• 패션비즈니스
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.34-48
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to explore emotion aspects of consumers purchasing clothing through cable television home shopping. Qualitative research method is used to widely understand how emotion aspects of consumers have effected on their purchasing behavior. The results of depth interviews may be classified into 13 feelings factors satisfaction, pleasure/delight, respect, attraction, fresh, convenience, unburdened, emptiness, displeasure/temper, anxiety, tedious, distrust, regret. The content of information acquiring from the process of clothing purchase decision making is analysed. In the problem recognition stage, purchase motivation were physical space (around people) and imaginary space(by how clothing goods are introduced to consumers thorough TV monitor). In the information search stage, purchasing action patterns to search information were situational pattern and habitual pattern. In alternative evaluation stage, the considering best important factors to choice clothes were quality, price, design, and color. In purchase stage, consumers said they felt anxiety, because of characteristics of purchase way that they should pay first and then received the ordered goods a fews days later. In post-purchase behavior stage, if consumers satisfied goods purchased through TV home shopping, they recommended it to around others, but unsatisfied with ordered goods, they tried to refund, exchange with anther one, or write it on homepage of the home shopping company.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the nurses' knowledge and attitude to pain management in children and explore the status of pain management in clinical practice. Method: The subjects were 131 nurses enrolled in 3 university affiliated hospitals. Questionnaire method was utilized for data collection. Data was analyzed by SPSS statistical program. Result: The result was as follows: 1. The overall mean score of the pain knowledge was 16.88 (58.2％). The percentages of correct response in test subsections were pain assessment 45.5, choice of medication and drug action 48.7, and pain statement 79.6 respectively. 2. 70.3％ of the nurses agreed or strongly agreed that the procedural pain should always be eliminated. And, 44.3％ of the nurses agreed or strongly agreed that post-operative treatment of pain in children should always aim at eliminating the pain completely. 3. There was a significant relationship between pain attitude and knowledge related facts about pain(r=.217, p<.01). 4. When asked to identify the point of self-reported pain on a 0-10 scale at which the nurse would give medication, point 7 was mostly identified (29％). 5. Only 19.8％ of the nurses utilized pain rating scale to assess children's pain. 6. The nonpharmacologic interventions nurses used most were position change, emotional support, and massage. 7. 68.7％ of the nurses indicated that they learned about pain management from their current working environment. Also, Mostly helpful resource identified in increasing their pain management knowledge and skills was the continuing education program. Conclusion: The findings showed that there was a need to develop educational program for adequate pain management for children. Further research study is recommended to examine the effectiveness of the intervention methods for children's pain.

• 감성과학
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.711-720
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• 2010

이 연구는 인터랙션 선택 문제에서 국가(문화), 세대, 성별, 개인주의-집단주의 등의 변수에 따라 선택에 차이가 발생하는지를 파악하고, 나아가 그 차이의 원인을 고찰하고자 한 연구이다. 본 설문에서 조사한 인터랙션 선택문제는 휴대전화 SMS보관함의 삭제버튼을 눌렀을 때의 화면디자인, 소프트웨어 설치의 위험성을 경고하는 인터넷 경고창에 대한 대응, 수프 메이커 컨트롤패널의 유형 및 정보표현방식 선택으로 구성되었다. 한국인 639명을 조사한 1차조사와 중국, 일본, 네덜란드인 총 784명을 조사한 2차조사 데이터를 토대로, 교차분석 및 카이검정을 실시하였다. 그 결과 휴대전화 SMS보관함 삭제문제에서는 일본인은 '아니오'를 네덜란드인은 '예'를 더 많이 선택해, 불확실성 회피 성향이 인터랙션 선택문제에 영향을 미침을 시사했다. 인터넷 경고창 문제에서는 나이든 세대에 비해 젊은 세대가, 여성에 비해 남성이 적극적으로 설치하는 경향을 보였다. 컨트롤패널의 유형 선택에서 네덜란드인은 디지털형보다 아날로그형을 상대적으로 더 선호했다. 컨트롤패널의 정보표현방식 선택에서는 나이든 세대일수록, 또한 개인주의일수록 문자표현을 상대적으로 더 선호했다. 여러 변인들 중 국가(문화)가 가장 큰 차이를 보여 가장 의미있는 변수임을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to expand sodium reduction practices by analyzing the awareness, practice, and obstruction of sodium reduction by middle school dietitians. Questionnaires were administered to 146 dietitians in the Busan area. The average score for the dietitians' awareness of low-sodium diets was 4.21/5.00, and dietitians in their 30s and over 40 reported significantly (p<0.05) higher awareness than those in their 20s The average practice scores for low-sodium diets was 3.74/5.00, 3.80/5.00 for cooking, 3.77/5.00 for food choice, and 3.60/5.00 for action. The average scores of obstruction for low-sodium diets was 3.58/5.00, 3.93/5.00 for low-sodium products, 3.88/5.00 for students, 3.71/5.00 for dietitians, 3.12/5.00 for facilities, 2.86/5.00 for cooks. Dietitians over 40 and those with graduate school degrees had significantly (p<0.05) higher scores for low-sodium products. Regarding practice and obstruction for low-sodium diets, dietitians with high awareness scores had significantly (p<0.01) higher scores for practice and lower scores for obstruction of low-sodium diets. These findings suggest that it is critical to develop diverse low-sodium products and recipes, and that dietitians should educate students about the necessity and the practice of reduced sodium diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.1483-1496
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• 2001

