• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.111-131
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• 1998

1. In oriental medicine, the case of sinusitis can be explained, not only external invasion such as PUNG HAN(wind-cold), PUNG YUL(wind-hot), SHUP YUL(damp-heat), but also functional disorder of internal organ such as spleen(脾), lung(肺), kidney(腎) The western medicine classified the cause of sinusitis as two factors. That is bacterial infection factor-Haemophilus influenza, streptococcus pyogeues, streptococcus pneumonia- and viral infection factor-Rhinovirus, parainfluenza, Echo28, Coxsacki21, Sinusitis is complicated to allergic rhinitis, chronic otitis media purulent, chronic tonsilitis, sinubronchitis. On the condition of nasal septum deformity, turbinates deformity, nasal septum deviation, sinusitis can be developed. the predisposing factors of sinusitis is swimming, air pollution, malnutrition, shortage of immunity.2. According to survey, sinusitis occurred that children from 4 to 12 years old and from 5 to 7 years old occupied 70% 3. From the past history data, they experienced chronic tonsillar hypertropy(20%), otitis media, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, chronic sore throat, urticaria, milk allergy in sequence. 4. the symptoms of sinusitis is nasal obstruction, postnasal dripping, purulunt(yellow)or white discharge, cough, nose bleeding in sequence. nasal obstruction take the portion of 95%, postnasal dripping 65%, night time or early morning cough 60%. 5. The suffering period of sinusitis is 6 month minimum, 4 years maximum, most cases are included in a year. The suffering period of children was shorter than adult. 6. Diagnosis depend on inspection of nasal cavity, postnasal dripping, X-ray finding. 75% of patient(15case) showed both maxillary sinusitis, 25%(5cases) showed left or right maxillary sinusitis. 7. Treatment of oriental medicine, consist of Herb-medicine, acupuncture and exposing of Lazer beam. Kamihyunggyeyungyotang(加味荊芥蓮翹湯) is administered mainly as the medical therapy, Kamigwaghyangjeungkisan(加味藿香正氣散) Kimizwakwieum(加味左歸飮), Kamihyangsosan(加味香蘇散) is administered for a additional symptoms which occurred by influenza recurrence. Kamijeonxibackchulsan(加味錢氏白朮散) is administered to treat gastro-intestine trouble patients who have sinusitis. 8. The period of treatment is varied with patient conditions and X-ray finding. The minimal period is 35days, maximal period is 202days. So it took about 86days in average and about 50% of patient(10cases) is recovered in one or two month.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.153-163
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• 2004

Objective: For last 20 years our living environment has been changed rapidly. Accordingly. there have been many changes in prevalence of diseases; In nasal disease of the pediatrics, the number of children suffering from chronic rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction has been increased. And respiratory symptoms suggesting rhinitis and sinusitis also were increased. Allergic disease is considered as an important cause of this phenomenon while importance of infection as pathogen is fading today. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of TonggyutangGarnibang on the nasal disease of children. Methods: Children with nasal disease answer the questionnaires on their chief complaints and medical past history on their first visit to our clinic. They were treated 'With TonggyutangGarnibang for 4weeks. After treatment they answered the questionnaire on improvement of their symptoms. Results: Among treated patients, 70 were male(69%) and 32 were female(31%); sex ratio was 2.2.3:l(male:female). And children from 3-8 years old took majority of patients(64%). Major symptoms of children with nasal disease were as follows; nasal obstruction 9lchildren(62%), rhinorrhea 86children(84%), sneezing 63children(62%), cough 63children(62%), snoring 48children (47%), poor appetite 44children(43%), itching 39children(38%), headache 32children(31%), stomache 25children(25%), epistaxis 23children(23%), constipation 17children(17%), diarrhea 12children(12%). Past history and impression of the disease of the patients were as follows; allergic rhinitis(66%), atopic dermatitis(42%), sinusitis(40%), asthma(25%), urticaria(12%). Severity of symptom improved after TonggyutangGamibang treatment, it showed high treatment efficacy as follows; sneezing 70%, cough 70%, rhinorrhea 63%, nasal obstruction 59% Conclusion: This study shows TonggyutangGamibang has distinctive treatment effect on children with nasal disease.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2007

