• ALGAE
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2007

Studies have been made of the species composition and community structure of benthic marine algae at intertidal zone and subtidal zone of Youngdo at Busan. In this area, a total of 69 marine algal species including 10 Chlorophyta, 17 Phaeophyta and 42 Rhodophyta was identified. Dominant species in coverage were Enteromorpha linza, Ulva pertusa, Gelidium divaricatum, Hildenbrandtia rubra and Chondrus ocellatus throughout the year. Enteromorpha linza, Ulva pertusa, Porphyra yezoensis, Gelidium divaricatum, Corallina pilulifera, Grateloupia elliptica and Chondrus ocellatus vertically distributed in intertidal zone, while Ecklonia stolonifera, Gelidium amansii, Prionitis cornea, Gracilaria textorii, Acrosorium polyneurum and Phycodrys fimbriata in subtidal zone. The vertical distribution of subtidal zone were characterized by Ecklonia stolonifera at 1 to 5 m depths. During a year, biomass and length of Ecklonia stolonifera gradually decreased from March to January, but increased from February. Zoosporangial sori were observed from September to December. In conclusion, number of species in this area was remarkably reduced as compared to the previous data at Busan and it’s vicinity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.368-376
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• 2003

The UV-B sensitivity was tested for the intertidal species Chondrus ocellatus from Korea, by measuring photosynthesis estimated as effective quantum yield ($\Phi_{PSII}$) of photosystem II (PS II), growth and content and composition of photosynthetic pigments and UV-absorbing pigments (UVAPs). The $$\Phi_{PSII}$ of the alga decreased with increasing time of exposure to UV-B radiation, followed by fast and nearly full recovery indicating dynamic photoinhibiton. Fresh weight-based growth and pigment contents of C. ocellatus were not seriously affected by UV-B radiation. A single broad peak at 327 nm was obtained from methanol extracts of C. ocellatus, and the absorbance peak increased with increasing UV. The single peak was resolved into three peaks (311, 330 and 336 nm) by the fourth -derivative, and quantitative change in response to UV-B radiation occurred only at 330 nm. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of purified extracts indicated that three MAAs (mycosporine-like amino acids) are present, asterina 330, palythine and shinorine. Field observations during three growing months showed that C. ocellatus exhibit the highest amount of UVAPs in May followed by July and little trace in September, coinciding with the species' phenology. In an ecological context, dynamic photoinhibition as well as accumulation of UVAPs may enable the shallow water red alga C. ocellatus to be well adapted to high UV-B environments.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.664-673
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• 2009

An intertidal marine benthic algal vegetation and vertical distribution at Youngil Bay, the eastern coast of Korea was investigated to clarify the community structure and vertical distribution by quadrat method from February 2003 to January 2009. Marine algae identified from the area were 152 species; 25 green, 38 brown and 89 red algae. The dominant species were Ulva spp., Ulva pertusa, Chaetomorpha moniligera, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum horneri, S. miyabei, S. thunbergii, Gelidium amansii, Corallina pilulifera, Grateloupia elliptica, G. filicina, Prionitis cornea, Chondrus ocellatus, Chondracanthus intermedia, Acrosorium polyneurum, Chondria crassicaulis, Polysiphonia morrowii and Symphyocladia latiuscula at study sites. The vertical distribution of intertidal marine algae was divided into three distinct zones. They were characterized by Porphyra spp. and Ulva spp. at the upper, Ulva spp. and Ulva pertusa at the middle, and Sargassum spp., Gelidium amansii, Grateloupia spp., Chondrus ocellatus and Chondria crassicaulis at the lower zones, respectively. Functional form group analysis showed that coarsely branched forms comprised 44.7% of the algal community, whereas thick leathery forms, sheet forms and filamentous forms comprised 6.6-25.7%. R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P values were 2.34, 0.66 and 3.00, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 1979

One species of Rhodophyceae namely Eucheuma cottonii from the coast of Philippine was analyzed with respect to the content of carrageenan and such chemical characteristics as the content of sulphate and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose and its solubility in potassium chloride solution. In addition, the same chemical properties were tested in the fractions separated by the different concentrations of potassium chloride. In comparison of the results of carrageenan in Eucheuma cottonii samples from Philippine and Chondrus ocellatus samples from Korea, carrageenan content in Eucheuma cottonii was higher than that of Chondrus ocellatus. Both samples showed more than forty-five percent carrageenan content. The Eucheuma cottonii carrageenan showed a higher 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose than the Chondrus ocellatus carrageenan. The sulphate content was higher in Chondrus ocellatus than Eucheuma cottonii. In fractionation of carrageenan by the solubility methods using potassium chloride solution, the yield of Eucheuma cottonii was highest in fraction I, fraction III was next and fraction II was the lowest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 2016

The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract from Chondrus nipponicus Yendo (CNYEE) was investigated by measuring production of a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response mediator. CNYEE had no cytotoxic effects on proliferation of macrophages compared to the control. CNYEE significantly inhibited (over 50%) NO production at $50{\mu}g/mL$, with inhibitory effects on expression levels of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and IL-$1{\beta}$. In particular, IL-6 inhibitory activity of CNYEE was higher than 70% at $100{\mu}g/mL$. CNYEE also reduced protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ in a dose-dependent manner. CNYEE also significantly reduced phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Therefore, these results suggest that CNYEE may have anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the NF-${\kappa}B$ and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways and may be used as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic material.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 1980

