• 전자공학회논문지SC
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.40-48
• /
• 2000

저전압 저전력 신호 처리를 위한 새로운 바이폴라 선형 트랜스컨덕터와 이것을 이용한 연산 트랜스컨덕턴스 증폭기를 제안한다. 이 트랜스컨덕터는 이미터 디제네레이션 저항을 갖는 npn 차동쌍과 이 차동쌍에 직렬로 연결된 pnp 차동쌍으로 구성된다. 이 구성에서 넓은 선형성과 온도 안정성을 위해 pnp 차동쌍의 바이어스 전류는 npn 차동쌍의 출력 전류를 사용하고 있다. 제안한 OTA는 선형 트랜스컨덕터와 세 개의 전류 미러를 갖는 트랜스리니어 전류 셀로 구성된다. 제안된 트랜스컨덕터는 종래의 그것과 비교하였을 때 우수한 선형성과 저전압 저전력 특성을 갖는다. 실험 결과, 50 ${\mu}S$의 트랜스컨덕턴스를 갖는 트랜스컨덕턴스가 공급 전압 ${\pm}$3V에서 입력 전압 범위가 -2V에서 +2V 사이에 ${\pm}$0.06% 보다 작은 선형 오차를 갖는다. 전력 소비는 2.44 mW이다. 25 ${\mu}S$의 트랜스컨덕턴스를 갖는 OTA 시작품을 바이폴라 트렌지스터 어레이를 가지고 만들었다. OTA의 선형성은 제안한 트랜스컨덕터와 같다. OTA 회로는 또한 0.5 S/A의 감도로 바이어스 전류 변화에따라 4-디케이드(decade)에 걸쳐서 선형적인 트랜스컨덕턴스를 갖는다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.183-203
• /
• 1999

High school is regarded as the period when many important physical, mental and social developments occur, and when many health-related behaviors are formed. School health education is one of the major learning resources influencing health potential in the home and community as well as for the individual student. High school health education in Korea has a fundamental systemic flaw however, in that health -related subjects are divided and taught under various subjects at school. In order to achieve quality health education, it is essential to assess the learners' and teachers' educational needs. So far, most of the research projects that had been carried out for improving high school health education were limited to only the learners' educational need. They failed to in elude an educational assessment of the teachers. Therefore, in this study the high school health education teachers' needs relating to health education were investigated through a focus on the teachers' health education activity level, health education activity self-efficacy level, and perceived level of importance in health education content. In this study, research instruments these factors were constructed by Yoo(1997) on the basis of the PRECEDE model. The data for this study were collected from a sample consisting of twenty general and vocational high schools in Seoul and Chongju for a two month period beginning in July, 1996. In analyzing the data, an ANOVA test and stepwise multiple regression were accomplished using an SPSS - PC+ program. The results were as follows: The average level of health education activity and self-efficacy among high school health edu cation teachers were found to be low. But, teachers' perceived importance of health education contents was high. Teachers' activity and perceived importance concerning sex education were lower than in other health education areas. Health education activity of Military drill teachers was higher than that of physical education teachers as well as school nurses. But it was not significant. Health education activity self-efficacy of school nurses was higher than that of other teachers(p<.05). Perceived level of importance of health education contents was the most influential variable in teachers' health education activity. Health education activity self-efficacy level was not an influential variable in teachers' health education activity. The significance of this study is that it has diagnosed the needs of high school health education through the teachers' assessment of a variety of health factors related. These findings suggest that the management of an integrated health education, program requiring large changes in the curriculum of health education is necessary.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.73-78
• /
• 2001

