• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the information of food preference of workers for meal served by industry foodservice. The subjects were composed of 212 office workers and 220 laborers. The results were obtained as follows : 50.7% of the subjects were 30∼39 years old ; 72.0% of them had high school education ; the type of favored food was Korean style cooked rice ; food taste was the most important point in food selection. Preference form main foods : Cooked rice was preferred the most by the subjects. Both office workers and laborers liked Kalkooksoo and vegetable bread and cooked rice covered with beef was preferred by office workers and cooked rice covered with raw fish pieces was preferred by laborers. Also they disliked Hash rice, Curry rice and rice-cake soup in the pattern. Preference for side-dish : The Acceptances for side-dishes were high in soybean paste soup(office workers : 37.5%, laborers : 31.5%), hot chowder of corvina(26.1%, 25.7%), kimchi stew(30.5%, 28.8%), beef broiled in soy(32.5%, 30.5%), baked fish(32.5%, 31.9%), pachon(20.7%, 25.9%), a meat inside a razor clam(25.1$, 29.2%) and Chinese cabbage kimchi(44.5%, 46.3%), in that order by both of them. But in office workers, seasoned bean sprouts and steamed beef-rib were shown to have high preference and in laborers seasoned spinach and steamed pork-rib were high. Preference of snacks : The preferences for snacks were high in milk(office workers : 50.3%, laborers : 48.5%), Songpean(28.9%, 30.1%), coffee(30.8%, 32.5%), Sikhye(18.8%, 17.5%), in that order by two groups.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.500-509
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• 2017

This study was conducted from December 2015 to March 2016 to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of baby foods in rural multi-cultural families. The survey included the general characteristics of households and infants, knowledge, attitude, and practice of baby food. The results indicated that the mean score of baby food knowledge was 3.79, 4.07 for attitudes, and the practice group was 25.0%. In the knowledge of baby food, the groups with a total number of two or more children, high educational background for both the father and mother, Chinese or Japanese nationality, high Korean language ability, and marriage for at least 6 or more years was higher (p<0.05). In the attitude of baby food, the groups with a total number of two or more children, a higher mother's Korean language, and the mother in charge of the baby food were higher (p<0.05). In the case of baby food practice, the groups the baby mother was from Japan and Cambodia, there was no occupation, and the mother was in charge of the baby food were higher (p<0.05). Knowledge and attitude according to the practice of baby food showed a higher knowledge (p <0.001) and attitude in the weaning practiced group than unpracticed. To produce baby food for infants in multi-cultural families, it is important to improve the Korean language ability of infant mothers who are in charge of baby food, and it is necessary to provide correct information related to infant formula utilizing the supporters of the neighboring mothers. In addition, it is necessary to provide customized education and support that is contingent upon the nationality of the native people while remaining mindful of the cultural implications of multi-cultural families.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.45-76
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• 2000

The purposes of this study were to investigate and understand the present status of various types of "deserts", such as sand desert, gravel desert, rock desert, earth desert, salt desert, desert, rocky desert, gobi desert, sandy desert, clay desert, etc., and the general countermeasures for the combating "desertification" "desertization", and to develop the technologies on the revegetation and restoration for the combating desertification in China. The methods of this study were mainly composed of field surveys on the several experimental sites and research institutes related to combating desertification in China, and examinations on the various technologies for the combating desertification at the Daxing Experimental Station of Beijing Forestry University. The conclusion from this study may be summarized as follows; 1. Status and tendency of desertification in China : China is one of the countries seriously threatened by desertification. Desertification affected areas in China are mainly distributed in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas in China, covering the most regions of the Northeast China (eastern region of Inner-Mongolia), the northern part of the North China (middle and western region of Inner-Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningsha, Gansu) and the western part of the Northwest China (Xinzang, Qinghai, Xizang). The total area affected by desertification in China is approximately 2.622 million $km^2$. It covers 27.3% of the total territory of China. Until recently, it is estimated that the annual spreading ratio of desertification in China is 2,460 $km^2$. Therefore, desertification is mostly serious problems facing to the Chinese people. 2. The causes and environmental effect of desertification : The desertification in China is mainly caused by compound factors, including natural condition and human activities. In China, the desertification is started by the decrease of precipitation, continuous dry and drought, strong wind, wind and water erosion, land degradation and loss of natural vegetation caused by climate variation, and accelerated by the human activities, such as over-cultivating, over-grazing, over-cutting of woods, irrational use of water resources. Because desertification has affected the geographical features, soil nutrients contents, salinity, vegetation coverage and the functions of ecosystem, the environmental deteriorations in the desertification affected areas are very seriously. 3. The fundamental strategies of combating desertification in China are the increase of education and awareness of people through various mass media, the revision of laws to guarantee operation of Desertification Combating Law and to improve many relating laws and regulations, the application of advanced technologies and training of experts, the establishment of discriminative policies, and increasing arrangement of budget-investment, and so on. China, as a signed country in UNCCD, has made efforts for the combating desertification. Korea is also signed country in UNCCD, so we should play an important role in the desertification combating projects of China for the northest asia and global environmental conservation as well as environmental conservation of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.744-754
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• 2001

