• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of metronidazole 25% dental gel that was applied to periodontal pockets who have moderate to advanced chronic adult periodontitis were selected for this study. The quadrants that had 2 or 3teeth with 5-8mm probing pocket depth were selected and divided into test side and control side according to the split-mouth design. The metronidazole 25% dental gel applied on test side and 0.12% chlorhexidine solution applicated on positive control side, normal saline irrigation into periodontal pocket was applicated to negative control side respectively. Above procedures followed scaling and root planing at baseline(0week). The subgingival sterile saline irrigation and chlorhexidine irrigation were done for about 30 seconds respectively. The metronidazole 25% dental gel was applied to periodontal pocket at 0,1 week in the test side. The clinical and microbiological analysis carried out at baseline(0week) and 4,8 weeks. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The sulcular bleeding index, probing pocket depth were significantly reduced in the test group. The relative proportions of spirochetes and motile rods were significantly reduced to negative control group and the proportion of cocci was correspondingly increased in the test group. 2. The sulcular bleeding index, probing pocket depth were significantly reduced in metronidazole group. and, there was a significant differences between 2 groups. Also, the relative proportions of spirochetes and motile rods were reduced in both group. And, there was a significant differences between 2 groups. In conclusion, application of metronidazole 25% dental gel as an adjunct to mechanical debridement of root surfaces may improved the clinical and microbiological status of periodontal disease sites.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.2 s.79
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• pp.215-222
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of chlorhexidine varnish affects the shear bond strength and failure pattern of orthodontic brackets or not. The experimental group consisted of 22 human premolars which extracted after chlorhexidine varnish application (4 times for 1 week interval) in vivo, and the control group consisted of 22 human premolars which extracted without any pre-treatment. After all teeth were etched with $37\%$ phosphoric acid gel, metal orthodontic brackets (Q-3002, RMO, USA) were bonded to each tooth using auto-polymerizing orthodontic resin (Ortho-One, Bisco, USA) with the same bonding procedure. The shear bond strength was measured with Instron universal testing machine (model 4466, Instron Ltd., England), and the failure pattern of each bracket was examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (SM 840A, JEOL, Japan). The data were analysed statistically with t-test. The results were as follows : 1. Application of chlorhexidine varnish had no significant effect on the shear bond strength of the orthodontic bracket. 2. There was no significant difference in the failure pattern of orthodontic bracket between the experimental group and the control group.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.268-280
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• 1994

Tissue conditioners have been used for treatment of denture stomatitis caused by wearing of dentures. Early studies pointed out Candide albicans (C. albicans) as main etiologic factor, and antifugal agents were added for control of the species. But there is a little information about broad comparison on the effect of tissue conditioners and antifungal agents added. The purpose of the present study was to compare the inhibiting effect of four tissue conditioners and one temporary soft liner on the growth of C. albicans for treatment of denture stomatitis using gel diffusion method by measuring diameter of the zone of growth inhibition. Three antifungal agents were added to each material for evaluation of the effect of added agents. Finally, observation was made to evaluate the effect of the loss of antifungal elements by aging of the specimen. The results of this study were obtained as follows : 1. Tempo had remarkable antifungal effect showing the zone of growth inhibition as 2.35 mm at 1st day, and was most effective on End: 4th and 7th day from incubation (p<0.05). But Coecomfort, Dura conditioner, Visco-gel, Coe-soft had little antifungal effect from the 1st day of incubation. 2. Nystatin was most effective showing 9.60-12.04 mm of zone of inhibition at the 1st day from incubation. The antifungal properties were reduced to amphotericin B, chlorhexidine and materials without agent (p<0.05), and the effect was diminished by time. 3. As pretreatment with amphotericin B, nystatin, chlorhexidine, Tempo was very effective at the 1st day from incubation showing zone of inhibition as 3.65, 12.04, 4.78 mm with addition of each agent. Dura conditioner had strongest antifungal effect at the next day as 2.86, 5.33, 1.29 mm of zone of inhibition, and yielding results of Coe-comfort, Tempo, Coe-soft was shown at 4th and 7th day from incubation (p<0.05). Taken all together, tissue conditioners have little antifungal effect except Tempo. Formation of the zone of growth inhibition was due to agents amphotericin B, nystatin, chlorhexidine and nystatin was most effective. Conclusively, it is advisable to select material which is effective on the growth of C. albican and consider addition of antifungal agents for treatment of denture stomatitis.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.10.1-10.11
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• 2019

