• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.57-67
• /
• 2014

The vigor condition of trees is an important indicator for the management of urban forested area. But difficulties in how to assess the tree vigor condition still remain. Previous efforts were limited in the 1) measurement of single indicator rather than using multiple indices, 2) purpose-oriented measurement such as for air-pollution effect or specific pathological symptom, and 3) ordinal-scale evaluations by field crews 4) despite human errors based on his/her experiences or prior knowledge. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a quantitative and objective methodology for assessing tree vigor condition, by measuring multiple modules and building the profile inventory. Furthermore, the possibility and limitations were discussed in terms of schematic frames describing tree vigor condition. The vigor condition of 56 flowering cherry plants in urban park were assessed by in-situ measurements of following eight items; growth of crown(Gc), growth of shoots, individual tree volume(Vol), plant area index, woody area index, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content(Lc) and leaf water content(Lw). For validation, these measurements were compared with the ranks of holistic tree vigor condition, which were visually assessed using a 4-point grading scale based on the expert's knowledge. As a result, the measures of each evaluation item successfully highlighted a variety of aspects in tree vigor condition, including the states of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic parts. The variation in the results depending on evaluated parts was shown within an individual tree, even though the broad agreement among the results was found. The result of correlation analysis between the tested measurements and 4-point visual assessment, demonstrated that the state of water-stressed foliage of the season (Lw) or the development of plant materials since sapling phase (Vol) could be better viewed from the outer appearance of trees than other symptoms. But only based on the visual assessment, it may be difficult to detect the quality of photosynthesis (Lc) or the recent trend in growth of trees (Gc). To make this methodology simplified for the broad-scale application, the tested eight measurements could be integrated into two components by principal component analysis, which was labelled with 'the amount of plant materials' and 'vigor trend', respectively. In addition, the use of these quantitative and multi-scale indicators underlies the importance of assessing various aspects of tree vigor condition, taking into account the response(s) on different time and spatial scale of pressure(s) shown in each evaluated module. Future study should be advanced for various species at diverse developing stages and environment, and the application to wide areas at a periodic manner.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.48 no.6
• /
• pp.506-515
• /
• 2003

Six barley varieties that showed different degree of drought tolerance were grown with and without drought stress treatment (control), and investigated for the temporal changes in growth and several physiological traits after drought treatment. Soil water potential was -0.05 ㎫ at the initial stage of drought treatment and dropped to -0.29 ㎫ at 19 days after withholding irrigation. Soil water potential (SWP) maintained at -0.05 ㎫ in the control. The dry weight (DW) under the drought treatment were reduced compared to the control as follows: Dicktoo-S (short awn), 69% ; Dicktoo-L (long awn), 70%; Dicktoo-T (tetra), 86%; Dongbori-1, 69%; Suwonssalbori-365, 55% and Tapgolbori, ,37%. Dicktoo lines and Dongbori-1 were more tolerant than Suwonssalbori-365 and Tapgolbori. Leaf relative water contents (RWC) and leaf water potential (LWP) decreased obviously under the drought condition, the decrease being greater especially in the less drought-tolerant barley genotypes. Dongbori-1 and Dicktoo-L in drought treatment showed net photosynthesis of 38% and 17% compared to the control, respectively, and the other four genotypes much lower photosynthesis of 1.1% to 7.0%. Stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, and the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of PS II were reduced by drought treatment, the reduction being greater in drought-sensitive genotypes. The drought-tolerant genotypes had greater osmotic adjustment (OA) capacity under water stress. Thus, the decrease of RWC and LWP was lower and the turgor pressure conservation capacity was higher under water stress in drought-tolerant genotypes. Drought-tolerant genotypes showed less decrease of photosynthesis because stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance and the ratio (Fv/Fm) of the variable to maximal fluorescence of drought-resistant genotype was decreased less in the drought stress condition. In conclusion, the drought-tolerant genotypes had better water conservation capacity through efficient OA, and this led to the lower decrease of photosynthesis and growth in water stress condition.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.217-222
• /
• 1996

A green-house experiment was conducted to know the performance of Chinese cabbage and radish applied with simulated acid rain(SAR) on the leaf and/or soil. The pHs of SAR and normal water were 2.7 and 6.0, respectively. The pHs of SAR and normal water applied on leaf/soil were 6.0/6.0, 6.0/2.7, 2.7/6.0, and 2.7/2.7 and they were applied fifteen times at the two- or three-day intervals with 10mm at a time. Leaf application of SAR caused brown spots in both crops, while no such symptoms were observed in soil application. SAR applied on the leaf or soil increased chlorophyll content significantly in Chinese cabbage, but slightly in radish. Leaf or soil application of SAR did not affect N, P, and K concentrations in both crops. The sulfur content in radish leaf increased by leaf or soil application of SAR, while in the root it increased by soil application only. Yield of Chinese cabbage was not affected by SAR, while both leaf and root yields of radish were significantly reduced by leaf application of SAR compared with soil application.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.148-153
• /
• 2014

