• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.2-6
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• 2018

Objectives: Experiencing early childhood trauma is related to multiple psychiatric problems in adolescents and adulthood. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form (ETISR-SF) among Korean adolescents. Methods: A total of 86 adolescents aged 12-17 years (mean age $14.50{\pm}1.35years$, range 12-17) were assessed using the ETISR-SF. Other instruments, including the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), and the List of Threatening Experiences Questionnaire (LTE-Q), were used to assess clinical symptoms. After 2 months, 51 of the 86 participants were evaluated using the ETISR-SF to assess test-retest reliability. Results: The Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the ETISR-SF was high (0.803). Adolescents with depressive disorder showed higher ETISR-SF scores compared to healthy controls. The ETISR-SF scores were correlated higher with the scores on the LTE-Q (r=0.485) than with the scores on the CDI or RCMAS (r=0.165 and 0.347, respectively). Conclusion: The ETISR-SF was temporally stable, showing acceptable reliability (r=0.776). These findings suggest that the Korean version of the ETISR-SF appears to be a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of reported childhood trauma.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.298-307
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• 2014

This study has the purpose to examine trauma of male, female alcoholics and understand the factors influencing the trauma and relative influence of trauma to provide implementing social welfare practice. The survey was conducted with 220 alcoholics. Through this survey, it was revealed that the effect of trauma of male, female alcoholics found to be significant. First, Trauma of sexual abuse, suicide, death, disease, family separation of male on childhood are more than female. While, Trauma of physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse on childhood and physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, fraud, physical neglect, miscarriage of female on adulthood are more than male. Second, The education, age of first drinking effect on the trauma of male alcoholics. The education, religion, family history, relapse and insight effect on the trauma of female alcoholics. Based on these results, the practical implications for the trauma of male, female alcoholics had been discussed.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2014

Objective : The objective of this study was to examine the association between childhood adversity and parenting attitude and neuroticism in adulthood. Methods : Forty nine women were recruited from community and completed Early Trauma Inventory-Short Form (ETI-SF). We compared scores on the Maternal Behavior Research Instrument (MBRI), Neuroticism of NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) between women with and without childhood adversity. Results : Compared to women without childhood adversity, women with childhood adversity showed more rejecting parenting attitude and higher Depression and Self-Consciousness scores on Neuroticism domain of NEO-PI. Total ETI-SF scores and emotional abuse scores were positively correlated with rejecting attitude scores on the MBRI and BDI scores. Physical abuse scores were positively correlated with rejecting attitude scores. There were positive correlations between rejecting attitude scores on the MBRI, Neuroticism scores on the NEO-PI, and BDI scores. Conclusion : Our results suggest that childhood adversity may have a negative impact on parenting attitude and emotional state in adulthood. For girls who experienced traumatic event, early intervention is needed to prevent the development of neurotic temperament and rejecting parenting in adulthood.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2002

Childhood psychic trauma appears to be a crucial factor in the development of serious disorders both in childhood and in adulthood. Traumatized children show strong tendency to revisualize or re-feel a traumatic events. Play and behavioral reenactments are frequent manifestations of both the single blow and the long-standing traumas in childhood. Those children who suffer the results of single, intense terror appear to exhibit detailed memory, retrospective reworkings and misperceptions. In long-standing or repetitive trauma, children would show psychic numbing, self-hypnosis, dissociation and rage. Child's brain is undergoing critical and sensitive periods of differentiation. During this time, developing central nervous system is exquisitely sensitive to stress. Stressor-activated neurotransmitters and hormones can play major roles in neurogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and neurochemical differentiation. Internal opiate system operates in some trauma and causes the victim to fail to respond, to avoid, to shut off feelings. Evidence is also accumulating in traumatology that dysfuntion of locus coeruleus and ventral tegmental neucleus system leads to catecholamine receptors hypersensitivity. This change result in hypervigilance, increased startle, affective lability, and increased autonomic nervous system hyperreactivity. Another site of action of trauma on the brain is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Individuals with PTSD do not have enough cortisol to halt the alarm reaction. When children are exposed to long-standing extreme events, massive attempts to protect the psyche and to preserve the self are put into gear. These developmental traumas mobilize various kinds of defense mechanisms. Massive denial, dissociation, self anesthesia, identification with aggressor and aggression turned against the self often lead to profound character changes in the youngsters.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2021

Purpose: This paper attempts to explore a Christian perspective on the process leading to growth after complex trauma caused by family violence experience. To achieve it, the article tackles the analysis of relationship between the inflictor father and victim, interpersonal relationship, and relationship with God in terms of growth after suffering from the trauma of family violence with a Christian perspective. Research design, data, and methodology: This study employed an in-depth interview as a methodology. Seven Christian adults who have experienced family violence in childhood are selected for the qualitative case study. 58 concepts, 24 low-level categories, and eight high-level categories are derived from each interview case. Results: The results of the case study show that the negative emotion caused by family violence during childhood is likely to lead to narcissistic rage. It is found that the reflection for posttraumatic growth starts with crying to God, simultaneously expressing pain and suffering. Conclusions: The interesting thing is that they are willing to forgive in the process of trauma therapy. It should be noted that the research results also demonstrate that relationship restoration entails the meaning reconstruction in the interpersonal relations.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.100-113
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to confirm the characteristics of released prisoners through demographic and sociological variables and to investigate the effects of childhood traumatic experiences on family functioning and the mediating effects of anger expression method. For this purpose, Korea Rehabilitation Agency were selected and finally 400 released prisoners were analyzed. As a result, it appeared that anger expression method played a role of mediating variable when childhood trauma experience affects family functioning. Childhood trauma experience not only directly affects family functioning, but indirectly affects family functioning through anger expression method and the anger expression method played a role as partial mediating variable. Based on the results of this study, we emphasized the need for intervention and education for anger expression method in psychological counseling interventions to improve family functioning as a way to suppress the second offense of released prisoners with childhood abuse experience.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2019

