• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.179-188
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• 2015

Though a great amount of chicken by-products are consumed everyday in many countries worldwide, however, no attention has been paid to the investigation of nutritional composition of these by-products. In the present work, the basic information regarding the aspects of nutritional composition of chicken by-products such as; liver, gizzard, heart, lung, crop, small intestines, cecum and duodenum was studied. Our results revealed that the approximate composition range (minimum to maximum) of these by-products was found as such: moisture 76.68-83.23%; fat 0.81-4.53%, protein 10.96-17.70% and calories 983.20-1,426.0 cal/g tissue, in which liver and gizzard had the highest protein content. Liver had higher (p<0.05) vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6 contents in comparison to other remaining byproducts. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels ranged between the by-products from 31.82% to 43.96%, 56.04% to 68.19%, and 18.27% to 32.05%, respectively. Remarkably, all of by-products showed desirable PUFA/SFA ratios. Furthermore, all of chicken by-products, especially liver, contained higher levels of trace elements (e.g., Fe, Mn and Zn) in comparison with those from muscle tissues published in literature. Overall, the study indicated that most of chicken byproducts examined are good sources of essential nutrients and these obtained results will be the useful information to consumers and meat processors.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2018

TBC1D1 gene has known functional effects on body energy homeostasis and glucose uptake pathway in skeletal muscle tissue. This biological function is reported to have significant effects on traits of growth and meat quality in chicken. In this study, we focused on two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (g.70179137A>G and g.70175861T>C) identified through SNP annotation information of Korean native chicken and previous literature for TBC1D1 in chicken. Association of SNPs in TBC1D1 with growth and serum clinical-chemical traits were evaluated. A total of 584 male and female birds from five Korean native chicken lines were used in the study. The SNP1 (g.70179137A>G) is located in intron 11 and SNP2 (g.70175861T>C) is a non-synonymous missense mutation in exon 10, responsible for the amino acid change from Methionine to Valine. The A allele of SNP1 and T allele of SNP2 had the highest allele frequencies. Both SNPs indicated moderate polymorphism information content values (0.25

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.305-318
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• 2023

This study investigated the protein digestibility of chicken breast and thigh in an in vitro digestion model to determine the better protein sources for the elderly in terms of bioavailability. For this purpose, the biochemical traits of raw muscles and the structural properties of myofibrillar proteins were monitored. The thigh had higher pH, 10% trichloroacetic acid-soluble α-amino groups, and protein carbonyl content than the breast (p<0.05). In the proximate composition, the thigh had higher crude fat and lower crude protein content than the breast (p<0.05). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of myofibrillar proteins showed noticeable differences in the band intensities of tropomyosin α-chain and myosin light chain-3 between the thigh and breast. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence intensity of myosin was lower in the thigh than in the breast (p<0.05). Moreover, circular dichroism spectroscopy of myosin revealed that the thigh had higher α-helical and lower β-sheet structures than the breast (p<0.05). The cooked muscles were then chopped and digested in the elderly digestion model. The thigh had more α-amino groups than the breast after both gastric and gastrointestinal digestion (p<0.05). SDS-PAGE analysis of the gastric digesta showed that more bands remained in the digesta of the breast than that of the thigh. The content of proteins less than 3 kDa in the gastrointestinal digesta was also higher in the thigh than in the breast (p<0.05). These results reveal that chicken thigh with higher in vitro protein digestibility is a more appropriate protein source for the elderly than chicken breast.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.70-77
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• 2013

우리나라는 2007년부터 원료축산물에 대한 동물용의약품 잔류허용기준 설정을 강화하면서 관련 시험법을 식품공전에 등재하여 활용하고 있다. 더불어 국외에서는 국제식품규격위원회와 유럽연합의 규제 강화 추이에 따라 불검출기준 물질에 대한 MRL 설정 등 낮은 농도의 정량한계를 가지는 검증된 분석법 개발 등이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 가금류 중 잔류허용기준은 아직 설정되어 있지 않으나, 식품안전성 조사 및 연구 등을 위해서는 시험법의 확립이 필요한 nitroxoline의 닭고기 근육 중 잔류시험법을 개발하고자 하였다. 분석에 사용된 검체는 닭고기의 근육을 이용하였다. 검체에 아세트로니트릴을 가하여 추출한 후, 이를 감압 농축하여 메탄올로 녹인 다음 MCX 카트리지로 정제한 후 HPLC-PDA에 주입하였다. 기기분석은 C18 컬럼을 사용하였고, 0.1 % TBAOH-인산용액과 메탄올을 기울기 조건으로 하여 360 nm에서 측정하였다. 또한, 액체크로마토그래프-질량분석기를 통해 확인시험을 수행하였으며, 모든 검증은 CAC 가이드라인(CAC/GL 16, 1993; CAC/GL 71, 2009) 규정에 따라 실시하였다. 그 결과, nitroxoline의 LOQ는 0.02 mg/kg 수준이었고, 회수율은 72.9~88.1 %로 나타났다. 또한, 변동계수는 2.5~11.7 %로 CAC 가이드라인(CAC/GL 16, 1993; CAC/GL 71, 2009) 규정에 만족하는 수준이었다. 따라서 개발된 분석법은 잔류동물용의약품의 분석에 있어 보다 신속하고 경제적인 분석 및 모니터링에 적용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.1113-1125
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• 2020