The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of light-emitting diode treatment on early growth and inorganic elements in leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. 'Oak Leaf'). In changes to leaf morphology, shoot elongation and hypocotyl length showed poor growth under red light irradiation, while red+blue light irradiation induced shorter plant height and more leaves, resulting in increased fresh weight. With respect to Hunter's color and SPAD values, lettuce seedlings grown under red+ blue and fluorescent light irradiation had a higher $a^*$ value but showed no other changes to SPAD values. Interestingly, redness in relative chlorophyll content was 1.4 times higher under red+blue light irradiation. Inorganic element (N, Ca, Mg, and Fe) and ascorbic acid concentrations increased in lettuce plants grown under LED light irradiation compared to those of lettuce grown under fluorescent light, which showed a higher P content. In conclusion, red+blue light irradiation, which stimulates growth and higher nutrient uptake in leaf lettuce, could be employed in containers equipped with LEDs.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.79-84
• /
• 1990

To make clear the changes of the amount of reserve substances in the bark of stem and root of mulberry graftages after planting, studies were carried with mulberry graftages classified into three groups of 7.0-7.9mm, 9.0-9.9mm and 11.0-11.9mm in diameter of stems at 3cm above their base. The results obtained were as follow : 1. The dry weight of stem and root bark gradually decreased with growth of new shoots till about five weeks after planting, and from then it increased. 2. The duration of new shoots growth depending on the reserve substance was limited for 6-7 weeks after planting. In no fertilized group, the length of new shoots increased up to 6-7 weeks, form then decrease. 3. Dry leaf yield three weeks after planting was found to be no difference in the same diameter of saplings between with and without fertilization. 4. The content of chlorophyll in the leaves was higher in thicker group and in fertilized group than thinner and no fertilized one, respectively. 5. There was no difference in the amount of carbohydrates of the bark of stem and root among the stem diameters. There was a transient increase in the amount of total sugar in the bark of stem and root in the first three weeks after planting, followed by gradual decline up to five weeks. The amount of reducing sugar in the bark of stem and root increased both in fertilized and in no fertilized group up to three weeks after planting, and then it decreased. There was a gradual decline in the content of starch in the bark of stem and root both in fertilized and in no fertilized group up to five weeks after planting, followed by gradual increase.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.209-217
• /
• 2004

The shoots of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.) in vitro germinated from seeds were cultured on MS basal medium containing 0.1 mg/L NAA under the various sucrose concentrations and with/without membrane filter (MF) on the lid of vessel. The growth responses were checked to obtain healthy plantlets. The $CO_2$ and $C_2$H$_4$ concentration in vessel without MF were higher than those with MF. The $CO_2$ concentration without MF was increased as days in culture went by whereas the $C_2$H$_4$ concentration was decreased. The plant growth with MF and high sucrose concentration was good. Fresh and dry weight of plantlets cultured in sucrose 4.5% with MF were higher than those in no sucrose without MF. Also the content of chlorophyll of plantlets cultured with MF was high and the content of sugar was shown a similar results and a remarkable difference between MF treatments, especially. Stomata cultured with MF was closer than that without MF and mesophyll of leaf were more developed with MF or in high sucrose concentration. When the plantlets were transplanted in the pot at 25$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$, 75% relative humidity and low PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density), the percentage of survival after 13 days without MF was 0% but it was 100% with MF regardless of sucrose concentrations.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.65 no.2
• /
• pp.104-112
• /
• 2020

Maize is thought to be an alternative crop to rice in paddy fields for efficient field management and maintenance of rice production at appropriate levels in Korea. Thus efforts to breed waterlogging-tolerant maize cultivars have been ongoing. However, molecular studies related to waterlogging tolerance are limited for developing molecular markers to select waterlogging tolerant maize varieties. In this study, we examined molecular biological changes of B73 in the V3 stage after immersion treatment for 7 days. Overall growth of maize was lower in treated samples compared to non-immersed control samples. The length of leaf and root decreased by 21.3% and 50.6%, respectively and the weight of root reduced by 21.6%. Soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value and chlorophyll content of leaf also decreased by 55.7% and 35.3%, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) content of root increased by 46.5% at 2 hours in immersion treatment. In addition, immersed roots were 2.5-fold thickened with additional aerenchyma formation in the cortex. In order to identify the causes of these changes, we performed a microarray and found increased expression of genes, such as WIP1, PMIP2, EXPA1, TPS1, and MAS1, in immersed samples. These differentially expressed genes and expression of previously reported genes, including ALDH2, Wusl1032, UP-1, UP-2, and CAT2 were further confirmed with qRT-PCR. Here, we report 7 differentially expressed genes after immersing treatment, which may be utilized as useful resources for breeding waterlogging- tolerant maize.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.112-119
• /
• 2004

Objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of nutrient solution strength and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF, Glomus sp.) on growth and flowering of potted miniature rose (Rosa hybrids L. cv 'Scarlet'). To achieve this, plants cultured with six different strength of Japanese Horticultural Experiment Station solution (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and $4.0\;{\times}\;{full}$ strength) and inoculated with AMP at cutting and transplanting. Leachate EC increased as solution strength were elevated. The leachate EC were not different between non-inoculated plants and AMF treatment at cutting, but significantly decreased when plants were inoculated with AMF at transplanting. The elevated strength of nutrient solution resulted in decrease of leachate pH. When plants were inoculated AMF at transplanting, leachate pH was lower than those of non-inoculated plants and inoculated with AMF at cutting. At harvesting (93 days after transplanting), plant height, leaf width, number of branches and shoot fresh and dry weight of rose 'Scarlet' increased with elevated nutrient solution strength. AMF treatment at transplanting of potted rose 'Scarlet' showed the best results in growth such as chlorophyll content, number of flowers, and shortening the days required to flower. The content of N, P, K, and Mn in leaf tissue of potted rose increased by elevated nutrient solution strength and AMF treatment, while the tissue Na contents decreased by an AMF treatment.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.613-621
• /
• 2011

Plastic house and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of substrate components and shade degrees on plant growth and physiologically-active substance content and antioxidant activity of Panax ginseng. No significant difference in growth characteristics among substrates was observed. However, shade treatment also significantly reduced leaf area, chlorophyll content, root length, and shoot and root fresh weight (P<0.05) with increasing of the degree. Total phenolics level [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ DW] was higher in root parts (25.8 to 28.4 mg $kg^{-1}$) than shoot parts (20.7 to 23.8 mg $kg^{-1}$) of Panax ginseng, and with shade (23.7 to 28.4 mg $kg^{-1}$) than without shade (20.7 to 25.8 mg $kg^{-1}$). However, total flavonoids [mg naringin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] was more detected in the shoot part (17.4 to 26.8 mg $kg^{-1}$) than in the root part (6.7 to 7.0 mg $kg^{-1}$) of Panax ginseng. Methanol extracts from the Panax ginseng plants dose-dependently increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity as a antioxidant potential, and the activity was higher in shoot parts (31.1 to 36.5%) than in root parts (24.9 to 28.7%), and without shade than with shade. In conclusion, shade affects plant growth as well as physiological activity of Panax ginseng under plastic house condition.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.131-137
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the activity of nitrogen fixation and accumulation of heavy metal and inorganic matter in Vicia amoena community at lower region in Kumho riverside, including Youngchon, Chimsangyo, Paldalgyo, Talseochon and Kumhogyo. The contents of inorganic matter and heavy metal of Kumho riverside soil increased in the down stream in each organ of the plant growing in the riverside. Generally, V. amoena community showed rapid growth of shoot and high value of Top/Root ratio. V. amoena community showed higher water content of shoot at late growth stage and higher chlorophyll content. The root nodule of V. amoena community appeared in April and increased by 0.30, 0.27, 0.24, 0.06 and 0.14 g/plant, and nitrogen fixation activity of nodule attained 20.1, 16.8, 15.4, 8.5 and 5.3 μmol·C₂H₄·g fw nodule/sup -1/·h/sup -1/ for non-contaminated area Youngchon, Chimsangyo, Paldalgyo, Talseochon and Kumhogyo, respectively, in June:. Nodule formation and nitrogen fixation activity were reduced in the down stream by the soil contamination and heavy metal accumulation and showed minimum values. at Talseochon and Paldalgyo. V. amoena showed growth adaptation against heavy metal toxicity by restricting heavy metal such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe from transport, and by accumulating high Ca ion in shoot, nitrogen and phosphorus in root at late growth stage than those at early one, respectively, but total heavy metal per plant showed higher values in shoot than those in root by high T/R ratio of plant growth.