3"X3" NaI 스펙트럼의 조사선량 변환계수를 구하기 위해, 조사선량률이 $4{\sim}23{\mu}R\;h^{-1}$인 29개 지역에서 가압전리함 검출기로 조사선량률을 측정하고, 동시에 3"X3"와 4"X4" NaI 검출기로 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. 총에너지 방법의 조사선량 변환계수는 측정된 조사선량률과 스펙트럼 에너지의 선형적 비례관계를 사용하여 구하였다. 에너지대 방법의 조사선량 변환계수를 구하기 위해 NCRP에서 권고하는 4"X4" NaI 검출기에 대한 에너지대 방법의 조사선량 변환계수를 4"X4" NaI 스펙트럼에 적용하여 $^{40}K,\;^{238}U,\;^{232}Th$ 계열의 조사선량률을 계산하였다. 이렇게 계산된 $^{232}Th$ 계열의 조사선량률과 $^{232}Th$ 계열을 대표하는 2614keV 피크 영역면적의 선형적 비례관계를 이용하여 3"X3" NaI 검출기 스펙트럼에 대한 $^{232}Th$ 계열 조사선량 변환계수를 구하였다. $^{40}K$ 및 $^{238}U$ 계열의 조사선량 변환계수도 유사한 방법으로 구해졌다.

• 초등상담연구
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.95-116
• /
• 2007

This thesis is aimed to understand when and how elementary teachers scold their students and to explore any common psychological factors shown in the process. In order to produce the meaningful results of the research, applied is experience-based analysing method which expectedly leads to discovering psychological cause and effect occurring when school teachers scold students. 11 teachers of elementary school, including me the author, have joined as co-researchers to solve the next two issues and I made guidelines for the analysis. Given that co-researchers are locally scattered, they were grouped into three and in the mean time, analysis on scolding during 4 meeting sessions were made. The results of research problems are as follows. First issue: What common psychological factors exist in when and how teachers scold students? Common factors in 'when' part include three cases: teachers discovering the factors hindering student's desirable growth, noticing the class rules and peaceful communities are broken, or experiencing humiliating remarks and annoying behaviors and In "how' part, on the other hand, teachers speak up in a stronger voice or raise their tone to point out student's wrongdoing and give students a stoic and fierce look. Second issue: What psychological development takes place in scolding? Teachers who participated in this scolding experiment have experienced' feeling responsible and upset'. Feeling responsible is highly likely to be interpreted to result from the idea that teachers supposedly support students to grow into well-functional person in society. Meanwhile, feeling upset or even humiliated is caused by the frustration when they find their authority and dignity Ignored and damaged. The phases teachers go through during the scolding are: recognizing scold-inviting situation-> interpreting clues deserving enough to scold-> being aroused into the feelings-> deciding how to respond-> executing decision-> dealing with emotion. This thesis has distinctive qualities from existing ones in that the research focuses on agonies and conflicts faced with school teachers in class. On top of that, it is noted that this thesis meaningfully enables to realize teachers' psychological mechanism activated from scolding and to provide teachers with opportunities to see themselves more proper perspectives. However, there still remains some reservation since I had rather short period of time to collect data and we, co-researchers, had meeting sessions. To compensate for the possible shortcomings shown in this thesis, further research is expected to be followed to perform a practical analysis.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제36권5호
• /
• pp.450-455
• /
• 2003

Antioxidant enzymes are scavenger reactive-oxygen intermediates and are involved in many cellular defense systems. We previously reported that a crude extract of Garnoderma lucidum, a medicinally potent mushroom, profoundly increased the catalase gene expression and enzyme activities in mouse livers (Park et al., J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 34. 144-149, 2001). In this study, we elucidated the detailed mechanism whereby G. lucidum stimulates the catalase activity and expression. The major active fraction was isolated from G. lucidum and methyl linoleate was considered the most major component of the fraction. In order to determine whether methyl linoleate increases mRNA and protein synthesis of catalase, Northern and Western blot analyses were performed in vivo with methyl linoleate-treated mouse liver homogenate after feeding methyl linoleate to the mice. Northern and Western blot analyses of the crude liver homogenates in the mice that were administered methyl linoleate revealed that the expression catalase was significantly increased when compared to the untreated controls. In addition, the catalase protein levels and enzymatic activities increased in the mouse liver homogenates. These results suggest that methyl linoleate that is produced by G. lucidum stimulates the catalase expression at the transcription level.