This study examined the effect of self-perception of health and related factors of flood life and disease on health floods intakes among the middle aged(150 men and 159 women) in the Jeonbuk region. The health foods were classified into 4 groups including Chinese medicine(CM), toner foods(TF), nutritional supplements(NS), and other manufactured health foods supplements(MHFS). Differences of BMI and self-perception for body shape was that overweight was 30% in men and 24.5% in women on BMI, but conversely was 21.3% in men and 43.4% in women on self-perception for body shape. Men thought themselves more than normal weight, but women thought themselves less than normal weight for the criteria of normal weight. Consumption of CM was high in the overweight group on BMI and was a low in the overweight group on self-perception for bodyshape Men thought themselves better than women and those in their 40's thought better than those in their 50's on self perception of health status, and women were better than men on self-perception of food habits. The difference of health foods intakes according to the self-perception of health status and food habits was not significant. The points of food habits, food attitude and nutrition knowledge were 11.21 $\pm$ 2.43, 68.18 $\pm$ 15.56 and 15.53 $\pm$ 1.59 in women and 10.49 $\pm$ 2.71, 67.53 $\pm$ 14.41, and 15.11 $\pm$ 1.79 in men respectively. The points of all were higher for women than for men. Consumption of CM (p < 0.01) and TF(p < 0.01) were a low in groups that scored high points on nutrition knowledge. The points of climacteric symptoms were that men were 48.36 $\pm$ 6.30 and woman were 46.43 $\pm$ 6.70. Men thought themselves in good condition more than women(p < 0.01), and those in their 40's thought themselves in good condition as opposed to those in their 50's in men(p < 0.05). Consumption of TF and NS were high in the low points group on climacteric symptoms(p < 0.01). Women were higher than men on morbidity, but men were more than women on cases of liver disease(p < 0.01). Consumption of CM was high in the liver disease group(p < 0.05), MHFS was high in the kidney disease group(p < 0.05), TF and NS were hgih in the bone disease group(p < 0.05) and NS was hgih in the endocrine disease group(p < 0.05). People in their 40's were higher than those in their 50's in men on morbidity of cold(p < 0.05), women were higher than men by about 2 times on constipation (p < 0.01), those in their 40's were higher than those in their 50's in mein on gastritis(p < 0.05). Consumption of NS was highest for those with diseases in respiratory organs and gastrointestinal tracts. This study suggests that nutritional education for the right recognition of self-perception of health status and food habits, and nutrition knowledge are needed to select for health floods. Consumption of health foods was different according to kinds of diseases. Thus, recognition of etiology, symptoms and dietetics of diseases is needed to select adequate health foods for diseases in middle age.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2007

The using frequency of processed foods and dietician's perception against management of food service at 98 food service institutions located in Jeollabuk-Do were surveyed. Food service institutions included 13 hospitals,38 schools,40 enterprises, and 7 others. Single menu (75.5%) with two (33.7%) or three (57.1%) side dish was offered. In addition, the offering ratio of boiled water and spring water was 37.8 and 32.7%, respectively. The processed foods with high using frequency were kochujang (1.19), sesame oil (1.22), and doenjang (1.30), but that of leek, onion, Chinese cabbage, and radish were 4.95, 4.62, 4.60, and 4.26, respectively. Dietician's major affairs in all type of food service institutions were cooking (64.3%), purchase (48.0%), and personnel managements (39.8%). Dieticians, however, had a low perception against safety and nutrition management. Therefore, in order to prevent the outbreak of food-borne diseases, we estimated that the education and the conversion of dietician' perception against safety and nutrition management were needed.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.1-16
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• 2004