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess coronal discoloration induced by the following intracanal medicaments: calcium hydroxide (CH), a mixture of CH paste and chlorhexidine gel (CH/CHX), and triple antibiotic paste (3Mix). Materials and Methods: Seventy extracted single-canal teeth were selected. Access cavities were prepared and each canal was instrumented with a rotary ProTaper system. The specimens were randomly assigned to CH, CH/CHX, and 3Mix paste experimental groups (n = 20 each) or a control group (n = 10). Each experimental group was randomly divided into 2 subgroups (A and B). In subgroup A, medicaments were only applied to the root canals, while in subgroup B, the root canals were completely filled with medicaments and a cotton pellet dipped in medicament was also placed in the pulp chamber. Spectrophotometric readings were obtained from the mid-buccal surface of the tooth crowns immediately after placing the medicaments (T1) and at 1 week (T2), 1 month (T3), and 3 months (T4) after filling. The ${\Delta}E$ was then calculated. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3-way ANOVA, and the $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ post hoc test. Results: The greatest color change (${\Delta}E$) was observed at 3 months (p < 0.0001) and in 3Mix subgroup B (p = 0.0057). No significant color change occurred in the CH (p = 0.7865) or CH/CHX (p = 0.1367) groups over time, but the 3Mix group showed a significant ${\Delta}E$ (p = 0.0164). Conclusion: Intracanal medicaments may induce tooth discoloration. Use of 3Mix must be short and it must be carefully applied only to the root canals; the access cavity should be thoroughly cleaned afterwards.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.21.1-21.8
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of calcium hydroxide with 2% chlorhexidine gel (HCX) or distilled water (HCA) compared to triple antibiotic paste (TAP) on push-out bond strength and the cement/dentin interface in canals sealed with White MTA Angelus (WMTA) or Biodentine (BD). Materials and Methods: A total of 70 extracted human lower premolars were endodontically prepared and randomly divided into 4 groups according to the intracanal medication, as follows: group 1, HCX; group 2, TAP; group 3, HCA; and group 4, control (without intracanal medication). After 7 days, the medications were removed and the cervical third of the specimens was sectioned into five 1-mm sections. The sections were then sealed with WMTA or BD as a reparative material. After 7 days in 100% humidity, a push-out bond strength test was performed. Elemental analysis was performed at the interface, using energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results: BD presented a higher bond strength than WMTA (p < 0.05). BD or WMTA in canals treated with calcium hydroxide intracanal medications had the highest bond strength values, with a statistically significant difference compared to TAP in the WMTA group (p < 0.05). There were small amounts of phosphorus in samples exposed to triple antibiotic paste, regardless of the coronal sealing. Conclusions: The use of intracanal medications did not affect the bond strength of WMTA and BD, except when TAP was used with WMTA.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2014

Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of self-etching adhesive systems against Streptococcus mutans using the agar diffusion method. Materials and Methods: Three 2-step systems, Clearfil SE Bond (SE, Kuraray), Contax (CT, DMG), and Unifil Bond (UnB, GC), and three 1-step systems, Easy Bond (EB, 3M ESPE), U-Bond (UB, Vericom), and All Bond SE (AB, BISCO) were used. 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX, Bukwang) and 37% phosphoric acid gel (PA, Vericom) were used as positive controls. Results: The antibacterial activity of CHX and PA was stronger than that of the other groups, except SE. After light activation, the inhibition zone was reduced in the case of all 2-step systems except CT. However, all 1-step systems did not exhibit any inhibition zone upon the light activation. Conclusions: SE may be better than CT or UnB among the 2-step systems with respect to antibacterial activity, however, 1-step systems do not exhibit any antibacterial activity after light curing.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2003

The effect of hand hygiene was measured by hand culture before and after hand hygiene for 86 nurses, doctors, and nurses aide/housekeepers in Surgical Intensive Care Unit. The subjects were asked to press their dominant hand in hand-shaped Mannitol salt agar immediately after patient contact and then washed their hand by preferred hand hygiene agents [soap and water, waterless alcohol gel, or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate detergent (CHG)], and cultured one hand again Amount of isolated microorganism was calculated by counting the number of divided areas ($1{\times}1cm$) which is culture positive in hand culture plate. The amount of microorganisms were significantly reduced from 58.1(${\pm}38.59$) to 27.4(${\pm}30.4$) cells after hand hygiene. The staff nurse's hand hygiene was more effective compared to medical doctors and nurses aide/housekeepers. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) was isolated in 41(47.1%) subjects ; but only removed 100% in 28(32.2%) subjects. When the amount of hand microorganisms was compared by subject's preferred hand hygiene agents, it was decreased in order of 4% CHG, waterless alcohol solution, soap and water, and water. The hand hygiene practice was inadequate to reduce hand microorganisms and significantly different by occupations. Further research and development of hand hygiene improvement program which emphasize the quality of hand hygiene is recommended.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.270-278
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• 2000