Effects of thermal effluents on the marine algal communities were investigated with the quadrat method during June, 1977-December, 1978, at the intertidal zone of Kori Nuclear Power Plant, Southeast Coast of Korea. As a result, both the number of algal species occurred in quadrat (50$\times$50cm) and the total coverage were observed to be decreased in June, 1978, at three sites near the discharge point compared with those of previous year but being recovered afterwards. The representative dominant species at the coast of Kori Nuclear Power Plant were, on the whole, Corallina pilulifera, Pachymeniopsis elliptica, and Chondrus ocellatus. Among the species, the coverage of Corallina pilulifera appeared to be rather increased, while the vegetation of Chondria crassicaulis was found to be decreased particularly in 1978. Total 102 species (3 blue-green, 16 green, 30 brown, and 53 red algae) of marine algae were identified in this study. Among them 71 species were common to 133 species reported by previous investigators during 1969-1970.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.400-408
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• 2006

Nutritional components of 4 kinds of red seaweeds, Meristotheca papulosa, Chondrus ocellatus, Gracilaria verrucosa, Gigartina tenella, were investigated to elucidate their functionality. Antioxidant activity and nitrite scavenging activity were analyzed from 70% ethanol extracted from these red seaweeds. Large difference in ash contents was found to exhibit among all samples analyzed in this study; $9.8{\pm}0.2g/100g$ for Gracilaria verrucosa and Gigartina tenella for $17.8{\pm}0.6g/100g$. While its crude fiber content was almost the same as those in other sample within a range between $2.0{\pm}0.4g/100g$ and $6.0{\pm}0.7g/100g$. Phenolic compounds content of Gracilaria verrucosa was also the highest as $78.4{\pm}1.0mg/g$, while the total flavonoids contents of Chondrus ocellatus and Gracilaria verrucosa were $14.9{\pm}0.5mg/g$ and $13.9{\pm}0.8mg/g$, respectively. These amounts were two folds higher than Meristotheca papulosa and Gigartina tenella. The total content of minerals was the highest in Meristotheca papulosa(12,107.7 mg/kg). The amount of glutamic acid was relatively high despite of small variation in measured levels of composition amino acid ($49.1{\sim}125.6mg/g$) for most samples investigated. SOD-like ability was significantly increased with increasing sample concentration, but its activity was lower. Gigartina tenella with highest electron donation ability exhibited increases in activity as $53.96{\pm}0.98%$ in concentration of 250 ${\mu}g/ml$ and $70.52{\pm}1.09%$ in 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In case of concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, particularly, the level of hydroxy radical scavenging activity were $57.87{\pm}1.70{\sim}62.07{\pm}0.87%$ which was significantly higher activity than ascorbic acid and BHT. Nitrite scavenging activity was the highest in Gracilaria verrucosa. Its activity was also increased from $24.04{\pm}1.9{\sim}27.52{\pm}0.82%$ in $100{\sim}500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration tp $34.81{\pm}1.36%$ in concentration of 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.268-277
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• 2016

This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanol extract from Chondrus ocellatus Holmes (COHEE) in RAW 264.7 cells and in a mouse ear edema model, by measuring the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response mediators. There were no cytotoxic effects on the proliferation of macrophages treated with COHEE compared with the control. COHEE inhibited the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β]. The extract also reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κB p65, and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase in a dose-dependent manner. In the croton-oil-induced ear edema model, COHEE decreased the formation of mouse ear edema at the highest dose compared with the control, and histological analysis revealed that the epidermal/dermal tissue thickness and mast cell numbers were reduced. Therefore, these results suggest that COHEE may be a promising topical anti-inflammatory therapeutic material through its action of modulating NF-κB and the MAPK signaling pathway.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.445-451
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• 2012

The EtOH extracts of red seaweeds (Symphyocladia latiuscula, Chondrus ocellatus and Carpopeltis affinis) and solvent partitioned fractions were investigated for their 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effects and the total phenolic contents were correlated with ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The EtOH extracts and their solvent partitioned fractions exhibited strong ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Among the solvent partitioned fractions obtained from n-Hexane (HX), methylenchloride (MC), ethylacetate (EA), and buthanol (BuOH), the HX fraction from C. affinis showed higher radical scavenging activities than other fractions. Total phenolic contents showed significant correlation ($r^2$ = 0.709) with ABTS radical scavenging activity. The results of this study suggest that the strong radical scavenging activity of HX fraction from C. affinis is a promising natural antioxidant for healthcare products.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2002

The marine algal flora and community of uninhabitated islands in Haenamgun, southern coast of Korea, were investigated during 12$\~$29, June, 1999. As the results, a total of 87 species including 10 greens, IS browns and 62 reds was identified. The dominant species were Ulva pertusa and Sargassum thunbergii and the subdominants were Myelophycus simplex, Ishige okamurae, Hizikia fusifomis, Gloiopeltis furcata and Chondracanthus intermedius. The vertical distribution pattern of intertidal marine algae represented three distinct zones; Gloiopeltis furcata, Caulacanthus okamurae, Myelophycus simplex-Gloiopeltis complanata, G. tenax, Gelidium divaricatum, Ulva pertusa, Sargassum thunbergii-Hizikia fusiformis, Pelvetia babingtonii, Chondrus ocellatus, Undaria pinnatifida, Ecklonia lava from upper to lower zones.