• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 1996

A novel simple method to detect vitamins in cosmetic products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) has been developed. Three vitamins(panthenol, cholecalciferol and tocopherol) were used for this study. Vitamins were prepared by dissolving in tetrahydrofuran(THF), and silylated with bis-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide-trichloromethylsilane(BSTFA). Silated vitamins were separated on a fuses-silica capillary column coated with DB-5. The identification of each vitamin was accomplished by retention time and mass spectrum library search with a computer, and the quantitation was made in the selected-ion monitoring(SIM) mode of GC-MS. SIM mode had given sensitivity to determine 50pg of panthenol, 285pg of cholecalciferol and 130pg of tocopherol. Linearity was maintained over the range 0.005-0.20% for each vitamin. Each cosmetic product(i.e. hair tonic and lotion) was found to contain amounts of the vitamins. This method was sensitive and gave 77.5-99.9% recovery of each vitamin from these cosmetic products. From these results, we concluded that silylation with BSTFA followed by GC-MS analysis allows the simple, covenient and exact determination of panthenol, cholecalciferol and tocopherol.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the effects of recombinant BST formulation treatment on the milk yield, milk components, mastitis, and general cow health condition when the formulations of retinyl palmitate, cholecalciferol and rBST were administered after the peak period of milk production. The milk yields of treatment groups (Group I, II, III and IV) were increased from 21.5% to 29.0% than that of control group. There was significant difference in milk production between treatment group II, IV and control group (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in milk production between treatment group I, III and control group (P<0.05). And the addition of retinyl palmitate and cholecalciferol into rBST formulation did not increase the milk yield. The milk of treatment groups with sustained-release rBST did not show significant difference in milk components (milk fat, protein, lactose, and solid not fat). However, there were minor changes, primarily in fat content of milk, during the first few weeks of rBST administration. There was no incidence of clinical mastitis between rBST treatment groups and control group. Addition of high and medium concentration of retinyl palmitate and cholecalciferol into sustained-release rBST formulation was efficient in reduction of somatic cell count in milk. There was great energy deficit in all treatment groups compared with control group during the early study period. Thus, the body condition score of all treatment groups showed lower value than control group. No evidences of metabolic health problems, such as ketosis, milk fever, and downer cow were observed. Incidence of general lameness did not appear on all treatment groups during 140 days of this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1777-1782
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• 2007

Beef producers are trying to produce not only better quality but also greater quantity of beef in order to meet the preferences of some consumers at a lower cost. This can be accomplished if we understand the factors regulating lipid deposition in intramuscular adipose tissue and the tenderness of meat. Propylene glycol (PG) might be used as a precursor of intramuscular fat synthesis especially in the late period of fattening because adipose tissue in ruminants is thought to mature sequentially in abdominal, intermuscular, subcutaneous and intramuscular depots. The action of cholecalciferol supplementation has been verified in producing more tender meat through the enhancement of calpain activity over the postmortem ageing period. A synergistic effect can be expected if the dietary cation and anion difference (DCAD) technique is used in combination with dietary supplementation of cholecalciferol. In another approach, the optimization of hormonal implant use also may provide similarly marbled beef at a much lower cost.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1997

The contents of ergocalcife.of (vit D$_2$) and cholecalciferol (vit D$_3$) in mushrooms (Lentinus edodes, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes, Auricularia auricular, Gyropora esculenta, Romaria botftis, Coriorus versicolar, Ganoderma lucidum) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using external standard method. The methods included saponification, extraction, drying, filtering and quantification with analytical HPLC (waters Inc.). The contents of vit D$_2$ and D$_3$ found in different mushroom species. A. auricular, and L. edodes contained high amounts of vit D, 167.8, 72.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100 g of edible portion, respectively. On the other hand A. bisporus showed the lowest contents of vit D among analyzed mushrooms.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1979