Objectives : Atopic dermatitis is a recurrent or chronic eczematous skin disease with severe pruritus. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of atopic dermatitis are yet unknown, recently hyperresponsive Th2 cells in the acute phase are reported as the important mechanisms. Cheonggisan(CGS) is used in oriental clinics for curing acute skin lesions of eczema, atopic dermatitis or urticaria. There have been no studies on the therapeutic mechanism of CGS for curing atopic dermatitis. We aimed to find out the therapeutic mechanism of CGS on atopic dermatitis, so we observed Th2 cell differentiation in EL 4 cells and $NF-kB$ p65 activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Materials and Methods : EL 4 cells were induced the increase of IL-4 mRNA expression by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate(PMA) and 4-tert-Octylphenol(OP) and treated with CGS extract. RAW 264.7 cells were induced the increase of cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 mRNA expression by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and treated with CGS extract. Results : The PMA and OP induced IL-4 mRNA expression was dose-dependantly decreased in CGS treated EL 4 cells. The LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA expression was dose-dependantly decreased in CGS treated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion : The results may suggest that the CGS inhibits Th2 cell differentiation in EL 4 cells and inhibits $NF-kB$ p65 activation in RAW 264.7 cells.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2006

Fexofenadine, one of selective histamine $H_1$ receptor antagonists, has been used for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The bioequivalence of two fexofenadine hydrochloride preparations, containing 120 mg fexofenadine hydrochloride, was evaluated according to the guidelines of Korea Food & Drug Administration(KFDA). The test product was Hanmi Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Tablet $120mg^{(R)}$ made by Hanmi Pharm. Co. and the reference product was Allegra Tablet $120mg^{(R)}$ made by Handok Parmaceuticals Co.. Twenty healthy male subjects were randomly divided into two groups and a $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of fexofenadine in plasma was determined using a validated HPLC method with fluorescence detector. Two pharmacokinetic parameters, $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, were calculated and analyzed statistically for the evaluation of bioequivalence of the two products. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed parameter values. The 90% confidence intervals of $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ were log $0.844{\sim}log$ 1.149 and log $0.833{\sim}log$ 1.109, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.8 to log 1.25. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating that Hanmi Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Tablet 120 mg is bioequivalent to Allegra Tablet 120 mg.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2006

Fexofenadine, one of selective histamine $H_1$ receptor antagonists, has been used for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The bioequivalence of two fexofenadine hydrochloride preparations, containing 180 mg fexofenadine hydrochloride, was evaluated according to the guidelines of Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA). The test product was Hanmi Fexofenadine Hydrochloride $Tablet^{\circledR}$ made by Hanmi Pharm. Co. and the reference product was Allegra $Tablet^{\circledR}$ made by Handok Parmaceuticals Co.. Twenty healthy male subjects were randomly divided into two groups and a $2\;{\time}\;2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of fexofenadine in plasma was determined using a validated HPLC method with fluorescence detector. Two pharmacokinetic parameters, $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, were calculated and analyzed statistically for the evaluation of bioequivalence of the two products. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed parameter values. The 90% confidence intervals of $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ were $log\;0.822{\sim}log \;1.142$ and $log\;0.848{\sim}log\;1.172$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.8 to log 1.25. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating that Hanmi Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Tablet is bioequivalent to Allegra Tablet.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.220-229
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• 2003

