• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2011

Objectives : This study examined maternal object relations, child's and mother's perception on rearing attitude, and children's self-esteem in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their mothers. Methods : 64 children with ADHD and their mothers were included in the study group. In the control group, there were 85 children and their mothers. Mothers completed the following tests : Bell object relation inventory (BORI), maternal behavior research instrument (MBRI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS). Children completed Children's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI) and Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Results : Mothers of ADHD children displayed more rejecting and controlling parenting style than mothers in the control group. ADHD children showed lower self-esteem and perceived their parents as not affectionate, but rejecting and controlling. Mothers with ADHD children who belonged to object relations pathological group showed more rejecting rearing attitude and their children believed that they were more controlling, compared with children and mothers in other conditions. Among factors in mother's object relations, insecure attachment and ego-centricity impacted the rearing attitude. In turn, affective rearing attitude mainly influenced children's self-esteem. Conclusion : This study suggests that the approach focused on mother's object relations may help with the treatment of children with ADHD.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.297-317
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• 2004

As many precedent studies have shown, most children grow receiving influence from their parents. The purpose of this study was to serve as a basis for better preventive approach by finding out the relationship between the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) of elementary school children and maternal behavior characteristics. Moreover, the purpose of this study was to present basic materials for developing program of children and create good relationship between child and parents for better education. For the purposes, two hypotheses were posed. Hypothesis 1： There would be a significant disparity in maternal behavior between the ADHD group and the non-ADHD group. Hypothesis 2： The environment could have an influence on maternal behavior characteristics. The subjects in this study were 71 mothers who had children with ADHD and 69 mothers who had non-ADHD, who selected from mothers of third to sixth graders in elementary school in Kyonggi, Suwon. The instruments used for the diagnosis of ADHD was DSA-IV. The data were analyzed with ANOVA(Analysis of Variance) by SPSSWIN Program. The findings of this study were as fellows： First, Hypothesis 1 was accepted. The mothers who had ADHD children had rejective behavior characteristics in while the mothers group who had non-ADHD children had controling behavior characteristics but there was no significant difference in affectionate attitude and autonomic attitude. Second, hypothesis 2 was accepted generally. The psychological and physical environment had correlation with maternal behavior characteristics. Especially, there was a significant correlational relationship between the maternal satisfaction for their life and rejection of maternal behavior. The following conclusion could be made from the above mentioned findings. First, The maternal behavior characteristics resulted in severe ADHD for children which justified the need of proper education for mothers to care children wellbeing. Second, The environment of psychology had an influence on maternal behavior. This showed that it is essential to develope educational program and counselling system for mothers

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the deficits in executive function in children with ADHD and anxiety disorder, and further, to characterize executive function deficits among the two groups. Methods : Subjects consisted of 60 children between the ages of 5 and 14 (16 Normal, 24 ADHD, 20 Anxiety Disorder). Neuropsychological tests (KEDI-WISC, CCTT, STROOP, WCST, ROCF) for assessing cognitive and executive function were individually administered to all subjects. Results : There were no significant differences in FSIQ or PIQ among the three groups. However, the ADHD group tended to score lower on the VIQ and subtest of similarity, vocabulary, and digit span tests. The three groups did not significantly differ with respect to CCTT test results. On the STROOP test, the ADHD group showed poor performance on the word, color, and color-word subtests. The three groups did not exhibit significant differences in WCST test results ; however, the anxiety group performed poorly belonging to below 25 percentile rank on perseverative response. On the ROCF test, the ADHD group performed poorly with respect to their organization score and in particular, regarding copy and immediate recall. The anxiety group also performed poorly with regard to organization ; however, this was limited only to immediate recall. Conclusion : Children with ADHD displayed poor inhibition and organizational abilities compared to children with anxiety and normal controls. Further, children with anxiety disorder exhibited low cognitive flexibility and voluntary problem-solving abilities compared to ADHD children and normal controls. Based on these results, we suggest that the characteristics of executive dysfunction in ADHD and anxiety disorder in children are different.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.36-52
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• 2003