The study was performed to investgate the excellent microbial anticaries substance which is more effective that the chlorhexidine in the dental caries treatment. A typi-cal strain which produced the most excellent antimicrobial subatance was selected. and identified novel alkalophillic Bacillus alkalophilshaggy JY-827. For the maximal production of themicrobial antibiotic against Streptococcus mutans from B. alkalophilshaggy JY-827, the optimal culture condition was in the medium containing glucose 15g/ L, pepton 10g/L and $K_2$$HPO_4$ 2g/L the highest production of antibiotic against S.mutans was obtained at $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 11.0 for 5 days. The antibiotic from B. alkalophilshaggy JY-827 was purified by organic solvent extraction, silica gel and sephadex LH-20 column chromatograpies, and then crystallized with methanol. The crystallin compoma-tion of this antibiotic was as a curcular shape. The melting point and rm[$\alpha$]$D^{20}$ were 152-154$^{\circ}C$ and +55。, respec-tively. Based on Instumental analyses such as FT-IR, $^{1}$H-NMR $^{13}$ C-NMR and GC-mass, the antibiotic was identified as aminoglycoside. It was obtained as amorphous white power, and soluble in water power, and soluble in water, methanol but insoluble in ether, chroloform. This antibiotic inhibited the growth of S.mutans to about 3 day at the concentration of $2.5$\times$10^{-7}$ /M. It was stable at the alkalli condition but unstable within the acid condition. It was also stable up to $70^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1999

Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA) is a hydrophilic gall bladder acid and has been used as a effective drug for liver disease related to in1munity. This drug inhibits secretions of IL-2, IL-4, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ from T-cells and production of immunoglobulin from B-cells. Also it has been reported that UDCA inhibits production of IL-1 related to the progression of periodontal disease and activation of collagenases. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the effects of UDCA on inhibition of periodontal disease progression using clinical, microbiological and histometrical parameters. Twelve pure bred, 16 month-old-beagle dogs were used in the study. After ligature-induced periodontal diseases were formed, experimental drugs were applied twice a day and then the results of clinical, microbiological, and histometrical parameters were measured at baselie(initiation of experiment) , 4weeks and 8weeks. The gel with UDCA(concentration 0.5%, 5% 3 dogs in each) was applied to experimental group, chlorhexidine to positive control group(3dogs) and the gel without UDCA(base) to negative control group. After induction of general anesthesia, the maxillary 2nd, 3rd premolars and 1st molar and the mandibular 2nd, 3rd, 4th premolars and 1st molar were ligated in one side selected randomly and were not ligated in the opposite side. The plaque index(PI), gingival index(GI), pocket depth(PD) and gingival crevicular fluid(GCF) volum were measured clinically. The PI and GI were measured at 3 buccal points of all experimental teeth and the GCF was measured only at the 3rd premolar in the maxilla and the 4th premolar in the mandible. In the microbiological study, the samples extracted from the 3rd premolar of the maxilla and the 4th premolar of the mandible at the center of buccal surface were analyzed aerobics, anaerobics and Streptococcus colony forming units, After clinical and microbiological examination at 8weeks, the dogs were sacrificed by carotid artery perfusion. The samples were fixed and sectioned including interproximal area, and the distance from cementoenamel junction(CEJ) to alveolar crest was measured. The results were that PI, GI and PD increased until 4 weeks and decreased at 8 weeks in three groups but the differences between all the groups were not significant. The 0.5% UDCA in non-ligated group showed remarkable decrease of GCF. The experimental group applied 5% UDCA decreased the number of aerobics and anaerobics. The distance from CEJ to alveolar crest was greater in the negative control group on both ligated and non-ligated sides, but the differences were not significant stastically.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.753-759
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• 2001

To evaluate antiinflammation of Aloe vera peel, antiimflammation substances were extracted from Aloe vera peel and identified, and we investigated the effect of the its substance the inhibitory effect on the activity of hyaluoronidase, elastase, collagenase and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. The water extract from Aloe vera peel were successfully purified with solvent fractionation, silica gel column chromatography, preparative thin layer chromatography and UV spectrometer. Two purified active substances were identified as aloe-emodin and barbaloin by Mass Spectrometer, $^1H-NMR$ and FT-IR. Aloe-emodin and barbaloin. $IC_{50}$ values of aloe-emodin and barbaloin against hyaluronidase activity were 40 and $70\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Leuckocyte elastase, which is related to the destruction of various tissue, $IC_{50}$ values of them were 50 and $60\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. $IC_{50}$ values of aloe-emodin and barbaloin against collagenase activity were 40 and $60\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. and $IC_{50}$ values of aloe-emodin and barbaloin aganist the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, which play an important role in inflammatory reactions, were 40 and $70\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Inhibitory effects of aloe-emodin, barbaloin and aspirin against carrageenan paw edema were 74.9, 52.9 and 51.9% as inhibiton percentage, respectively, at dose of 100 mg/kg and that of indomethancin was 49.7 at dose of 10 mg/kg. Cell cytotoxicity of barbaloin against human gingival cells was lower than that of aloe-emodin. Aloe-emodin and barbaloin did not show cytotoxicity against human gingival cells at concentration of 1.0 and $5.0\;{\mu}g/mL$, However, aloe-emodin and barbaloin showed less cytotoxicity than chlorhexidine, which usually have been used as the agent of anticaries and antiinflammation. These results suggested that aloe-emodin and barbaloin from Aloe vera peel have the effect of anticaries and antiinflammation.