This paper considers the possibilities of health promotion from the following perspectives; (1) IUHPE, (2) socio-cultural similarities, (3) action research, and (4) learning from our past. 1. The IUHPE values decentralized activities through regions, and countries such as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and China belong to NPWP region. Since IUHPE World Conference was held in Japan in 1995, Japan used to occupy more than 60% of NPWP membership. After 2001, membership is increasing rapidly in Chinese speaking sub-region. The transnational collaboration is still in its beginning phase. 2. Confucianism is one of key points. Confucian tradition should not be seen only as obstacles but as advantages to seek a form of health promotion more acceptable in East Asia. 3. Within the new public health framework, people are expected to create and live their health. However, especially in Japan, the tendency of 'lacking of face-to-face explicit interactions' is still common at health-promotion settings as well as academic settings. Therefore, the author tried participatory approaches such as asking WlFY (interactive questions designed for subjects to review their daily life and environment) and as introducing round table interactions. So far, majority of participants welcome new trials. 4. The following social phenomena are comparatively discussed after Japanese invasion and occupation of Korea ended in 1945; ·status of oriental medicine, ·separation of dispensary services, and ·health promotion specialist as a national license. In contrast to Japanese' tendency of maintaining the status quo and postponing of substantial social change, trend toward rapid and dynamic social changes are more commonly observed in Korea. Although all of above possibilities are still in their beginning stages, they are going to offer interesting directions waiting for further challenges and accompanying researches.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.69
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• pp.297-324
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• 2017

Recognizing that the ideological nature of Taoist Gwonseonseo whose publication was concentrated during the reign of King Gojong was connected to that of Jeoseungjeon, a Hangul manuscript novel in the 19th century, this study set out to examine the periodic significance of Taoist Gwonseonseo in the 19th century and check the ideological nature of Jeoseungjeon. Taoist Gwonseonseo puts an emphasis on Confucian ethics including loyalty and filial piety in a didactic aspect and shows that the practice of Confucian ethics brings good fortune, which was prominent in many private Taoist books that were huge hits in the latter part of Joseon, when Chinese Taoist Gwonseonseo was introduced in Joseon, translated and circulated in Korean, and spread widely among the public. Those works offer very specific cases of individuals doing good or evil deeds in this world and suffering the consequences in the next world. Jeoseungjeon presents the Buddhist experiences with the next world as the foundation with the next world depicted around the Great Jade Emperor, who emphasizes Confucian ethics, and the hierarchy of Taoist gods under the ultimate the Great Jade Emperor, thus clearly demonstrating the combination pattern of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism in the latter half of Joseon. The work describes the scenes of judgment and punishment in the next world according to the witness of the main character and thus gives specific ideas of daily goods, which is a feature found in the latter half of Joseon different from the previous pattern of next world experiences. It is Taoist Gwonseonseo widely spread among the people those days that connects the link.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.28
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• pp.115-139
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• 2012

