• 건축역사연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.43-66
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• 2010

In that the Buddhism is the religion founded by Buddha, the settlement of Buddha's existence is very important in the temple building arrangement which symbolizes the Buddha's world. What symbolizes the Buddha in the temple are the pagoda and the Buddhist image. Among them, the Buddhist image is directly connected with the Golden Hall. This kind of double structure is settled as a typical pattern for the arrangement of buildings such as halls and pagodas. The earlier one between the pagoda and Buddhist image is the pagoda, of course. It can be inferred that, through the gradual expansion of the Buddhist images, the gravity was transferred from the pagoda to the Golden Hall. But, if the Buddhist image can be connected with the Golden Hall in that it was the product reflecting the requests on the Buddha and his teaching, the internal origin of the Buddhist image should also go back to the early Buddhism. In fact, the gravest building in Venuvana - vihara or Jetavana - anaehapindasyarama was the Golden Hall, the Buddha's residence. And in the summit of Grdhrakuta or Jetavana - anaehapindasyarama where Buddha stayed long, there is the gandha - kuti the Buddha's place till now. It means that the symbolic request on the Buddha and his teaching had existed even before the Buddhist image and that this tendency could be connected with the generation of Buddhist image. This paper is to show that the hall / pagoda structure generalized in the building arrangement of later age was originated not just from the Buddhist image and the sarira pagoda but from the gandha - kuti and the hair pagoda, and therefore the two should coexist inevitably. It is an attempt to develop a little more in the ideological perspective the general theory that the pagoda and the Buddhist image were fused into one precinct of temple later in their respective origins. That is, it tries to recognize the relation of pagoda and hall not as the conflicting one but as the complementary one.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1782-1788
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• 2003

A mathematical model has been constructed to estimate the amino acid requirements for growing Taihe silky fowls in early stage. A requirement was taken as the sum of the needs for maintenance, for gain in carcass weight without feathers, and for the feathers. The maintenance requirement was considered to be the sum of the needs for replacing skin and intestinal losses and for the obligatory creatinine excretion in the urine. A comparative slaughter trial and nitrogen balance trials with growing and adult Taihe silky fowls, respectively, were conducted to estimate the parameters in the model. The amino acid requirements were then calculated with the constructed models. The results showed as following: the replacement needs for skin nitrogen loss was determined at 213.41 mg/d for adult male fowls (body weight 1.60 kg); creatinine excretion in these birds was 4.04 mg/d. when fed an nitrogen-free diets, the adult male fowls with body weight 1.60 kg excreted a total of 246.10 mg/d endogenous nitrogen. The net protein requirement for maintenance was estimated at $11.24mg/w_g{^{0.75}}/d$Per gram of body weight gain contained 27.18 mg carcass nitrogen for growing birds in early stage, but feathers nitrogen in per gram of body weight gain increased with age. The amino acid requirements for growing Taihe silky fowls were slightly higher than for starting and growing pullets, but lower than that of broiler chicks. The amino acid requirements patterns changed with weeks of age.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.297-316
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• 1995

The system and symbolizing ideologic meanings of the metallic Kwon in period of the Three-Kingdoms were comsidered by comparing to their cultural path and structal styles throughout the tree and the deer worship ideology. The results of this study are as followings; Firstly, the beginning of the Korean, mostly northern style was originated from metal tools of the Bronze age in BC 6c-7c. The maJ;lufature of the metallic adornment brought the pr-evailing use of metallic objects of craftwork after the supply of ironmongery. Secondly, the cultmal characteristics of the metallic Kwan in the kor-ean Peninsula were influenced f-rom the northern chinese tribes, Momg Go, Hung No, and Sien-pi who were transmitted from the scythian of the southern Russia having a prefenence for gold. Thir-dly, the metallic Kwon of the Kogmgo and the Baekje era was ideologically based on the ar-t of Buddism of the pattern of blazing flame, the carved pattern of flower- of herb, and the honey. sukle which were tramsmitted to china thr-ough the silk noad. Fourthly, the metallic K wam of the silla era consisted of the tree and the antler types in closely nelated to the tree and the deer ideology which were based on the background of shamanism. It should be raid that the metallic Kwan of the silla esa are connected to the type of nor-them ancient K wan. Lasthy, the metallic Kwan-Mo of the Kaja esa was mosthy original type of flower of herb even if kome of these ar-e similiar to the tree adornment type of silla. This type of flower of herb in based on the scythian type with a statue im silveer founded at Alexandnopol in the southern russia.