Small ruminants form an important economic and ecological niche in small farm systems and agriculture. Their current low level of contribution is dismal, and is not commensurate with the potential capacity for higher levels of production. The context for productivity enhancement and increased socio-economic contribution relates to large sizes of small ruminant populations; wide distribution across various agro-ecological zones and production systems; and diversity of breeds, where 66% of all goat and 57% of sheep breeds in Asia are found in China, India and Pakistan. The advantages and disadvantages of small ruminants over larger ruminants are enumerated with reference to adaptation and environment, small size, production systems and products and interactions with the environment. Discussion focuses especially on efficiency of meat production and niche markets for higher-priced goat meat, and inefficient marketing systems given an estimated 40-45% loss of income to farmers presently. Increasing the quantity of meat produced is related to live weight and the total number of animals at Slaughter, which in turn, depend on the total number of offsprings weaned and lifetime productivity. At the national level, priority attention is essential to build up numbers in concerted breeding programmes, selection for efficiency of reproduction and meat production, and improvements to make traditional markets and marketing systems to respond to the changing environmental and consumer preferences. Post-production systems are neglected and improvements are associated with collection, handling, marketing, slaughter facilities and consumer requirements. Potential opportunities to expand and benefit from integrating small ruminants into annual and perennial cropping systems remain largely unexplored. Important development imperatives include choice of species and better use of available breeds, appropriate production systems that match available feed resources, and linkages between production, products and by-products to markets. Affirmative action is necessary, backed by official policy support, institutional commitment and increased resource use, that can target poverty and directly benefit the poor, and shift subsistence production to a more market-oriented opportunity. These efforts together constitute the challenges for both the owners and producers of small ruminants in the immediate future, as also the will to accelerate increased productivity, improve their livelihoods and promote rural growth.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.451-460
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• 1997

Various modern social problems are also related with science and technology. Thorough understanding about Technology-Society(STS) interactions is required to take informed action about how to deal effectively with these problems. In this case, there is a need for STS education. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of high -school students and science teachers about Technology-Society interactions and differences of their perceptions. It is my hope that this thesis will contribute to future "General Science" class in Korea. We obtained the data by a survey of 414 high school students who took "General Science" courses in Seoul and 54 of their science teachers. The survey was made using 10 multiple-choice items selected from the VOSTS (Views On Science-Technology-Society) item pool. The results of this study are as follow: 1. More than half of the students and teachers thought that science is exploring the unknown and discovering new things. Their perceptions about the science are somewhat stable, but about the technology various. 2. Most students and teachers thought that science and technology interact and complement each other. They also thought that the improvement in the quality of life needs investments in both science and technology 3. Most students and teachers thought social facts as community, government, and politics influenced scientists and scientific research. They also had a good understanding about the effects of science and technology on society. We can conclude from this that they had a Science-Technology-Society oriented viewpoint. 4. There are significant differences between the perceptions of boys and girls in following categories (p<.05): Influence of Community or Government Agencies on Scientists Influence of Politics on Scientists Role of Scieoce/Technology in Resolving Social Problems 5. There are significant differences between the perceptions of students and teachers in following categories (p<.05): Definition of Science Influence of Politics on Scientists

• 한국디지털건축인테리어학회논문집
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2012

With regard to the culture in cities this study aims to essential understanding and systematic approach to the culture. The "2011 Seoul Survey"report has been used to find out causality among the related variables. In the first place 'satisfaction of cultural condition' was operationally selected as a dependent variable for regression. For the purpose of controlling confounding factors for ceteris paribus effect correlation analysis was done between the dependent variable and all other variables respectively, which resulted in two groups of variables: group (1) - 6 variables of very significant correlations(p-value<0.01) and (2) - the other 6 variables of significant correlations(p-value<0.05). Then hierarchical regression was adopted to these 2 groups to analyse $R^2$ increment, statistical significance of independent variables, and multicollinearity(VIF; variance inflation factor). At last a regression model specified by group (1) as independent variables(they are 'social trust', 'satisfaction of walking condition', 'happiness index', 'preparation against old age', 'satisfaction of traffic condition' and 'hours for internet') shows that only 'social trust' variable has statistically significant and substantially strong effect on 'satisfaction of cultural condition.' This finding should be accepted on the following understanding; (1) urban culture has a collective attribute formed between people and society, (2) culture is somewhat telling and hearing stories and the confidence between tellers and hearers is essential in the mutual response and (3) stimulus is received by relationship in company with sense, emotion, thinking and action. In spite of restrictive external validity this finding can be used as a direction for promoting culture and a basis for related policy choice in cities.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.739-750
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• 1997