Interval or duration of segments, syllables, words and phrases is an important acoustic feature which influences the naturalness of speech. A number of cross-sectional studies regarding acoustic characteristics of children's speech development found that intervals of segments, syllables, words and phrases tend to change with the growing age. One hypothesis assumed that decreases in intervals would be greater when children were younger and smaller decreases in intervals when older (Thelen,1991), it has been supported by quite a number of researches on the basis of cross-sectional studies (Tingley & Allen,1975; Kent & Forner,1980; Chermak & Schneiderman, 1986), but the other hypothesis predicted that decreases in intervals would be smaller when children were younger and greater decreases in intervals when older (Smith, Kenney & Hussain, 1996). Researchers seem to come up with conflicting postulations and inconsistent results about the change trends concerning intervals of segments, syllables, words and phrases, leaving it as an issue unresolved. Most acoustic investigations of children's speech production have been conducted via cross-sectional designs, which involves studying several groups of children. So far, there are only a few longitudinal studies. This issue needs more longitudinal investigations; moreover, the acoustic measures of the intervals of child speech are hardly available. All former studies focus on word stages excluding the babbling stages especially the canonical babbling stage, but we need to find out when concrete changes of intervals begin to occur and what causes the changes. Therefore, we conducted an acoustic study of interval characteristics of segments and words concerning Canonical Babble ( CB) and early speech in an infant aged from 0;9 to 2;4 acquiring Mandarin Chinese. The current research addresses the following two questions: 1. Whether decreases in interval would be greater when children were younger and smaller when they were older or vice versa? 2. Whether the child speech concerning the acoustic features of interval drifts in the direction of the language they are exposed to? The female infant whose L1 was Southern Mandarin living in Changsha was audio- and video-taped at her home for about one hour almost on a weekly basis during her age range from 0;9 to 2;4 under natural observation by us investigators. The recordings were digitized. Parts of the digitized material were labeled. All the repetitions were excluded. The utterances were extracted from 44 sessions ranging from 30 minutes to one hour. The utterances were divided into segments as well as syllable-sized units. Age stages are 0;9-1;0,1;1-1;5, 1;6-2;0, 2;1-2;4. The subject was a monolingual normal child from parents with a good education. The infant was audio-and video-taped in her home almost every week. The data were digitized, segments and syllables from 44 sessions spanning the transition from babble to speech were transcribed in narrow IPA and coded for analysis. Babble was coded from age 0;9-1;0, and words were coded from 1;0 to 2;4, the data has been checked by two professionally trained persons who majored in phonetics. The present investigation is a longitudinal analysis of some temporal characteristics of the child speech during the age periods of 0;9-1;0, 1;1-1;5, 1;6-2;0, 2;1-2;4. The answer to Research Question 1 is that our results are in agreement with neither of the hypotheses. One hypothesis assumed that decreases in intervals would be greater when children were younger and smaller decreases in intervals when older (Thelen,1991); but the other hypothesis predicted that decreases in intervals would be smaller when children were younger and greater decreases in intervals when older (Smith, Kenney & Hussain, 1996). On the whole, there is a tendency of decrease in segmental and syllabic duration with the growing age, but the changes are not drastic and abrupt. For example, /a/ after /k/ in Table 1 has greater decrease during 1;1-1;5, while /a/ after /p/, /t/ and /w/ has greater decrease during 2;1-2;4. /ka/ has greater decrease during 1;1-1;5, while /ta/ and /na/ has greater decrease during 2;1-2;4.Across the age periods, interval change experiences lots of fluctuation all the time. The answer to Research Question 2 is yes. Babbling stage is a period in which the children's acoustic features of intervals of segments, syllables, words and phrases is shifted in the direction of the language to be learned, babbling and children's speech emergence is greatly influenced by ambient language. The phonetic changes in terms of duration would go on until as late as 10-12 years of age before reaching adult-like levels. Definitely, with the increase of exposure to ambient language, the variation would be less and less until they attain the adult-like competence. Via the analysis of the SPSS 15.0, the decrease of segmental and syllabic intervals across the four age periods proves to be of no significant difference (p>0.05). It means that the change of segmental and syllabic intervals is continuous. It reveals that the process of child speech development is gradual and cumulative.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.11
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• pp.181-214
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• 2005

