• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.21-29
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• 2014

Purpose - This research undertakes to understand the competitiveness of the steel distribution industry of both Korea and China to strengthen Korea-Sino economic cooperation, examines impediments to trade between the two countries to analyze causes which affect trade, and examines improvements in these areas to identify means of trade expansion. Through this survey of a defined period, we can identify the structural factors of trade dependence in the relationship between Korea and China. Research design, data, and methodology - The data were collected from the Korea Traders Association, the Korea Customs Office, and UN Comtrade, from which whole table indexes are calculated. The research methodology uses trade-related indexes to focus on analyzing comparative advantages based on time-series analysis statistics data (2000-2012) by using the analysis index of trade intensity index (TII), the revealed comparative advantage index (RCA), and the trade specialization index (TSI). Results - The export ratio for Korea to China was slightly higher in 2000 at 2.867, and the export ratio for Korea to China was sustained in 2005. However, it diminished gradually, reaching 1.263 in 2012. During the period 2000-2012, the indexes were maintained without any significant change. However, they still remain close to -1. In particular, in 2012 it is the closest it has ever been to -1. Therefore, China has a comparative advantage in export specialization. On the other hand, Korea has a comparative advantage in import specialization. For the research period, all indexes were much lower than 1, which means that Korea has consistently had a comparative disadvantage against China for the past 10 years when compared to other industries, even though it experienced improvement in 2000. Conclusions - The summary of conclusions based on empirical analysis research are as follows: First, per the trade intensity index of industries between the two countries, we conclude that the export ratio index in 2000 is 2.867, which means the export ratio of Korea to China is slightly higher. Furthermore, the ratios of 2.259 and 1.263 held in 2005 and 2012, respectively, meaning that the export ratio of Korea to China was maintained in 2005, but was diminishing gradually as the index in 2012 was 1.263. Second, per the trade specialization index of the steel distribution industry between Korea and China, the value was -0.379 in 2000, -0.368 in 2005 and -0.568 in 2012. Looking at the whole period of 2000-2012, the indexes remained without any significant change. However, they are still moving closer to -1. In particular, in 2012 it is the closest it has ever been to -1. Third, regarding the revealed comparative advantage index of the steel distribution industry between Korea and China, the RCA indexes in 2005 and 2012 are 0.246 and 0.306, respectively, which are still far from 1, even though the index has improved compared to the 2000's value of 0.0001. Therefore, the Korean steel distribution industry is at a significant comparative disadvantage to that of the Chinese steel distribution industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1279-1284
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• 2011

Gelatinization properties of crude starches from acorns harvested in various countries (domestic (KAS), Chinese (CAS), and North Korea (NAS)) were analyzed, especially blue value, amylose contents, amylogram, particle size, and SEM (scanning electron microscope). Amylose contents of NAS, KAS, and CAS were 33.65%, 32.00%, and 30.48%, respectively, and a similar tendency was observed in blue value. According to amylogram, initial paste temperature was $72^{\circ}C$ for NAS and CAS and $71^{\circ}C$ for KAS, whereas peak viscosity was 580 BU for KAS and NAS and 570 BU for CAS. The cooling viscosity and setback of NAS and CAS were higher than those of KAS. The average particle size was 23.17 microns for KAS, 23.53 microns for CAS, and 82.14 microns for NAS; particle size ranging from 5~40 microns was highly distributed in KAS (68.9%) and CAS (73.8%), whereas 57.1% distribution was observed for 5~40 microns and 27.2% for >80 microns in NAS. Gelatinization ranges of SEM photography of CAS and NAS showed a more swollen, extremely disintegrated, and folded structure than that of KAS. From these results, gelatinization properties, especially viscosity, setback of amylogram, particle size, and SEM photography, differed according to the country.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 1988

Effect of the purified ginsenoside $-Rb_1$ and $-Rb_2$ on LDL receptor biosynthesis of CHO cell cultured in a high cholesterol medium was investigated . Cholesterol uptake by CHO cell cultured in a medium containing various amounts of cholesterol was traced and found that the cholesterol uptake was proportional to the concentration of cholesterol in the medium, and the population of LDL receptors were proportionally decreased as the increasing cholesterol level in the cell. However, when the CHO cells were cultured in the medium containing ginsenosides, no significant decrease of LDL receptor population occured. The biosynthesis of protein and RNA of the above cells was higher than that of CHO cells cultured in the absence of the ginsenosides, suggesting that the ginsenosides might stimulate LDL receptor bio-synthesis. It was also observed that the ginsenosides stimulated the biosynthesis of estradiol and progesterone from cholesterol in the CHO cell. From the above results, it seemed that the ginsenosides lowers the cholesterol level by stimulating the cholesterol metablism including steroid hormone biosynthesis, resulting in the lowering of inhibitory action of cholesterol on LDL receptor biosynthesis.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.145-181
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• 2013

