• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2004

Concern that some chemicals in our environment may affect human health by disrupt-ing normal endocrine function has prompted a research on interactions of environmental contaminants with steroid hormone receptor. Toxaphene and chlordane are among the 12 persistent organic pollutants identified by the United Nations Environment Programme as requiring urgent attention. We compared the estrogenic activity of two organochlorine pesticides, toxaphene and chlordane, at estrogen receptor a (ER$\alpha$) and estrogen receptor $\beta$ (ER$\beta$). Human hepatoma cells (HepG2) were transiently transfected with rat ER$\alpha$ or ER$\beta$ plus an estrogen-responsive complement C3-luciferase (C3-Luc) reporter gene. After transfection, cells were treated with various concentrations of toxaphene and chlordane to investigate agonism or antagonism of these chemicals. Both toxaphene and chlordane were potent agonists in HepG2 cells for ER$\alpha$. In contrast, these chemicals had a minimal agonist activity with ER$\beta$ and almost abolished 17$\beta$-estradiol-induced ER$\beta$-mediated activity. Therefore, toxaphene and chlordane behaved as an ER$\alpha$ agonist and an ER$\beta$ antagonist with estrogen-responsive reporter plasmid C3-Luc, and exposure to these organochlorine pesticides could have a crictical effect on normal endocrine function.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.2 s.57
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• pp.177-184
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• 2007

Gaseous organochlorine pesticides (OCPs : heptachlor epoxide, p, p'-DDE, ${\gamma}-HCH,\;{\alpha}-chlordane,\;{\gamma}-chlordane$ and trans-nonachlor) concentration was measured using PUF high volume sampler from June, 2000 to June, 2002 in the semi-rural atmosphere. The OCPs concentration in atmosphere, which is estimated by the slope (m) of Clausius-Clapeyron equation and phase-transition energy $({\Delta}H)$, was influenced by revolatilization from environmental matrix (soil, water and tree leaves) and a long range transportation of air mass. But the former affected OCPs concentration more than the latter. The degradation rate constants (k) of OCPs calculated using multiple regression analysis and revised standard temperature method were in good agreement each other. The value of k of ${\gamma}-HCH$ was very low as -0.0007, but the range of k of other components were $-0.00l8{\sim}-0.0038$. The half-life $({\tau})$ which was calculated by k of ${\gamma}-HCH$ was 2.6 years-the longest one, but that of heptachlor epoxide was in 0.5 year-the shortest one. $({\tau})\;of\;{\alpha}-chlordane,\;{\gamma}-chlordane$ and trans-nonachlor in technical chlordane was 1.0, 1.1 and 0.7 year respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.12-21
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• 1987

Residues of some organo-chlorine pesticides on 108 solis collected from 5 sites of Chungnam avea during March 20-April 6, 1986 were investigated. 12 different kinds of Chemical components were detected showing the highest detection frequency with P.P'-DDE(67.6%) and the lowest with Heptachlor(1.8%). 4 different chemicals, ${\alpha}-BHC$, ${\gamma}-chlordane$, P.P'-DDD and P.P'-DDD and P.P'-DDE showed their average contents in the soils of 0.001 ppm and 0.005ppm for ${\beta}-BHC$, respectively. On the other hand, ${\alpha}-BHC$, ${\gamma}-chlordane$, P.P'-DDT. O.P'-DDT and P.P'-DDD showed 0.002ppm for their average contents of residues, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2003

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric assay method was developed for the simultaneous determination of neutral and bacis twenty-five disruptors $(ED_S)$ in frog and fish. Afther homogenization and sonication of 5 g of sample, purification was achieves in one step with a solid phase extraction procedure using silica gelflorisl. Eluton was performed with 50mL of acetone : n-hexane (1 : 9) solution. The eluate was concentrated to approximately 10uL and dissolves with 100 uL of hexane and analyzed by GC-MS (SIM). The peaks had good chromatographic properties and the extraction of these compounds from sample also gave relatively high recoveries with small variatoins. Detection limits were 0.1 ng/g for 4-nitrotoluene, benzophenone, hexachlorobenzene, atrazine, malathion, o,p-DDT, o,p-DDT and permethrin, and 0.2 ng/g for heptachlor epoxide, γ-chlordane, α-chlordane, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, and 0.3 ng/g for trifluralin, metribuzin, alachlor, dieldrin and p,p'-DDT, and 0.5 ng/g for heptachlor, aldrin and parathion, and 0.7 ng/g for endrin, and 0.8 ng/g for nitrofen. The recoveries were between 33 and 109%. The method was used to analyze twenty-five frogs and forty-six fishes fishes samples caught from various regions in Korea. Benzophenone was detected at concentration of up to 17.2 ng/g in frog or fish. Heptachlor, aldrin, γ-chlordane, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, endrin and o,p-DDD were detected at concentrations of 0.7-12.5 ng/g in frog or fish. Also significant leveles of dieldrin (up to 22.5 ng/g) were observed. The developed method may be valuable to be used to the national monitoring project of EDS in biota samples.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: The analysis for the concentration and enantiomeric ratio of OCPs have been performed to confirm the distribution and to emonstrate the pollution characteristics of chiral OCPs in ambient air. METHODS AND RESULTS: In ambient air at coastal and inland sites, concentrations and enantiomer fractions (EFs) of heptachlor (HEPT), eptachlor epoxide (HEPX), trans-chlordane (TC), cis-chlordane (CC), xychlordane (OXY), 2,4'-DDT, 2,4'-DDD with HRGC/HRMS were investigated to understand source and distribution of chiral organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in ambient air. The mean concentrations of OCPs in ambient air were at the range of 0.027(heptachlor)~1.279 (4,4'-DDT) pg/m3 and 0.0005 (heptachlor)~0.1043 ng/g d.w. (TC), respectively. The mean EFs of OCPs in ambient air were at the range of 0.73 (HEPX)~0.45 (CC). Both preferential depletions of (+) and (-) enantiomer were observed for CC, indicated by EFs either <0.5 or >0.5, while preferential depletions of (-) enantiomer which mean EFs <0.5 were observed for chiral OCPs except TC and MC-5. CONCLUSION: OCPs in ambient air have been distributed from soil, but some of them such as chlordane, DDT etc. might have been introduced by long-range atmospheric transport, considering EFs by chiral analysis and trajectory analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11b
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• pp.381-383
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• 2003

