacheon-city Urban Driving Cycle for Electric Vehicles)' was developed by using driving data, which were obtained through actual driving experiment, and statistic analysis with chronological table. In this paper part 2, in order to verify the developed driving cycle GUDC-EV, virtual EV platforms were configured and simulations were performed with actual driving data using In addition, simulation results were compared with existing driving cycles such as FTP-72, NEDC and Japan 10-15.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.23-39
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• 1985

The northeastern part of Ogcheon zone which consisted mainly of Cambro-Ordovician arenaceous, argillaceous and calcareous formations and Carboni-Triassic arenaceous and argillaceous formations is delineated as the eastern mass of a thrust fault along Choongju-Moongyong-Cheongsan in the middle of the zone. The present study proposes a geotectonic line, Imgye-Samchog fault(see, figure 1) which divides the northeastern part into two blocks, Hambacksan block in the west and East coast block in the east. The igneous rocks in the Hambacksan block ranging from granite to gabbro are distributed in a symmetrical zones parallel to general direction of Ogcheon zone as follows (Fig. 2 and Table 2). Southeast igneous rock zone: it aligns Jurassic granites in its south and Precambrian leucocratic granites in its north. Central igneous rock zone: it aligns Cretaceous granites in its south and Jurassic granites, and some of diorite and gabbro in its north. Northwest igneous rock zone: aligns Jurassic granites in its south and huge batholithic granodiorite in its north. The distribution of the igneous rocks in the East coast block shows an entirely different features from those of Hanbacksan block. In the southern part of the block they assemble in a narrow area ranging in age from Early Proterozoic, through Middle to Late Proterozoic, Devonian, Jurassic, Cretaceous to Tertiary, whereas, the igneous rocks in the northern part of the block gathered to a restricted area, in ages of Middle Proterozoic and Cretaceous. The assemblage of the igneous rocks in the studied area shows a compositionally restricted, mixed S-type and I-type granites, $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ > 0.706, rare volcanics and shortening with upright folding. These lithologic and structural features suggest that the igneous activity in this part related intimately to Hercynotype Orogeny of Pitcher(1979). Chronological episodes of igneous activity from Early Proterozoic to Early Tertiary in the northeastern part are figured.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.117-126
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• 2014

Recently, due to various environmental problems such as global warming, increasing of international oil prices and exhaustion of resource, a paradigm of world automobile market is rapidly changing from vehicles using internal combustion engine to eco-friendly vehicles using electric power such as EV (Electric Vehicle), HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle), PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid electric Vehicle) and FCEV (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle). There are many driving cycles for performance evaluation of conventional vehicles. However there is a lack of researches on driving cycle for EV. This study is composed of part 1 and part 2. In this paper part 1, in order to develop urban driving cycle for performance evaluation of electric vehicles, Gwacheon-city patrol route of police patrol car was selected. Actual driving test was performed using EV. The driving data such as velocity, time, GPS information etc. were recorded. GUDC-EV (Gwacheon-city Urban Driving Cycle for Electric Vehicles) including road gradient was developed through the results of analyzing recorded data. Reliability of the driving cycle development method was substantiated through comparison of electricity performance. In the second part of this study, the developed driving cycle was compared to simulation result of the existing urban driving cycle. Verification of the developed driving cycle for EV performance evaluation was described.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.533-543
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• 2018

This study aimed to examine how the horticultural therapy that was originated in the US has influenced South Korea and Japan and developed in the two countries as an interim check to promote qualitative growth of horticultural therapy with the growing social attention. It also aimed to look into the background of how horticultural therapy was introduced in Japan (which introduced horticultural therapy around the same time as Korea), and the process of the introduction, and compare them with those of Korea in order to set the direction for horticultural therapy. Data was collected to prepare the chronological table of horticultural therapy in Korea and Japan and investigate the flow. Interviews were conducted with the professors who first opened a horticultural therapy course in university so as to determine the introduction background. The analysis results are summarized as follows: Horticultural therapy was created to give mental comfort and emotional purification to those concerned with horticulture that had concerns over social phenomena. In Korea, there had been a process of finding a way of getting mental comfort and emotional purification in the economic slowdown in the late 1990s. Since 2001, there have been more attention and demand for horticultural therapy. As a result, there has been a tendency of studying general horticultural welfare activities and professional horticultural therapy separately. In Japan, the environmental pollution that has arisen since 1970s led to a concern over social orientation in the relation between plants and humans. The academic conference of global researchers to establish the horticultural therapy studies influenced the introduction of horticultural therapy in Korea and Japan. Both countries had no operations and system, and developed them independently. They had similar directions to seek, such as the department of horticultural therapy, need for professional education, active introduction of hospital practice (internship), and security of operating budget. Horticultural therapy has many competencies and thus requires constant research and expansion.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.125-130
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• 2021

Purpose: The dental age estimation of children is performed using dental maturity. Postmortem missing of the anterior teeth or the distortion of image of the anterior teeth in panoramic radiographs can make it difficult to analyze the development of the anterior teeth. This pilot study was conducted to derive a new age estimation method based only on the developmental stage of mandibular posterior teeth. Methods: This study was conducted using panoramic radiographs of 650 subjects aged 3 to 15 years old. The dental developmental stages of the lower left first premolar, second premolar, first molar and second molar were evaluated according to the Demirjian's criteria. The intra-/inter-observer reliability was evaluated, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed including the developmental stage of each tooth as an independent variable. Results: The intra-/inter-observer reliability was 0.9626 and 0.8877, respectively, and showed very high reproducibility. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed for males and females, and the age calculation table was derived by obtaining the intercept and the coefficient according to the development stage of each tooth. The coefficient of determination (r²) of the age calculation method was 0.9634 for male and 0.9570 for female subjects, and the mean difference between chronological age and estimated dental age was -0.42 and -0.21, respectively. Conclusions: This pilot study evaluated the developmental stages of four lower posterior teeth in the Korean group according to Demirjian's criteria, and derived age estimation method. The accuracy was lower than when more teeth were used, but it will be useful to estimate age of children when the anterior teeth are difficult to accurately analyze.