주의력결핍 과잉행동장애는 소아정신과 영역에서 매우 흔한 질환이며 이환된 아동의 학업기능, 또래관계, 가족내 생활에서 심각한 기능상의 장애를 유발한다. stimulant 치료에 의해 $70{\sim}80$%의 아동들이 효과적으로 반응하나 ADHD 아동에서 다양한 정신과 질환이 빈번하게 공존하여 나타나며 공존질환의 존재는 치료반응에 대한 효과에 다양한 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 이들 공존질환을 동반한 ADHD 아동들의 치료에 대한 다양한 전략이 요구된다. 본고에서는 ADHD치료에 사용되고 있는 다양한 정신약물의 종류와 효과 및 안정성에 대하여 검토하였으며 ADHD에서 흔히 공존되는 질환의 종류와 연관성, 이들에 대한 국외 및 국내 임상의들의 치료전략에 대하여 고찰하여 보았다. 이는 다양한 공존질환을 수반함으로 인하여 증가된 장애의 위험성을 가질 수 있는 일부 ADHD 아동들에 대하여 적절한 치료적 전략을 수립하는데 도움을 주고자 함이다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2009

Objectives: This study examined clinical characteristics associated with bullying in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Methods.: Children and their parents were asked to fill out a structured self-report form regarding bullying incidents. To evaluate the characteristics of the children, the results of the ADHD Rating Scale, the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist, the ADHD Diagnostic system and the Emotional Recognition Test were used. The agreement of bullying data between each child and their mother and father was measured using Cohen's kappa. The association between victim and perpetrator was analyzed by calculating a contingency coefficient based on chi-square. To compare the characteristics of victimized children and didn't, an independent sample T-test was performed. Results: When children were victims of bullying incidents there was significant agreement between children and parents on the information provided on the self-reports. However, more children reported themselves as a perpetrator of bullying than their parents did. Victimization, that is, the tendency towards being a perpetrator, is associated with the higher level of parental reports of aggressiveness. Conclusion: Victimization of bullying is associated with aggression in children with ADHD. This study suggests that victimized children with ADHD warrant careful evaluation, in particular with regard to the credence placed on parental reports of aggressiveness, and management for aggression.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.228-235
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was conducted to compare the object relations and parenting behavior of the mothers of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with that of the mothers with normal children. Methods : In this study, we studied 64 mothers of children who were diagnosed with ADHD and 90 mothers of normal children. The mothers completed the Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORI), the Parenting Behavior Inventory (PBI), the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale. Results : As compared with the mothers of normal children, the mothers of children with ADHD showed significantly different results for the parenting stress and parenting efficacy. For parenting behavior, the mothers of children with ADHD perceived their mothering as being more neglectful. On the other hand, the mothers of the normal control group perceived their mothering as being more affectionate and the fathers as being more reasonable and monitoring. Conclusion : This study suggests there is a significant difference of object relation between the mothers of children with ADHD and the mothers with normal children. The object relation pathology of the mothers of children with ADHD might contribute to impaired parenting behavior. The result of the present study indicate that inadequate grandparental rearing behavior affects the insecure object relation of their child (the mother), and a mother's insecure object relation affects their parental stress and parenting efficacy.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2015

Objectives : The objective of this study was to compare the Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC) profile between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing children. We also aimed to investigate the association of K-PRC and ADHD symptoms. Methods : Ninety-nine youth (age $8.3{\pm}2.4$ years, 72 boys) with ADHD and 84 controls (age $9.2{\pm}2.5$ years, 43 boys) were recruited from the Department of Pediatric Psychiatry of the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital. Diagnoses of ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders were confirmed with the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). The parents of the subjects completed the ADHD rating scale, and K-PRC. Independent t-tests, analysis of covariance, partial correlation analyses, and Mc Nemar test were used for analysis. Results : Children and adolescents with ADHD showed higher K-PRC scores in verbal development, physical development, depression, delinquency, hyperactivity, family dysfunction and psychoticism. Delinquency and hyperactivity were significantly correlated with parent-rated ADHD rating scales and ADHD scores on K-SADS-PL. The hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes showed higher scores on hyperactivity and delinquency than the inattentive subtype, and the inattentive subtype showed higher scores on depression and social dysfunction of the K-PRC. Conclusion : Our results suggest that K-PRC could be used to comprehensively evaluate symptoms, combined psychopathologies, developmental delay and family dysfunction of children with ADHD.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.325-355
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• 2012