• 근관절건강학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.100-135
• /
• 1999

Typical symptoms of rheumatic disease affect overall daily living and cause severe stress. Individuals afflicted with rheumatic disease have many illness-related stresses. Pain was the predominantly perceived stress followed by limitation in mobility, difficulties in carrying out activities of daily living. helplessness, dependency on others, threat to self-esteem, interference in social activity, interference in family relationships. difficulties performing at work, and discomfort of the treatment. Patients with chronic arthritis are subjected to long periods of continuous stress, which may require the management by the health care provider. In these cases, the purpose of the nursing is helping to promote health through supporting patient's coping. Therefore, for the nursing intervention to be effective, it is critical to build a theoretical framework that describes stress-coping for chronic arthritis. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to present a theoretical framework which describes the stress-coping processes and to empirically test pathos of this framework for the people with chronic arthritis. The foundation upon which this framework is built in the Erickson, Tomlin, and Swain(1983) theory of Modeling and role-Modeling. The subjects were 275 patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis who visited the outpatient clinic. A hypothetical model of stress-coping was tested by covariance structure analysis with PC-LISREL 8.12 program. As a result, the overall fit was good(Chi-square=94.49, P=0.00, RMR=0.067, GFI=0.95, AGFI=0.91, NNFI=0.93, NFI=0.91) for the hypothetical model. The results of hypothesis testing were as follows : Basic need satisfaction had a statistically significant influence on illness-related experience, emotional stress and coping resources. Internal health locus of control had a statistically significant influence on coping resources. However, independent variables(basic need satisfaction, internal health locus of control, illness-related experience, emotional stress and coping resource) did not have significantly influence on coping. And then, the hypothetical model was modified by considering both the theoretical implication and statistical significance of the parameter estimates. The revised model had a better fit to the data(Chi-square=83.11(P=0.00), RMR=0.061, GFI=0.96, AGFI=0.92, NNFI=0.95, NFI=0.92). Hypothesis emerged from the revised model was tested. The results of hypothesis testing were as follows : Basic need satisfaction had a statistically significant influence on illness-related experience, emotional stress and coping resources. Internal health locus of control had a statistically significant influence on illness-related experience and coping resources. Internal health locus of control, illness-related experience, emotional stress and coping resources had a significantly influence on coping. According to the results of this dissertation, basic need satisfaction and internal health locus of control play a central role in appraisal of illness-related experience and coping resources. And illness related-experience, emotional stress, and coping resources affect on coping activities. In summary, nursing interventions to enhance basic need satisfaction and internal health locus of control will decrease illness related experience and emotional stress and increase coping resources. Increased coping resources will prompt coping activities.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.41-50
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 대구 경북지역 20세 이상 성인 411명을 대상으로 전통주의 이용 현황 및 소비자의 요구도를 분석한 결과로 조사 대상자는 남자 204명, 여자 207명, 20대 29.9%, 30대 26.5%, 40대 20.7%, 50대 이상이 22.9%였으며 기혼이 51.8%로 미혼보다 많았다. 소비자들이 즐겨마시는 술은 소주, 맥주, 전통주, 와인, 양주 순으로 나타났으며 좋아하는 술은 소주, 맥주, 와인, 전통주, 양주 순이었다. 좋아하는 전통주는 탁주가 가장 높았으며 섭취 빈도는 특정한 날 많이 마시며 집에서 음용하는 경우가 많았다. 전통주에 대한 인지도 및 기호도가 높은 것은 탁주가 남녀 모두 가장 높게 나타났으며 전통주에 대한 소비자의 요구도에 대하여 IPA 분석 결과 다양성, 기능성, 숙취해소, 인식확대에 대한 개선 및 개발이 요구되어 졌다. 전통주에 대하여 대부분의 조사대상자들이 전통주에 대하여 관심이 많으며 소비전망도 긍정적인 의사를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한 편 맛있으면서도 외국 주류에 결코 뒤떨어지지 않는 맛이라고 하였으나 두통 및 숙취와 같은 부작용으로 전통주 음용에 장애요인으로 나타났다. 현재 전통주에 대한 정부의 관심과 지원이 고조되고 탁주와 저도수 선호 추세 및 웰빙 트렌드 등으로 높은 성장세를 보이나 전통 고유의 맛을 유지하면서 새로운 맛과 다양성 및 기능성이 가미된 전통주 개발이 필요하리라 사료된다. 또한 대중화 요인에서 가장 시급했던 인식 확대 및 전통주에 대한 올바른 교육의 필요성을 살펴볼 때 전통주 개발 이전에 소비자의 요구와 기대에 적합한 전통주 컨셉을 파악하여 다양한 홍보와 마케팅을 수립하여 소비 및 판매를 촉진시키는 연구가 필요할 것이다.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.144-149
• /
• 2001