Background and Objectives : The diagnosis of allergic diseases in current oriental medicine is in the state of depending mainly on two factors: some distinctive symptoms and scientific 'opinions', MAST CLA test is also believed to be helpful in Oriental Medicine on making definite diagnosis of allergic diseases and identifying causative antigen. This study will address the clinical importance of MAST CLA test, the residential type of allergic patients and its distribution status, etc. Methods : From March of 2000 through September of 2003, tests were made in Oriental Medicine Hospital of Semyung University on sex, age, types of residence, allergic diseases and MAST CLA system for the patients who showed allergic symptoms and had been diagnosed so in other hospitals. Results : 1. Sex: Among 91 subjects, 38 of them were men, 53 of them were women. 2. Age group : 15.3% of them were in their 40s; 31.8% in 30s; 15.3% in 20s; 17.5% in 10s. 3. Residental type : A.P.T(51 of them, 56%), plain type of house(33 of them, 36.2%) and villa(7 of them, 7.6%). 4. Discases : Among the diseases, allergic dermatitis was most common(69 of them. 75.8%); allergic rhinitis(17 of them, 18.6%); and chronic and acute urticaria(4 of them, 4.3%) in order. 5. Among 91 subjects, 39 of them showed positive reaction to more than one type of antigens in MAST CLA test: 23 of them were men(60.5%); 16 of them. women(30.1%). 6. Among 91 subjects. 53 of them(58.2%) showed positive reaction to antibodies in MAST CLA test: 22 of them were men; 31 of them, women. 7. Antigen distribution order among 39 subjects who showed positive reaction in MAST CLA test: Mite-farinae, Mite-pterony, Housedust in men and women subjects alike.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.107-115
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• 1998

연구배경: 만성 호산구성 폐렴은 주로 중년 여성에서 호발하며, 발열, 야간발한, 체중감소, 식욕부진 등의 전신 증상과 기침, 천명, 가래 등의 호흡기 증상을 특징으로 하고, 대부분 말초 혈액 호산구증다증을 동반하고 흉부 방사선 소견상 폐 주변부 침윤을 보이며 스테로이드 치료에 즉각적인 반응을 나타낸다. 저자들은 드문 질환으로 국내에서 발생된 만성 호산구성 폐렴 환자의 특성을 조사하고자 하였다. 방 법: 1980년 1월에서 1996년 7월까지 대한 내과학회지, 결핵 및 호흡기질환자, 알레르기지에 보고되었던 만성 호산구성 폐렴 환자 8명과 최근 본원에서 경험하였던 환자 3명을 포함한 11명의 환자를 대상으로 환자의 병력, 검사소견 및 방사선 소견 등을 분석하였다. 결 과: 1) 환자의 남녀비는 3:8이었고, 40대에 46%로 가장 높은 빈도를 보였다. 과거력상 아토피 질환이 있었던 환자가 6명이었고 이중 기관지 천식이 5예로 가장 흔하였다. 2) 임상증상은 기침 10명, 호흡곤란 9명, 객담 8명, 체중감소 5명, 전신쇠약감 3명, 발열 2명, 야간 발한 2명, 피부발진 2명 등이었다. 3) 말초혈액 백혈구중 호산구가 차지하는 비율은 평균 38.4% (6~72%)였고, 총 IgE는 평균 880IU/ml(323~1,662IU/ml)였다. 흉부 방사선 소견상 전형적인 '사진상 반전'형태의 말초성 침윤을 보인 경우가 6예(55%)였다. 폐기능검사는 7예에서 시행되었으며 l명은 정상소견, 폐쇄성 감소가 2예, 혼합형 감소가 4예였다. 조직검사로 확진된 예는 7예(경기관지 폐생검 6예, 개흉 폐생검 1예)이며 기관지 폐포 세척액 검사를 시행한 5예에서 평균 호산구 55.2%(26~93%)의 소견을 보였다. 4) 11명 모두에서 스테로이드를 투여하여 임상증상 및 흉부 방사선 소견의 호전을 보였다. 결 론: 만성 호산구성 폐렴은 발열, 야간발한, 체중감소 등의 특징적인 임상중상과 방사선학적 소견상 전형적인 폐 주변부의 간상폐침윤을 보이며 말초혈액 호산구증다증을 보이는 경우에 진단할 수 있으며, 폐생검이나 기관지 폐포세척액 검사로 확진할 수 있다. 스태로이드 투여에 즉각적인 반응을 나타내어 진단 및 치료에 이용되며 스테로이드의 감량이나 중단으로 빈번한 재발을 가져오므로 재발을 방지하기 위하여는 최소한 6개월 이상의 스테로이드 투여가 필요하다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2002