Metropolitan rapid transit system plays an essential role in the public transportation system of any large city, and its managing agency is usually charged with the responsibility of storing and managing the design drawings of the system. The drawings are important and historically valuable documents that must be kept permanently because they contain comprehensive data that is used to manage and maintain the system. However, no study has been performed in Korea on how well agencies are preserving and managing these records. Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation(SMRT) is the managing agency established by the city of Seoul to operate subway lines 5, 6, 7, and 8 more efficiently to serve its citizens. By the Act on Records Management in Public Institutions(ARMPI), SMRT should establish a records center to manage its records. Furthermore, all drawings produced by SMRT and other third party entities should be in compliance with the Act. However, SMRT, as a form of local public corporation, can establish a records center by its own way. Accordingly, the National Archives & Records Service(NARS) has very little control over SMRT. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to research and analyze the present state of storage and management of the drawings of metropolitan rapid transit in SMRT and is to find a desirable method of preservation and management for drawings of metropolitan rapid transit. In the process of the study, it was found that a records center is being considered to manage only general official documents and not to manage the drawings as required by ARMPI. SMRT does not have a records center, and the environment of management on the drawings is very poor. Although there is a plan to develop a new management system for the drawings, it will be non-compliant of ARMPI. What's happening at SMRT does not reflect the state of all other cities' metropolitan rapid transit records management systems, but the state of creation of records center of local public corporation is the almost same state as SMRT. There should be continuous education and many studies conducted in order to manage the drawings of metropolitan rapid transit efficiently by records management system. This study proposes a records center based on both professional records centers and union records centers. Although metropolitan rapid transit is constructed and managed by each local public corporation, the overall characteristics and processes of metropolitan rapid transit projects are similar in nature. In consideration of huge quantity, complexity and specialty of drawings produced and used during construction and operation of metropolitan rapid transit, and overlap of each local public corporation's effort and cost of the storage and management of the drawings, they need to be managed in a professional and united way. As an example of professional records center, there is the National Personnel Records Center(NPRC) in St. Louis, Missouri. NPRC is one of the National Archives and Records Administration's largest operations and a central repository of personnel-related records on former and present federal employees and the military. It provides extensive information to government agencies, military veterans, former federal employees, family members, as well as researchers and historians. As an example of union records center, there is the Chinese Union Dangansil. It was established by several institutions and organizations, so united management of records can be performed and human efforts and facilities can be saved. We should establish a professional and united records center which manages drawings of metropolitan rapid transit and provides service to researchers and the public as well as members of the related institutions. This study can be an impetus to improve interest on management of not only drawings of metropolitan rapid transit but also drawings of various public facilities.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.4-15
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• 2012

Sam-Tai-Ji has been used as one of the korean traditional symbol patterns including the emblem of the Seoul olympic. Despite Sam-Tai-Ji included in 태극(Tai-Ji:太極), it has been interpreted widely as Sam-jae(三才)theory called Tian(天), Di(地) and Ren(人), or Tian, Di and Ren harmony thought(天地人 調和思想) by some religion groups and some intelligent people without exact philosophical poofs. For this reason, this research on Tai-Ji(太極) pattern follows. Although Joseon dynasty selecting Confucianism as a ruling principle, it accepted Buddhism, Taoism and Shamanism by applying them to royal tombs not officially but privately. For example, If Confucianism has to be expressed in the public places, Er-Tai-Ji(二太極) pattern having an expressing type of Li-Ben-Lun(理本論) was employed, in the private places like royal tomb construction, Er-Tai-Ji(二太極) pattern having an expressing type of Qi-Ben-Lun(氣本論) was employed. To figure out clear identification of Sam-Tai-Ji(三太極) and Er-Tai-Ji(二太極), this research was conducted to study on the change process of Tai-Ji(太極). It has been considered that Tai-Ji(太極) pattern has something to do with universe in these countries such as Korea, China and Japan. In Tai-Ji(太極) pattern, Sam-Tai-Ji had been used more widely than Er-Tai-Ji(二太極) untill the Han Dang dynasty. The meaning is also indicated as Yin-Yang-Te(陰陽德) in the books like "Hanseo(漢書)" "Yulryeokji(律曆志)". But, in the chinese history, there was a change of the pattern into white spot Er-Tai-Ji(二太極) in "KoTaiJiDo(古太極圖)". It had been interpreted as "Yin-Yang and vitality(陰陽生氣)." since Song Dynasty when Confucianism settled down. In this process, unlike Wu-Ji(無極), Li(理) means immateriality. So Yin-Yang(陰陽) and Li(理) were expressed with the form of Er-Tai-Ji(二太極). Therefore, Sam-Tai-Ji(三太極) is the pattern that stands for Yin-Yang-Te(陰陽德). It means that Yin-Yang(陰陽) gives a life to all the living things, grows them along with Te(德). It developed and flourished in Taoism and Buddhism accepting spirit existence. It is the universe view that Qi(氣) is an entity.