• 생약학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.113-123
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• 2018

The application of 112 samples of Citrus fruit peel, which is commonly cultivated in Korea as crude drug, has been limited due to the absence of criteria concerning chemical constituents and application of itself. In the context, this study is on the analysis of 11 flavonoid compounds. As a result, the flavonoid pattern could be classified into 5 groups. Furthermore, by utilizing this HPLC data, this study could provide a basis for fruit peel applications of not only Citrus unshiu, but also its cultivars, hybrids and some of Citrus plants which has been cultivated in Jeju Island for a long time. Moondan could be used for the same purposes as Chinese Huajuhong, and Poncirus trifoliata of Korean Jisil origin are effective enough, in terms of ingredients and function, compared with C. aurantium. Based on the content and composition of the PMF region in this study, C. unshiu and C. reticulata, as Tanaka System shows, should be considered as different hortcultural speicies. Also, Jikak, which is known as 'sour orange' until now, is confirmed as Chosen-daidai, C. tenuissima, that was reported by Tanaka in 1970, and this C. tenuissima could be used for the same purposes as sour orange.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.311-323
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• 2007

황해와 북동중국해에는 중국의 황하와 양쯔강 그리고 한국의 강들로부터 많은 양의 부유물질이 공급되어 대륙붕 해역에 여러 개의 니질 퇴적체가 발달하고 있으나, 이들 퇴적체에서 두 기원을 설명할 수 있는 퇴적-지화학적 요인은 아직까지 명확하게 제시되고 있지 않다. 본 논문에서는 한국과 중국 기원 강 퇴적물의 주성분 원소의 함량 특성을 비교 연구하고, 그 결과를 토대로 황해와 북동중국해 퇴적물에 적용 가능한 기원지 추적자를 제시하였다. 본 연구를 위해 총 102개의 강과 연안 퇴적물에 대한 주성분 원소(Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ca, Na, Ti)들의 함량을 유도결합플라즈마 분석기를 이용하여 분석하였으며, 이와 함께 입도효과를 최소화하기위해 원시료를 실트$(60{\sim}20{\mu}m)$와 점토 구간$(<20{\mu}m)$으로 분리하여 주성분 원소 함량과 스트론튬 동위원소 비($^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$)를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 새로운 방법의 입도보정을 통한 Fe/Al과 Mg/Al 함량 비는 매우 유용한 잠재적 추적자로 제시되며, 이러한 결과는 입자 분리된 실트와 점토 퇴적물에서 더욱 뚜렷하다. 또한 실트 구간의 퇴적물에서 한국 기원의 $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ 비는 $0.7229{\sim}0.7253$(평균 0.7243) 범위로 중국 기원 퇴적물($0.7169{\sim}0.7189$, 평균 0.7179)과 뚜렷한 차이를 보여, 황해와 북동중국해에서 한국과 중국 기원의 퇴적물을 구분할 수 있는 중요한 지화학적 성분으로 평가된다. 이러한 잠재적 추적자들에 근거할 때, 한국 서남해에 발달하고 있는 니질 퇴적대의 전퇴적물은 한국과 중국의 혼합 기원으로 해석되나, 실트와 점토 구간의 퇴적물로 나누어 볼 때 그기원이 각각 다르게 나타났다. 즉, 점토 퇴적물은 한국과 중국의 혼합 기원으로, 실트 퇴적물은 한국 기원이 우세한 것으로 해석된다.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.188-199
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• 2013