유기염소계농약류 25종을 분석한 결과 HCHs(4종, endosulfan(2종), octachlorostyrene은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았으며 trans-nonachlor, heptachlor는 각각 한 지점의 붕어에서 검출되었고 나머지는 검출되지 않았다. Chlordane의 경우 두 이성질체가 한 지점의 붕어에서 검출되었고, DDT는 6개 이성질체 중 p,p’-DDT와 p,p’-DDD가 한 지점의 붕어에서 검출되었으며 o,p’-DDT는 한 지점의 황소개구리에서 검출되었다. 그 외의 이성질체는 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.208-216
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate levels of POPs in soil by land use and identify congener profiles of PCBs, PCDD/Fs in soil in Korea. Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin, Mirex, Toxaphene were not found in all areas. The concentrations of Diedrin, Chlordane, ${\Sigma}$DDT, HCB in soil samples were in ranged from N.D. to 12.08 ${\mu}g$/kg, from N.D. to 16.08 ${\mu}g$/kg, from N.D. to 38.19 ${\mu}g$/kg and from N.D. to 1.32 ${\mu}g$/kg. In case of PCBs, concentration were in ranged from N.D. to 172.12 ${\mu}g$/kg, and PCBs contaminated area was higher than other areas. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs were in ranged from 0 to 6.68 pg I-TEQ/g. In addition, the ${\Sigma}$PCDFs concentration in the industry area soil was higher than ${\Sigma}$PCDDs.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2010

United Nations Environment Program adopted a global binding agreement to regulate the production and distribution for the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in May 22, 2001. The agreement took its effectuation with the ratification of 59 countries from the approval of 151 countries in May 17, 2004. After the approval on the binding agreement in October 4, 2001, South Korea performed systematic investigation for the ready of ratification on the convention with country-specific exemption for some chemical substances. Case study with documentary examination and fact-finding survey found some potential problem for 5 chemical substances such as chlordane, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorobenzenes (HCB), heptachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). However, subsequent investigation with more detailed degree showed the possibility for the ratification with no country-specific exemption.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.181-184
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• 2011

Screening of estrogenic activity on dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro diphenyl dichloro ethylene (DDE), dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and parabens was compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guideline 455 (TG455). The estrogenic activity of DDT was 58,000-fold ($PC_{50}$, $1.67{\times}10^{-6}$ M) less than $17{\beta}$-estradiol($E_2$) ($PC_{50}$, $2.88{\times}10^{-11}$ M) but DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane and PBDE did not show any estrogenic activity in this assay system. In the case of paraben compounds, the rank of relative transcriptional activation (logRTA) was butyl paraben -1.63752 ($PC_{50}$, $1.25{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > isobutyl paraben -2.34008 ($PC_{50}$, $6.3{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > ethyl paraben -2.64016 ($PC_{50}$, $1.26{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > isopropyl paraben -2.73993 ($PC_{50}$, $1.58{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > propyl paraben -2.84164 ($PC_{50}$, $2.0{\times}10^{-6}$ M). Our data suggest that OECD test guideline TG455 may be useful as a screening tool for potential endocrine disruptors.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.502-506
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• 2011

Most countries have the legislation and regulation for POPs control in food. In here, we studied the quantitative analysis of 24 organochlorine POPs (${\alpha}$-HCH 1, ${\beta}$-HCH 2, ${\gamma}$-HCH 3, ${\delta}$-HCH 4, trans-chlrodane 5, 2,4'-DDE 6, ${\alpha}$-endosulfan 7, cis-chlordane 8, 2,4'-DDD 9, endrin 10, ${\beta}$-endosulfan 11, 2,4'-DDT 12, endosulfan sulfate 13, HCB 14, aldrin 15, trans-nonachlor 16, 4,4'-DDE 17, dieldrin 18, 4,4'-DDD 19, cis-nonachlor 20, 4,4'-DDT 21, heptachlor 22, heptachlor epoxide 23 and mirex 24) with GC-ECD. The retention time of analytes were ranged between 19.18 min and 34.69 min, and their peak intervals were over 0.05 min at least. LOQs were ranged 0.003 ~ 0.033 ng/g, and their recovery rates were showed 60.9 ~ 120.8% on the 0.1 ng/g concentration of 24 organochlorine POPs. All tested 30 sundried salts were collected on Korean retailed market, and any analyte was not found in all the samples on LOQ levels.