Disodium disulphite, the HPV chemical, was assigned to Korea in order to implement OECD SIDS program in 1999. It was produced about 3,200 ton/year in 1998. This report evaluates the toxic potency of disodium disulphite based on the environmental and mammalian effects as well as human exposure. Oral $LD_{50}$ in rats is 1,540 mg/kg b.w. and effects was observed to the stomach, liver and the GI track that was filled with blood. For repeated dose toxicity, the predominant effect was the induction of stomach lesion due to local irritation. The no observed adverse effect lever for local (stomach irritation) was about 217 mg/kg bw/day. There is no evidence that disodium disulphite is genotoxic in vivo. No reproductive or developmental toxicty of disodium disulphite was observed for the period up to 2 yr and over three generation. In humans, urticaria and asthma with itching, edema, rhinitis, and nasal congestion were reported. Disodium disulphite is unlikely to induce respiratory sensitization but may enhance symptom of asthma in sensitive individuals. This chemical would be mainly transported to water compartment when released to environmental compartments since it is highly water soluble (470 g/l at 20). Low K oc (2.447) indicates disodium disulphite is so mobile in soil that it may not stay in the terrestrial compartment. The chemical has been tested in a limited number of aquatic species. hem acute toxicity test to fish, 96 hr-$LC_{50}$ was > 100 mg/1. For algae, 72 hr-$XC_{50}$ was 48.1 mg/1. For daphnid, the acute toxicity value of 48 hr-$EC_{50}$ was 88.76 mg/1, and chronic value of 21day-NOEC was > 10 mg/1. Therefore, PNEC of 0.1 mg/l for the aquatic organism was obtained from the chronic value of daphnid using the assessment factor of 100. Based on these data the disodium disulphite was recommended as low priority for further post-SIDS work in OECD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.568-573
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• 1994

저자들은 급성 기관지 천식환자에서 치료제로 사용하는 hydrocortisone을 투여 후 유발된 기관지 수축이 발생한 예를 경험 하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.391-395
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• 2008

목 적 : 만성기능성 변비소아의 분변박힘제거 단계에서 전해질이 함유지 않은 PEG 4000의 적절한 용량, 효과 및 안전성에 대한 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2004년 3월부터 2006년 8월까지 건국대학교병원 소아과에서 만성기능성 변비로 진단된 환아 86명을 대상으로 전향적으로 시행하였으며, 주증상의 완화, 배변횟수와 배변 용이함의 향상, 복부 X선 검사 상 대변양의 감소 가운데 2가지를 충족하면 분변박힘제거가 성공적인 것으로 판단하였다. 치료효과를 판정하기위해 보호자나 환아가 기록한 변비 일지를 바탕으로 PEG 4000 복용전과 복용후의 주증상, 평균 배변횟수, 변의 굳기 및 단순 복부 X-선 사진을 비교하였으며, 임상적 증상 관찰과 함께 일반혈액검사와 전해질 검사, 칼슘, 마그네슘, 혈청삼투압검사를 시행하여 부작용을 확인하였다. 결 과 : 연구를 마친 83명 가운데 82명에서 분변박힘제거에 성공하였으며(99%), 분변박힘제거에 필요한 전해질이 함유되지 않은 PEG 4000의 평균용량은 $0.93{\pm}0.28g/kg/day$ (0.4-2.0 g/kg/day, 최대용량 30 g/day)이었다. 배변횟수는 83명 가운데 79명의 환아에서 치료 후에 배변횟수가 증가되었으며(평균 배변횟수 $5.02{\pm}2.71$회/1주 vs. $11.25{\pm}5.43$회/1주), 배변도 수월하고, 주증상도 거의 모든 환자에서 호전되었다. 치료 전후의 단순 복부 X-선 사진을 비교하였을 때, 통계학적으로 의미 있게 호전된 소견을 보였다(P=0.0007). 임상적으로 두드러기 1명, 심한 설사 1명과 설사와 복통 1명, 총 3명이 치료를 마치지 못하였으며, 대상 군에서는 손발 저림 증상이 1명에서 나타났으나, 약제 중단 후 아무런 처치 없이 호전되었다(4/86=4.7%). 검사소견상 1명에서 고삼투압혈증이 관찰되었으나, 임상적으로 증상이 관찰되지 않았으며, 6명에서 호산구 증가가 관찰되었다. 결 론 : 만성 기능성변비환아의 분변박힘제거에 안전하고 효과적인 PEG 4000 용량은 $0.93{\pm}0.28g/kg/day$ (최대용량 30 g/ day)로 생각된다.