본 연구는 ADHD 아동을 양육하는 어머니들의 체험을 통한 본질의 의미를 탐구하고자 하였다. 면접은 2010년 4월부터 2011년 4월까지 약 12개월동안 14명의 ADHD 아동 어머니를 대상으로 2~3회에 걸쳐 현상학적 연구로 진행되었다. 그 결과 강점관점으로 본 ADHD 아동 어머니들의 양육경험의 본질은 '완주를 위해 자신과 싸우는, 원하지 않는 마라톤'을 위해 달려가는 것으로 해석되었다. 이러한 어머니의 강점관점으로서의 경험 본질은 '그래도 이쁜 내새끼와 함께하기 위한 힘을 찾아가는 여정'인 마라톤이었으며 그 경험은 시 공간적으로 8가지로 구성되었다. 처음 아이의 독특한 행동들을 겪으며 '혼란의 연속'속에서 'ADHD진단의 먹먹함'을 경험하지만 '엄마라는 운명'에 아이를 위한 총체적 노력을 기울이게 된다. 그 과정에서 '총알이며 은총인 선생님의 말'에 절망과 감사함을 경험하면서 엄마들은 원하지 않은 마라톤의 대열에 합류하게 된다. 포기할 수도 없는 완주를 향해 달려가는 외로운 전투를 하면서도 내아이를 위해, 나를 위해 '그래도 긍정적으로' 살기로 한다. 하지만 자식을 위해 자신을 독려하지만 쉬운 과정은 아니다. 그럼에도 아이로부터, 가족으로부터, 전문가들로부터 도움을 받으며 '버텨내는 힘'을 얻게 된다. 평범하지 않은 아이를 키우는 게 힘들고 '현재진행형이지만 그래도 이쁜 내새끼를 위하여' 오늘도 엄마는 아이와 함께 완주를 위해 달려가고 있는 것이다. '도착점'이 다시 '출발점'이 된다하더라도 달려갈 수밖에 없는 마라톤을 하고 있는 것이다. 이러한 경험적 근거를 기반으로 하여 ADHD 어머니와 아동을 위한 사회복지실천과제를 제언하였다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.71-86
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the level of learning disabilities reflected in the written expression and writing performance of at-risk children with ADHD, (2) to investigate the level of differences in writing learning disabilities and writing performance depending on ADHD subtypes, and (3) to explore the error types and contents in the written expression of at-risk children with ADHD. The participants in this study were 46 upper grade elementary school children. They were firstly screened by teacher nomination, and only participants with a K-ARS score of over 17 were then selected to be among the 46 children involved in this study. Two further tests were then carried out : K-LDES as an index of learning disabilities in written expression and BASA-writing as an index of writing performance. The results showed that the at-risk children with ADHD possibly had comorbid writing learning disabilities. They were significantly different in terms of the number of total syllables, errors and correct syllables that they produced, in comparison to normal children. But there were no differences as regards the level of learning disabilities in terms of written expression and writing performance based on ADHD subtypes. As regards the implications of these results for future research, we suggested that there is a need for the identification of comorbid writing learning disabilities in ADHD assessment.

• 인간행동과 음악연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.1-30
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• 2024

본 연구는 ADHD 아동의 타이밍 조절 향상을 위한 리듬 기반 음악중재 프로토콜을 개발하고 실행 가능성을 조사하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 ADHD 아동(부주의 우세형, 과잉행동-충동형)과 일반 아동을 대상으로 3단계의 연구를 진행하였다. 1단계에서는 청각주의력 검사(KAT), 운동 타이밍(자가 탭핑, 동기화 및 유지), 지각 타이밍(음길이 변별 및 재산출, 리듬패턴)의 그룹별 기준값을 측정 및 탐색적 요인분석을 하였고, 2단계에서는 주요 요인을 적용한 리듬 기반 음악중재 프로토콜을 개발하였다. 3단계에서는 개발된 프로토콜을 ADHD 아동에게 적용하여 타이밍 조절에 영향을 미치는 변인들을 조사하고 그 효과를 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 1단계에서는 음길이 변별과제와 정교성을 요구하는 리듬패턴 과제에서 ADHD 아동의 타이밍 값에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 또한, KAT 검사 결과와 운동 및 지각 타이밍의 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 주의 반응성, 주의 동기화, 주의 정교성의 총 3개 요인 군집을 도출하였다. 2단계에서는 속도 및 간격 조정에 따른 난이도별 동기화, 주의 전환, 리듬 산출 과제로 구성한 프로토콜 개발 후 전문가 타당도 검증을 확보하였다. 3단계 연구에서는 부주의 우세형 및 과잉행동-충동형 ADHD 아동에게 프로토콜을 개별적으로 적용한 결과, 탭핑 동기화와 음길이 산출 리듬 과제의 변별과 산출에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구는 ADHD 아동의 자발적 주의부터 비자발적 주의까지 이끄는 효과적인 촉진 도구로 리듬을 활용하기 위한 기초자료로서 의의가 있다.