Cholecalciferol은 피하에서 자외선과 체온의 작용을 받아 7-dehydrocholesterol로부터 Previtamin D를 거쳐 합성이 되며 이어서 간에 빨리 축적, 25 hydroxylation을 거치게 되고 신장에서 가장 활성을 띤 형태인 $1.25-(OH)_{2}CC$로 변하게 된다. 한편 신장에서는 체내의 Ca, P이 정상으로 존재하게 되면 1-hydroxylation이 억제되는 대신 24-hydroxylation이 일어나 또 다른 active form인 $24,\;25-(OH)_{2}CC$가 되는데 24-hydroxylation의 역활이 무엇인가에 대해서는 아직 구체적으로 밝혀지지 않았다. $24,\;25-(OH)_{2}CC$나 $1.25-(OH)_{2}CC$는 모두 공통적으로 또 다른 active form인 $1.24,\;25-(OH)_{3}CC$를 형성할 수도 있다. 그중 $1.25-(OH)_{2}CC$는 Steroid H.으로 일컬어지기도 하는 Vit. D metabolite중에서 가장 활성을 가진 형태이며 표적기관으로 크게 소장, 뼈, 신장을 들 수 있다. 소장에서의 역활은 무엇보다도 Ca흡수에 관련되는 것으로 소장에서의 Ca흡수와 Ca BP합성에 관여한다. 골격 형성과 뼈의 mineralization에 관여하는 Vit. D metabolite를의 효과에 관해서는 아직까지 일관성있는 보고가 없다. 한편 $1.25-(OH)_{2}CC$는 side chain oxidation을 거쳐 $CO_{2}$와 미지의 물질을 생성하는데 이 mechanism이 어떤 의미를 갖는지는 분명치 않다. 그밖에 또 다른 표적기관으로서 최근 타액선의 존재가 알려졌으며 Vit. D가 배설되는 경로에 대해서는 새로운 바가 없다. Vit. D가 담즙을 통해서 우선적으로 배설되고 소량이 뇨를 통해 배설되는데 metabolite들의 배설경로는 더욱 규명되어야 할 과제이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to study the growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in broiler starter chicks fed high levels of cholecalciferol (CC) at sub-optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Five hundred and sixty day-old Vencobb female broiler chicks were housed in raised wire floor stainless steel battery brooder pens ($24"{\times}30"{\times}18"$) at the rate of five chicks per pen. A maize-soyabean meal basal diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell powder and synthetic CC to arrive at two levels each of Ca (0.50 and 0.60%), and NPP (0.25 and 0.30%) and four levels of CC (200, 1,200, 2,400 and 3,600 ICU/kg) in a $2{\times}3{\times}4$ factorial design. Each diet was fed ad libitum to chicks in 7 pens from 2 to 21days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake and bone weight increased (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC at both the Ca and NPP levels tested. The CC levels required to obtain significant improvement in body weight gain and feed intake reduced (2,400 ICU/kg vs. 1,200 ICU/kg) with increase in levels of P in diet (0.25% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC from 200 to 1,200 ICU/kg diet at 0.5% Ca, while at 0.6% Ca, the level of CC in diet did not influence the feed efficiency. Tibia mineralization (density, breaking strength and ash content) and Ca and P contents in serum increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of CC in diet. The CC effect on these parameters was more pronounced at lower levels of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). The data on body weight gain and feed intake indicated that NPP level in diet can be reduced from 0.30 to 0.25% by increasing CC from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg. Similarly, the bone mineralization (tibia weight, density and ash content) increased non-linearly (p<0.01) with increase in CC levels in diet. Concentrations of P and Mn in excreta decreased (p<0.01), by increasing CC level from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet. It can be concluded that dietary levels of Ca and NPP could be reduced to 0.50 and 0.25%, respectively by enhancing the levels of cholecalciferol from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg with out affecting body weight gain, feed efficiency and bone mineralization. Additionally, phosphorus and manganese excretion decreased with increase in levels of CC in broiler diet.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.487-494
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the thermal stability of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins dissolved in water and milk by various heat treatments. Vitamin samples were prepared by dissolving them in water and milk at various concentrations, and were heat treated for 30 min at 65$\^{C}$, 15 sec at 85$\^{C}$, 5 sec at 100$\^{C}$, 121$\^{C}$ at 15 min, the levels of residual vitamin were measured by using HPLC. Milk samples were fortified with vitamins before and after UHT treatment. As heating over 100$\^{C}$, riboflavin in water were destructed more than 92% but fortified in milk showed less than 20% destruction, suggesting that riboflavin was protected by milk components. Also retinol heated ever 100$\^{C}$ was more stable in milk than in water. L-Ascorbic acid and cholecalciferol(D$_3$) showed a similar destruction rate in water and in fortified milk. L-ascorbic acid was easily destructed by UHT treatment. Destruction of thiamin and tocopherol was increased in fortified milk. Among tour capsulated water-soluble vitamins, L-ascorbic acid was much more stable compared with powder form. Nicotinic acid and folic acid either in capsule or powder form showed a slight destruction by heat treatment. The results suggested that the fortification of unstable vitamins such as L-ascorbic acid, thiamin, tocopherol and cholecalciferol(D$_3$) should be made in milk after heat treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1145-1151
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the relative bioavailability (RBV) of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-$D_3$) to cholecalciferol (vitamin $D_3$) in 1- to 21-d-old broiler chickens fed with calcium (Ca)- and phosphorus (P)-deficient diets. On the day of hatch, 450 female Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to nine treatments, with five replicates of ten birds each. The basal diet contained 0.50% Ca and 0.25% non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) and was not supplemented with vitamin D. Vitamin $D_3$ was fed at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and $20.0{\mu}g/kg$, and 25-OH-$D_3$ was fed at 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and $10.0{\mu}g/kg$. The RBV of 25-OH-$D_3$ was determined using vitamin $D_3$ as the standard source by the slope ratio method. Vitamin $D_3$ and 25-OH-$D_3$ intake was used as the independent variable for regression analysis. The linear relationships between the level of vitamin $D_3$ or 25-OH-$D_3$ and body weight gain (BWG) and the weight, length, ash weight, and the percentage of ash, Ca, and P in femur, tibia, and metatarsus of broiler chickens were observed. Using BWG as the criterion, the RBV value of 25-OH-$D_3$ to vitamin $D_3$ was 1.85. Using the mineralization of the femur, tibia, and metatarsus as criteria, the RBV of 25-OH-$D_3$ to vitamin $D_3$ ranged from 1.82 to 2.45, 1.86 to 2.52, and 1.65 to 2.05, respectively. These data indicate that 25-OH-$D_3$ is approximately 2.03 times as active as vitamin $D_3$ in promoting growth performance and bone mineralization in broiler chicken diets.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.553-567
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• 2020

Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with obesity and its related metabolic diseases. Adipose tissues store and metabolize vitamin D and expression levels of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes are known to be altered in obesity. Sequestration of vitamin D in large amount of adipose tissues and low vitamin D metabolism may contribute to the vitamin D inadequacy in obesity. Vitamin D receptor is expressed in adipose tissues and vitamin D regulates multiple aspects of adipose biology including adipogenesis as well as metabolic and endocrine function of adipose tissues that can contribute to the high risk of metabolic diseases in vitamin D insufficiency. We will review current understanding of vitamin D regulation of adipose biology focusing on vitamin D modulation of adiposity and adipose tissue functions as well as the molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D regulates adipose biology. The effects of supplementation or maintenance of vitamin D on obesity and metabolic diseases are also discussed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.51-54
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• 2011

Vitamin D is present in two forms, ergocalciferol (vitamin $D_2$) produced by plants and cholecalciferol (vitamin $D_3$) produced by animal tissues or by the action of ultraviolet light on 7-dehydrocholesterol in human skin. Both forms of vitamin D are biologically inactive pro-hormones that must undergo sequential hydroxylations in the liver and the kidney before they can bind to and activate the vitamin D receptor. The hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 $[1,25(OH)_2D]$, plays an essential role in calcium and phosphate metabolism, bone growth, and cellular differentiation. Renal synthesis of $1,25(OH)_2D$ from its endogenous precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), is the rate-limiting and is catalyzed by the $1{\alpha}$-hydroxylase. Vitamin D dependent rickets type I (VDDR-I), also referred to as vitamin D $1{\alpha}$-hydroxylase deficiency or pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by hypotonia, muscle weakness, growth failure, hypocalcemic seizures in early infancy, and radiographic findings of rickets. Characteristic laboratory features are hypocalcemia, increased serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and low or undetectable serum concentrations of $1,25(OH)_2D$ despite normal or increased concentrations of 25OHD. Recent advances have showed in the cloning of the human $1{\alpha}$-hydroxylase and revealed mutations in its gene that cause VDDR-I. This review presents the biology of vitamin D, and $1{\alpha}$-hydroxylase mutations with clinical findings.