General aviation is an integral part of civil aviation and involves the widest range of aviation segments except commercial aviation. Featured with different operational procedures and practices to satisfy the economic needs and safety requirements of a sovereign state, general aviation tends to be regulated by an individual state. The last three decades have seen exponential growth of commercial air transport in China, but its general aviation sector has remained disproportionally underdeveloped. With the deepening of the reform of low-altitude airspace, the sector is poised for a radical change and rapid growth. However, legislation governing general aviation activities in China is distorted causing inconsistency and confusions in their application and implementation. This paper aims to analyse China's prevailing legislation regulating general aviation activities. It first discusses the various definitions adopted by ICAO and its member states and reviews the development of general aviation in the US, EU, Australia and China. It then examines the sources of China's general aviation laws, e.g. Chicago Convention and its annexes, and Chinese domestic legislature which covers legislation, laws, directives, rules and procedures. The paper continues to analyse and establish the deficiencies of its prevailing legal framework by pointing out the following: variation of definitions in different regulations, inconsistency of principles in existing laws and regulations, legal vacuum concerning government subsidy, environment protection, safety and security, and other operational areas such as aerial club, sightseeing, and search and rescue. In this process, the paper argues that a coherent, consistent and systematic legal framework is required in order to ensure fair competition and safety for a healthy, progressive and sustainable general aviation growth. Suggestions for rectification and improvement are proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 2005

Two flavonoids, 7-O-methyl-3',4'-didehydroxy quercetin (MDQ) and quercetin, isolated from Chinese propolis, which is the generic name for the resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources, were tested for their antioxidant activity and protective effect against radiation-induced DNA damage in mouse lymphocytes. In antioxidant test, both compounds provided a dose-dependent scavenging effect on DPPH radical and a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation in mouse liver. Quercetin showed stronger scavenging and inhibitory effect than MDQ, and it also provided strong inhibition on superoxide anion radical generated in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, but there was no inhibitory ability for MDQ. In comet assay using single cell gel electrophoresis, MDQ and quercetin showed a protective effect against DNA damage caused by gamma irradiation. They reduced DNA damage to 54% (p<0.01) and 53% (p<0.01) at 25 $\mu$mol, respectively. These results suggest that free radical scavenging seems to be associated with their catechol form on the B ring, and radioprotection appears to be a likely mechanism of antioxidant activity by these flavonoids.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1979

In order to determine the effects of different degrees of moisture stress on germination of various plant species, hundred seeds of six vegetables and six turfgrasses were germinated in petri dishes on filter papers moistened with water-mannitol solutions of 0, 2, 4, 8, 10, and 12 atmosphere osmotic concentration (degrees of moisture stress). The percentages and rates of germination of all species tested were generally decreased with: increase in moisture stress. Chinese cabbage and cucumber were quite resistant to physiological drought as the germination was not appreciably affected until moisture stress exceeded 10 atmosphere. However, increase in moisture stress decreased germination affecting most seriously tomato, carrot and squash. Weeping lovegrass, Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass germinated well at 10 atmosphere but the germination of Kentucky bluegrass, meadow fescue and orchardgrass was greatly reduced by increasing osmotic pressure. The result indicates that it may be possible to select drought resistant species and varieties by their ability to germinate in osmotic solutions.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.365-370
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• 2017

The flowering season of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis (Bunge) Rehder) is overlaps with the rainy season and the abnormal weather conditions in Korea, thereby affecting pollination, fertilization, and fruit setting. We studied the pollinating activities of Apis mellifera L. and Bombus terrestris L. in rain shelter houses and their effects on fruit setting, with the ultimate aim of stabilizing fruit setting in Z. jujuba. A. mellifera and B. terrestirs were used for pollination in jujube orchard in the rain shelter house for approximately 55 days from June 1, 2016, to July 25, 2016. The peak time of the rate of outgoing and incoming A. mellifera was recorded in the afternoon. However, the diurnal activity of B. terrestris was constant between 09:30 and 17:30 h. The rate of jujube fruit set on current shoots by A. mellifera and B. terrestirs was 10.2 and 8.9%, whereas that in plots with no pollinators was 5.5%. Therefore, using pollinator in the rain shelter house in jujube orchard is effective in promoting jujube fruit setting.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.89-103
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• 2005

