• 제목/요약/키워드: Chitin synthase 3

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Re-identification of Colletotrichum acutatum Species Complex in Korea and Their Host Plants

  • Le Dinh Thao;Hyorim Choi;Yunhee Choi;Anbazhagan Mageswari;Daseul Lee;Seung-Beom Hong
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제39권4호
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    • pp.384-396
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    • 2023
  • Colletotrichum acutatum species complex is one of the most important groups in the genus Colletotrichum with a high species diversity and a wide range of host plants. C. acutatum and related species have been collected from different plants and locations in Korea and deposited into the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences since the 1990s. These fungal isolates were previously identified based mainly on morphological characteristics, and a limitation of molecular data was provided. To confirm the identification of species, 64 C. acutatum species complex isolates in KACC were used in this study for DNA sequence analyses of six loci: nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS), betatubulin 2 (TUB2), histone-3 (HIS3), glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1), and actin (ACT). The molecular analysis revealed that they were identified in six different species of C. fioriniae (24 isolates), C. nymphaeae (21 isolates), C. scovillei (12 isolates), C. chrysanthemi (three isolates), C. lupini (two isolates), and C. godetiae (one isolate), and a novel species candidate. We compared the hosts of KACC isolates with "The List of Plant Diseases in Korea", previous reports in Korea and global reports and found that 23 combinations between hosts and pathogens could be newly reported in Korea after pathogenicity tests, and 12 of these have not been recorded in the world.

Colletotrichum fructicola, a Member of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato, is the Causal Agent of Anthracnose and Soft Rot in Avocado Fruits cv. "Hass"

  • Fuentes-Aragon, Dionicio;Juarez-Vazquez, Sandra Berenice;Vargas-Hernandez, Mateo;Silva-Rojas, Hilda Victoria
    • Mycobiology
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    • 제46권2호
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    • pp.92-100
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    • 2018
  • The filamentous Ascomycota Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato is a fungus that has been reported worldwide as a causal agent of anthracnose disease in avocado and other crops. In Mexico, this species affects fruits from an early stage of development in the orchard until the post-harvest stage. Although fungicides are continuously applied to control Colletotrichum species, pericarp cankers and soft rot mesocarp in fruits are still frequently observed. Considering the lack of a precise description of the causative agent, the aim of the current study was to determine the pathogens involved in this symptomatology. Twenty-four isolates were consistently obtained from the pericarp of avocado fruits cv. "Hass" collected in the central avocado-producing area of Mexico. Morphological features such as colony growth, conidia size, and mycelial appressorium were assessed. Bayesian multilocus phylogenetic analyses were performed using amplified sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA; actin, chitin synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase partial genes; and APn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer and mating type Mat1-2 partial gene from the nine selected isolates. In addition, fruits were inoculated with a conidial suspension and reproducible symptoms confirmed the presence of Colletotrichum fructicola in this area. This pathogenic species can now be added to those previously reported in the country, such as C. acutatum, C. boninense, C. godetiae, C. gloeosporioides, and C. karstii. Disease management programs to reduce the incidence of anthracnose should include C. fructicola to determine its response to fungicides that are routinely applied, considering that the appearance of new species is affecting the commercial quality of the fruits and shifting the original population structure.

Colletotrichum sojae에 의한 땅콩 탄저병 발생 보고 (First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum sojae on Peanut in Korea)

  • 김신화;최수연;정현정;최낙중;서보윤;김상민
    • 한국균학회지
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    • 제52권1호
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    • pp.55-60
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    • 2024
  • 2023년 8월 청주 땅콩 재배포장에서 기보고되어 있는 점무늬 병징과는 다른 양상의 잎 반점을 발견하였다. 갈색 반점은 주로 잎 가장자리에 형성되었으며, 반점 부위에서 원인균을 분리하였다. 순수 분리한 병원균을 땅콩 유묘에 인공접종하여 병원성 검정을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 접종 5-7일 뒤에 유사한 병징을 확인할 수 있었고 병징 부위에서 동일한 균을 재분리하였다. 분리한 균주의ACT-CHS-1-GAPDH-ITS-TUB2 영역을 이용하여 동정 및 유연관계 분석을 수행한 결과 C. sojae임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내 최초로C. sojae에 의해 발생한 땅콩 탄저병을 보고하고자 한다.