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and job related factors as risk factors for mental health of firefighters. Methods : The data of 202 fire-fighters was analyzed by using a multinomial logistic regression analysis. All participants completed self-reported questionnaires including demographics (sex, age, work duration), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Ways of Coping Checklist, the Colleague related traumatic events, the Korean occupational stress scale, the Korean Perceived Stress Scale-10, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Participants were divided into three groups according to the level of stress and depressive symptom scores: Low Stress-Low Depression (LS-LD), High Stress-Low Depression (HS-LD), and High Stress-High Depression (HS-HD). Results : A job related factor-organizational injustice-was a significant factor related to HS-LD, while individual factors such as active coping level and childhood trauma experience and a job related factor-difficult physical environment-were significantly associated with HS-HD. Conclusion : These results imply the need to take both individual and environmental approaches into account when managing the stress and depression of firefighters. More specifically, psycho-education to facilitate active coping strategy and adaptive emotional regulation at the individual level and the improvement of physical work environment of firefighters should be supported.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2010

Gene-environment interactions are important in pathogenesis of suicide or suicidal behavior. Twin and adoption studies and family studies show that genetic factors play a critical role in suicide or suicidal behavior. Given the strong association between serotonergic neurotransmission and suicide, recent molecular genetic studies have focused on polymorphisms of serotonin genes, especially on serotonin transporter and tryptophan hydroxylase genes. Some studies have revealed a significant interaction between s allele of the serotonin transporter gene and the risk of suicide attempt associated with childhood trauma. In addition, the polymorphism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene also may influence the effect of childhood trauma in relation to the risk of attempting suicide. Future studies should explore genetic and environmental factors in suicide or suicidal behavior and examine for gene and environment interaction.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2009

Purpose: Injuries are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in the childhood population worldwide. Thus, this study was down to investigate the type and the severity of injuries according to the age group in childhood. Methods: A survey of injury information and a chart review were done on 378 children (257 boys, 121 girls) who visited the Emergency Departments of Asan Medical Center from March 1, 2009, to March 31, 2009. To determine differences in injury mechanism, accident place, injury site, New Injury Severity Score (NISS) and Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS), we divided the 378 patients into 4 group: under 1 year, 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, and 10 to 15 years. Results: The mean (${\pm}SD$) age of the study group was 5.1 (${\pm}4.4$) years. Two year olds formed the largest group of injured children, with 77 cases (20.4% of the total). The most common cause of injury in childhood was being hit by an object (26.2%). Falls were frequent in the under-1-year group (22.2%) and slip downs (30.1%) were more frequent in 1-to-4-year group. More than half (53.4%) of the injuries occurred in the home, and the most common places of home-related injuries were the living room (41.1%) and the bedroom (31.2%). The mean (${\pm}SD$) NISS was 1.5 (${\pm}1.8$), and traffic accidents had the highest NISS ($2.8{\pm}5.1$). Injuries occurred most frequently during the evening. The peak period was 4:00 PM to 8:00 PM (33.7%). Conclusion: Patterns of childhood injury by age group were considerably different, and less severe and nonhospitalized injuries were common. Thus, need to improve surveillance of a variety of injuries, promote intersectional collaboration, build institutional capacities and mobilize community support and policy as an investment in prevention.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.177-189
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• 2010

Traumatic injury is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children. This is a clinical review of pediatric blunt abdominal trauma. A retrospective analysis of the 112 children with blunt abdominal trauma aged 15 years or less treated at the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chonbuk National University Hospital was performed. The analysis included age, sex, injury mechanism, number and site of the injured organ, management and outcomes. The average age of occurrence was 7.6 years, and the peak age was between 6 and 8 years. There was a male preponderance with a male to female ratio of 2.3:1. The most common cause of blunt abdominal trauma was traffic accidents (61.6 %), principally involving pedestrians (79.7 %). The accident prone times were between 8:00 AM and 8:00 PM, the weekends (40.2 %), and the winter respectively. Thirthy-five patients (31.2 %) had multiple intra-abdominal organ injuries and the most common injured organ was the liver. Seventy-four cases (66.1 %) were managed non-operatively and eleven cases (9.8 %) expired. Of the patients who were treated surgically or were to be operated on one patient died before surgery, the remainder died during or after surgery. Risk factors such as number of injured organ, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and trauma scores by Glasgow coma scale (GCS), Pediatric trauma score (PTS), revised trauma score (RTS), injury severe score (ISS), TRISS were significantly correlated with mortality rate.