Antioxidant enzymes, scavengers of the reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI), are involved in numerous defense systems in cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the hot-water extracts of two medicinally potent mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus) on the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes in vitro and in vivo. The mushroom extracts stimulated the catalase activity in a dose-dependent manner in vitro, whereas the other antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) were unaffected by the extracts. The catalytic activity of catalase in the liver and brain was significantly increased after the oral treatment of the mushroom extracts (2.5 g/kg) to ICR mice for 2 months. Western blot analysis of the liver and brain tissues revealed that the expression level of catalase in the mice, treated with both mushroom extracts, was significantly increased compared to that of the control mice. However, the level of the SOD expression in the mice treated with the natural product extracts was unchanged under the same experimental conditions. Although the mechanisms for the stimulatory effect of the catalase expression by these extracts remains unclear, these results suggest that the ingredients of the Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus extracts act as an activator of catalase, and regulate the expression of catalase at the translational or transcriptional level.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.421-431
• /
• 2000

본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 자연수업에 포트폴리오 활동을 적용할 때 학생들의 창의성과 과학 탐구능력에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 있다. 이를 위하여 서울 강남구의 한 초등학교 6학년에서 4학급을 표집하였으며, 이중 2학급은 실험집단에 나머지 2학급은 비교집단에 할당하였다. 10주 동안 실험집단은 포트폴리오 수업을, 비교집단은 전통적 수업을 실시하였다. 자료 수집을 위하여 창의성검사와 과학 탐구능력 검사를 사전검사와 사후검사로 실시하였으며, 실험집단은 포트폴리오 수업이 끝난 후 포트폴리오에 대한 인식 검사를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 포트폴리오 수업은 학생들의 창의성 신장에 긍정적인 영향을 주었고, 창의성 검사의 하위 요소중에서 특히 독창성의 신장에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 포트폴리오 수업은 학생들의 과학 탐구능력의 신장에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 과학 탐구능력의 하위 요소 중에서는 통합 탐구능력과 기초 탐구능력 모두에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 셋째, 실험지반 학생들의 포트폴리오에 대한 인식은 포트폴리오 수업활동의 효과, 태도 구성의 측면에서 긍정적이었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.484-489
• /
• 2004

인간의 장내 상재 세균이며 인간에게 다양한 건강 증진 효과를 부여하는 것으로 알려진 Bifidobacterium속을 유아의 분변으로부터 분리하여 세포질, 세포벽 및 배양액의 고분자 획분을 대상으로 in vitro에서 장관면역계를 경유한 골수세포 증식활성을 검토하였다 분리한 6종의 Bifidobacterium속 중에서 Bifidobacterium SL-21의 세포벽 성분(CWP)이 농도 의존적으로 가장 높은 골수세포의 증식을 나타내었다. 한편, 골수세포 증식은 Peyer's patch를 매개로 일어나는 반응이므로 Peyer's patch에 의해 생성되는 cytokine류의 활성을 측정하였다. B. bifidum SL-21의 세포벽 성분과의 반응에 의해 GM-CSF, IL-2 및 IL-6 등의 cytokine류의 생산 증가가 확인되었으며 cytokine의 생산은 반응한 세포벽 성분에 농도 의존적 경향을 보였고 골수세포 증식이 증가할수록 높은 cytokine 생산 증가를 나타냈다. 불용성인 B. bifidum SL-21 세포벽을 lysozyme 처리하여 수용화시켜 분자량에 따른 활성을 검토한 결과, 분자량 30-50 kDa의 획분에서 가장 높은 골수세포 증식활성이 측정되었다. 이와 같은 결과를 토대로 하여 B. bifidum SL-21 세포벽 성분이 Peyer's patch의 림프구를 활성화시키고 이들 활성화된 림프구에서 생성되는 cytokine류에 의해 골수세포 증식이 이루어짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 이들 활성화된 면역세포는 CM-CSF, IL-2 및 IL-6 등의 전신순환 면역계의 증강에 중요한 역할을 갖는 cytokine류를 생산하였다.