Recently the rural Korea has been remarkedly changed of family and social value in accordance with the development of industry. The lower economic class made by social economic growth is widespread with increasing aged, specially odd pair family in rural. The purpose of this study was to investigate to help and keep improve health of rural lower economic class, family system by comparing and analyzing the dietary management, between pair and odd pair family, and to get the data helpful the right guidance for rural. The subjects 1870 collected in 9 provinces by sampling with probability proportional to size (PPS). Questionnaire about dietary habit, food cultivation, production and preservation survey was conducted by trained interviewers. The main results were as follows : 1) The characteristics of odd pair families, head of household was female(77%), over 65 years(84.9%), small family(1.76 persons) and lower education(male 7.5 years, female 3.1 years) status. 2) As the states of diets of odd pair family, having breakfast(87.1 %) but one or two kinds of side dishes(31.3 %) only possible to guess lower status of food intake balance. Nutritional supplements(21. 7 %) was lower than that of paired family. 3) The aspects of dietary habit of odd pair family, no instant foods(70.7%), no snack(38.4%) no dine out(69.2%) were common. 4) Dietary habit scores were 7.78 points of odd pair family compared 8.34 points of paired family. 5) Food purchase place of odd pair family was market(44.2%) but super-market(42.7%) of paired family. 6)In odd pair family, seldom traditional dish preparation(62.0%) but prepared winter kimchi(81.9%), comparing seldom traditional dish(38.6%) and winter kimchi(96.4%) in paired family. 7)The food cultivation state was surveyed, pepper( 42.2 %) and chinese cabbage( 43.9 %) were consumed after cultivation, but sesame(59.4%), bean sprout(90.2%), tofu(92.8%) and egg(93.3%) were consumed by purchase in odd pair family.8) Food cultivation score of odd pair family was 2.98/12points significantly lower than 4.50/12 points of paired family(p<0.01). 9) At the status of fermentation food production in odd pair family, Duenjang(72.1 %) and Gochujang(69.7%) Kanjang(68.3%) Kimchi(82.1 %) and Meju(68.3%) were high rate of production, but more frequently producted in pair family. 10) The score of fermentation food production of odd pair family was 8.57/12points but significantly lower than 10.24/12 points of pair family(p<0.0001). 11) Food preservation score 0.48/6 points in odd pair family was not significantly different than that of pair family(1.07/6points).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 2010

Applications of plant residues and green manures generally improve the properties of soil under conventional farming system. Therefore, we investigated the improvement of selected soil physical properties, bulk density, porosity, and water content, soil penetration resistance, and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) content as affected by different management practices: 1) conventional tillage without rice straw or green manure crop treatment (TNT, check plot), 2) no-tillage amended with rice straw (NTRS), 3) no-tillage amended with rye (NTR), 4) no-tillage amended with Chinese milk vetch (NTCMV), 5) no-tillage without rice straw or green manure crop treatment (NTNT), The values of bulk density, porosity, and water content ranged from 1.22 to 1.37 Mg $m^3$, from 48.3 to 54.0%, and from 35.0 to 40.2%, respectively. The management practices might positively influence the changes in the selected soil properties, especially in the second experimental year. The soil penetration resistance and SMBC content were also improved after applying rice straw and green manure crops as comparing with TNT. Therefore, applications of the rice straw and green manure crop management practices under no-tillage system positively influenced soil physical properties and soil microbial activities in paddy field.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.525-535
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for nutritional education for juveniles' desirable vegetable intake by analyzing their vegetable intake, dietary habit and nutrient intakes according to gender of middle school students in Chungnam. The average age of the subjects was 15.0, height was 162.5 cm, weight was 53.5 kg and their average BMI was $20.1kg/m^2$. The frequency of eating supper in girls was lower than that in boys. Many respondents answered that a meal-time was 10~20 minutes. Without gender difference, more than 90% respondents thought that vegetables were good for health. As for the preference of vegetable, subjects responded, "I am in the middle", "I like them", "I dislike them", "I like them very much", and "I dislike them very much" in order, without gender difference. The frequent eaten leaf vegetable was Chinese cabbage, the frequent eaten fruit vegetable was cucumber, and the frequent eaten root vegetable was radish. The favorite leaf vegetable was lettuce, the favorite fruit vegetable was corn, and the favorite root vegetable was sweet potato. The preference degrees of taro and ginger were very low. The reasons why they liked a vegetable were that it was delicious and they ate it at home often. In addition, the reason why they disliked vegetables was that they are untasty in flavor or texture and it showed that many students had a prejudice that vegetables were untasty. The intakes of plant protein, dietary fiber, ash and INQs of dietary fiber, calcium, vitamin C, folate, vitamin E in the group with high preference of vegetables were significantly higher than those of low preference group. The study results indicate that intake frequency and preference of root vegetables in juveniles are low and the major reasons of these results are taste and eating experience of vegetables. In addition, the intake amounts of dietary fiber and folate are poor in the subjects with low preference of vegetables. Therefore, families and schools should make efforts that juveniles can recognize the importance of vegetable intake and select various vegetables properly through the development of cooking methods and systematic nutrition education.