This paper presents a novel algorithm for nighttime detection of the lane markers painted on a road at night. First of all, the proposed algorithm uses neighborhood average filtering, 8-directional Sobel operator and thresholding segmentation based on OTSU's to handle raw lane images taken from a digital CCD camera. Secondly, combining intensity map and gradient map, we analyze the distribution features of pixels on boundaries of lanes in the nighttime and construct 4 feature sets for these points, which are helpful to supply with sufficient data related to lane boundaries to detect lane markers much more robustly. Then, the searching method in multiple directions- horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions, is conducted to eliminate the noise points on lane boundaries. Adapted Hough transformation is utilized to obtain the feature parameters related to the lane edge. The proposed algorithm can not only significantly improve detection performance for the lane marker, but it requires less computational power. Finally, the algorithm is proved to be reliable and robust in lane detection in a nighttime scenario.

• 교육녹색환경연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

Due to the population decrease and urbanization process, a new round of rural primary and middle school pattern adjustment has been implemented since 2000. When the teaching quality is improved, a series of problems also occur, including the security of students, increasing burden on farmers, especially, abundant vacant schools have been produced due to the integration of schools. These schools have a great significance for the developing China. However, due to the problems in land ownership and property right of schools, the re-application rate of these vacant schools is quite low, and then how to improve the usage rate of vacant schools by combining with the new rural construction and urbanization has been the significant problem in the current study. In this paper, the causes, processes, results achieved and existing problems of primary and middle schools, as well as the amount of vacant schools have been explored in details, and then the current situation and existing problems have been discussed, hoping to provide certain reference for the government and researchers.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2013

Shaking table test is an important and useful method to help structural engineers get better knowledge about the seismic performance of the buildings with complex structure, just like Shanghai tower. According to Chinese seismic design guidelines, buildings with a very complex and special structural system, or whose height is far beyond the limitation of interrelated codes, should be firstly studied through the experiment on seismic behavior. To investigate the structural response, the weak storey and crack pattern under earthquakes of different levels, and to help the designers improve the design scheme, the shaking table model tests of a scaled model of Shanghai tower were carried out at the State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. This paper describes briefly the structural system, the design method and manufacture process of the scaled model, and the test results as well.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.323-327
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• 2015

Wattle length, width, and area were measured to classify bilateral asymmetries in four lines of chickens. The lines were the S26 generation of White Leghorns selected for high (HAS) or low (LAS) response to sheep red blood cells and sublines in which selection had been relaxed for three generations (high antibody relaxed [HAR] and low antibody relaxed [LAR]). Antibody titers (AB) were greater for HAS than for HAR with both greater than for LAS and LAR which while different for males did not differ for females. The low antibody lines were heavier and reached sexual maturity at younger age than the high antibody lines. In general, wattle length, width, and area were greater in the low than high antibody lines. In 24 comparisons for bilaterality 18 exhibited fluctuating asymmetry and 6 exhibited directional asymmetry with 5 of the 6 being for wattle length. There was not a clear pattern for changes in degree of asymmetry when selection was relaxed for 3 generations. For females, the relative asymmetry (RA) of wattle area was larger ($p{\leq}0.05$) for HAR than for LAR and not different from the selected lines and relaxed lines. There were no differences among lines for RA of wattle length and width of females and wattle length, width, and area of males.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.4568-4584
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• 2016

Steganography based on text generation has become a hot research topic in recent years. However, current text-generation methods which generate texts of normal style have either semantic or syntactic flaws. Note that texts of special genre, such as poem, have much simpler language model, less grammar rules, and lower demand for naturalness. Motivated by this observation, in this paper, we propose a text steganography that utilizes Markov chain model to generate Ci-poetry, a classic Chinese poem style. Since all Ci poems have fixed tone patterns, the generation process is to select proper words based on a chosen tone pattern. Markov chain model can obtain a state transfer matrix which simulates the language model of Ci-poetry by learning from a given corpus. To begin with an initial word, we can hide secret message when we use the state transfer matrix to choose a next word, and iterating until the end of the whole Ci poem. Extensive experiments are conducted and both machine and human evaluation results show that our method can generate Ci-poetry with higher naturalness than former researches and achieve competitive embedding rate.