온도변화에 따른 담배나방 유충 지방체의 유전자 발현 비교 분석 (Comparison of Gene Expression in Larval Fat Body of Helicoverpa assulta in Different Temperature Conditions)

  • 차욱현;김광호;이대원
    • 한국응용곤충학회지
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    • 제57권3호
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    • pp.165-175
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    • 2018
  • 곤충은 넓은 범위의 온도영역에 사는 것으로 알려져 있으나, $40^{\circ}C$가 넘는 고온이나 빙결온도 이하의 저온에서는 생존이 어렵다. 본 연구는 사육온도 조건이 다른 환경에서 대사중심 조직인 지방체의 유전자 발현을 분석하기 위해, 온도조건을 달리하여 담배나방을 저온 사육충 ($3{\sim}10^{\circ}C$), 고온 사육충 ($35^{\circ}C$)로 나누고 상온 사육충 ($25^{\circ}C$)을 대조구로 사용하여 전사체 분석을 수행하였다. 저온에서 특이적으로 높은 발현을 보인 유전자는 표피단백질, ${\Delta}9$ 불포화효소, 글리세롤 3-인산 탈수소효소이며, 저온에서 발현이 낮아진 유전자는 키틴 합성효소, catalase, UDP-당전이 효소이다. 고온에서 특이적으로 높은 발현을 보인 유전자는 과산화물제거효소, metallothionein 2, phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase, 트레할로스 운반단백질이었다. 고온에서 높고 저온에서 낮은 대조적 발현을 보인 유전자는 열충격단백질, glutathione peroxidase이었다. 이들 온도 특이적이거나 대조적 발현을 보이는 유전자는 기후변화에 관련한 특이마커로 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Morphological and Genetic Characteristics of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Isolated from Newly Emerging Static-Symptom Anthracnose in Apple

  • Jeon, Yongho;Cheon, Wonsu
    • 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국균학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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    • pp.34-34
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    • 2014
  • Filamentous fungi of the genus Colletotrichum (teleomorph, Glomerella) are considered major plant pathogens worldwide. Cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruit trees may be seriously affected by this pathogen (1). Colletotrichum species cause typical disease symptoms known as anthracnoses, characterized by sunken necrotic tissue, where orange conidial masses are produced. Anthracnose appears in both developing and mature plant tissues (2). We investigated disease occurrence in apple orchards from 2013 to 2014 in northern Gyeongbuk province, Korea. Typical anthracnose with advanced symptoms was observed in all apple orchards studied. Of late, static fruit spot symptoms are being observed in apple orchards. A small lesion, which does not expand further and remains static until the harvesting season, is observed at the beginning of fruit growth period. In our study, static symptoms, together with the typical symptoms, were observed on apples. The isolated fungus was tested for pathogenicity on cv. 'Fuji apple' (fully ripe fruits, unripe fruits, and cross-section of fruits) by inoculating the fruits with a conidial suspension ($10^5$ conidia/ml). In apple inoculated with typical anthracnose fungus, the anthracnose symptoms progressed, and dark lesions with salmon-colored masses of conidia were observed on fruit, which were also soft and sunken. However, in apple inoculated with fungi causing static symptoms, the size of the spots did not increase. Interestingly, the shape and size of the conidia and the shape of the appressoria of both types of fungi were found to be similar. The conidia of the two types of fungi were straight and cylindrical, with an obtuse apex. The culture and morphological characteristics of the conidia were similar to those of C. gloeosporioides (5). The conidia of C. gloeosporioides germinate and form appressoria in response to chemical signals such as host surface wax and the fruitripening hormone ethylene (3). In this study, the spores started to germinate 4 h after incubation with an ethephon suspension. Then, the germ tubes began to swell, and subsequently, differentiation into appressoria with dark thick walls was completed by 8 h. In advanced symptoms, fungal spores of virtually all the appressoria formed primary hyphae within 16 h. However, in the static-symptom fungus spores, no primary hyphae formed by 16 h. The two types of isolates exhibited different growth rates on medium containing apple pectin, Na polypectate, or glucose as the sole carbon. Static-symptom fungi had a >10% reduction in growth (apple pectin, 14.9%; Na polypectate, 27.7%; glucose, 10.4%). The fungal isolates were also genetically characterized by sequencing. ITS regions of rDNA, chitin synthase 1 (CHS1), actin (ACT), and ${\beta}$-tubulin (${\beta}t$) were amplified from isolates using primer pairs ITS 1 and ITS 4 (4), CHS-79F and CHS-354R, ACT-512F and ACT-783R, and T1 and ${\beta}t2$ (5), respectively. The resulting sequences showed 100% identity with sequences of C. gloeosporioides at KC493156, and the sequence of the ${\beta}$t gene showed 100% identity with C. gloeosporioides at JX009557.1. Therefore, sequence data from the four loci studied proves that the isolated pathogen is C. gloeosporioides. We also performed random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR, which showed clearly differentiated subgroups of C. gloeosporioides genotypes. The clustering of these groups was highly related to the symptom types of the individual strains.

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