Treatment of root perforation elicits special considerations due to its blood-contaminated circumstances. It is known that conventional dental restorative materials are all leaking. Calcium sulfate is the material which react with water to become chemically set. This study, therefore, was performed to develop a new compound containing calcium sulfate and to evaluate its physical and biological characteristics. Three materials were used, IRM, calcium sulfate, calcium sulfate-hydroxyapatite compound. The composition of the calcium sulfate-hydroxyapatite compound was basically 50 % of calcium sulfate and 50 % of hydroxyapatite mixed with guajacol. The materials were mixed in conventional way and underwent four physical test procedures, setting time, solubility test, compressive strength, and marginal leakage test. All materials were evaluated under the scanning electron microscope to examine the marginal sealing ability. Animal experiment was also performed to test the materials' tissue response. Twenty-four dog's premolars were tested with either furcation perforations or apical retro-fillings. From the results, we found that calcium sulfate possess the good marginal sealing ability. However, calcium sulfate creates many voids which is caused by crystal thrusting action when it reacts with water. It seemed that the voids caused disintegration of the material which eventually lead to tissue reaction. By compounding calcium sulfate and hydroxyapatite, we were able to obtain the better physical properties but it showed larger marginal gap between the material and the root surface. Within the six weeks observation period, both IRM and calcium sulfate-hydroxyapatite compound showed good tissue responses in animal experiment. It is concluded that calcium sulfate would be the material of choice in root perforation repair, but the physical property needs to be further improved.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.501-521
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• 2013

This paper is concerned with static and dynamic shape control of a laminated Bernoulli-Euler beam hosting a uniformly distributed array of resistively interconnected piezoelectric patches. We present an analytical one-dimensional model for a laminated piezoelectric beam with material discontinuities within the framework of Bernoulli-Euler and extent the model by a network of resistors which are connected to several piezoelectric patch actuators. The voltage of only one piezoelectric patch is prescribed: we answer the question how to design the interconnected resistive electric network in order to annihilate lateral vibrations of a cantilever. As a practical example, a cantilever with eight patch actuators under the influence of a tip-force is studied. It is found that the deflection at eight arbitrary points along the beam axis may be controlled independently, if the local action of the piezoelectric patches is equal in magnitude, but opposite in sign, to the external load. This is achieved by the proper design of the resistive network and a suitable choice of the input voltage signal. The validity of our method is exact in the static case for a Bernoulli-Euler beam, but it also gives satisfactory results at higher frequencies and for transient excitations. As long as a certain non-dimensional parameter, involving the number of the piezoelectric patches, the sum of the resistances in the electric network and the excitation frequency, is small, the proposed shape control method is approximately fulfilled for dynamic load excitations. We evaluate the feasibility of the proposed shape control method with a more refined model, by comparing the results of our one-dimensional calculations based on the extended Bernoulli-Euler equations to three-dimensional electromechanically coupled finite element results in ANSYS 12.0. The results with the simple Bernoulli-Euler model agree well with the three-dimensional finite element results.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2008

Iatrogenic ureteral injury is a complication that can occur during a variety of pelvic or abdominal surgeries. The most frequent causes are gynecological ones, followed by colon and vascular surgeries. Management of ureteric injury depends on the time of diagnosis and the severity of organ damage. Injuries diagnosed intraoperatively should be treated immediately. Occasionally, intraoperative ureteral injury is overlooked, and symptoms of the late diagnosis of ureteral injury are usually nonspecific; therefore, the diagnosis is delayed for days or weeks postoperatively. Management of injuries diagnosed postoperatively is more complex. There are differing opinions on whether an initial conservative or immediate operative intervention is the best line of action. Delayed repair is suggested on the grounds that it will reduce inflammation and tissue edema. However, many authors are in favor of early repair, perhaps because tissue planes are easier to find before fibrosis becomes too dense. Ureteral injuries occurring at the level of the pelvic brim should be best managed with an end-to-end anastomosis, preferably around a ureteric stent. More distal injuries also should be ideally managed with an end-to-end anastomosis, after excision of the crushed or compromised segments. However, if the remaining distal segment is short, ureteral reimplantation is the procedure of choice. The Boari flap technique for ureteral reimplantation is invaluable in cases with a short proximal segment. Delayed recognition of iatrogenic ureteral injury may be associated with serious complications, so prompt recognition of ureteral injuries is important. Recognition of the injury before closure is the key to easy, successful, and complications-free repair. Increased awareness of the risk for ureteral damage during certain operative maneuvers is vital to prevent injury, and to decrease the incidence of iatrogenic injury. A sound knowledge of abdominal and pelvic anatomy is the best prevention.