Objective: This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Antrodia cinnamomea fermented product on modulation of antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and lipid metabolism in broilers. Methods: Functional compounds and in vitro antioxidant capacity were detected in wheat bran (WB) solid-state fermented by Antrodia cinnamomea for 16 days (FAC). In animal experiment, 400 d-old broiler chickens were allotted into 5 groups fed control diet, and control diet replaced with 5% WB, 10% WB, 5% FAC, and 10% FAC respectively. Growth performance, intestinal microflora, serum antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid profiles in pectoral superficial muscle were measured. Results: Pretreatment with hot water extracted fermented product significantly reduced chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells death induced by lipopolysaccharide and 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. Birds received 5% and 10% FAC had higher weight gain than WB groups. Cecal coliform and lactic acid bacteria were diminished and increased respectively while diet replaced with FAC. For FAC supplemented groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at 35 days only, with catalase elevated at 21 and 35 day. Regarding serum lipid parameters, 10% FAC replacement significantly reduced triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein level in chickens. For fatty acid composition in pectoral superficial muscle of 35-d-old chickens, 5% and 10% FAC inclusion had birds with significantly lower saturated fatty acids as compared with 10% WB group. Birds on the 5% FAC diet had a higher degree of unsaturation, followed by 10% FAC, control, 5% WB, and 10% WB. Conclusion: In conclusion, desirable intestinal microflora in chickens obtaining FAC may be attributed to the functional metabolites detected in final fermented product. Moreover, antioxidant effects observed in FAC were plausibly exerted in terms of improved antioxidant enzymes activities, increased unsaturated degree of fatty acids in chicken muscle and better weight gain in FAC inclusion groups, indicating that FAC possesses promising favorable mechanisms worthy to be developed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1504-1510
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• 2013

Native chickens hold a significant share of the market in China. In response to the huge demand from the market, the productivity of Chinese native chickens needs to be improved. Cross breeding is an effective method to increase productivity, although it might affect meat quality. In this study, two pure lines (SD02 and SD03) of Erlang mountainous chickens were hybridized with a yellow feather and faster growing line (SD01). The effect of hybridization on carcass and meat quality (physiochemical and textural traits) was measured in the $F_1$ population at d 91 of age. The hybrids exhibited higher body weight and dressed weight, and amount of semi-eviscerated, eviscerated, breast muscle and abdominal fat (p<0.05). Abdominal fat yield also increased (p<0.05) compared to the offspring of the two pure-lines. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in meat quality traits except for the myofiber diameter and density and the shear force of the breast muscle. Overall, the offspring of cross-lines were similar to pure lines in meat color, pH value, inosinic acid, crude protein, crude fat, dry matter, moisture content and amino acid composition in the breast muscle. These results suggest that productivity can be improved via cross-breeding while maintaining meat quality of the Erlang mountainous chicken.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.541-550
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• 1996

Tetracycline antibiotics have been widely used not only therapeutics but feed additives. There are many methods for the isolation and determination of tetracycline antibiotics in animal muscle tissue. But those methods take much time and labor, so it is difficult to analyse many samples simultaneously. A rapid isolation method and liquid chromatographic determination of tetracycline antibiotics in animal muscle tissue (bovine, porcine, chicken) is presented. Blank control and tetracyclines fortified samples (0.5g) were blended with $C_{18}$ containing 0.05g each of oxalic acid and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. After homogenize, homogenate was transferred to glass column made from 10ml glass syringe and compressed to 4~4.5ml volume. A column made from the $C_{18}$/meat matrix was washed with hexane (8ml) and dichloromethane (8ml, if needed), following which the tetracyclines were eluted,vith methanol or 0.01M methanolic oxalic acid (8ml). The eluates containing tetracyclines analytes were free from interfering compounds when analysed by HPLC with UV detection (photodiode array at 360nm). Standard curve for each tetracycline showed a linear response at the range of $0.05{\sim}1.0{\mu}g/ml$ and tetracycline antibiotics were eluted within 4ml of eluted volume. All tetracycline antibiotics except tetracycline were stable during the concentration process at $40^{\circ}C$ and time required for concentration was 3~4 hours. Fortified samples containing oxalic aicd and EDTA represented more good recoveries than those of not-contained sample. Recoveries were 91.8~110.1% (oxytetracycline; OTC), 57.7~79.5% (tetracycline; TC), 78.1~88.6% (chlortetracyclines; CTC) and 88.4~100.6% (doxycycline; DC) in pork tissue, 101.1~126.8% (OTC), 66.4~75.4% (TC), 79.2~88.1% (CTC) and 69.3~86.7% (DC) in beef tissue, and 90.8~95.6% (OTC), 66.2~84.4% (TC), 75.7~77.2% (CTC) and 55.6~80.7% (DC) in chicken muscle tissue. The detection limits validated in muscle tissue by this method were $0.05{\mu}g/g$ for OTC and TC, and $0.1{\mu}g/g$ for CTC and DC.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.401-408
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• 2007

본 연구는 한국 재래 오골계의 성장에 따른 조직학적 및 생리학적 특성을 분석하기 위해 수행하였다. 계군들의 체중, 흉근과 가자미근의 무게 측정 및 시료의 채취는 부화 직후 및 3, 5, 15주령에 이루어졌다. 근섬유 특성은 부화 직후에서 15주령까지의 오골계 흉근과 가자미근을 이용하여 분석하였고, DNA, RNA 및 단백질 함량은 왼쪽 흉근에서 측정하였다. 체중의 상대적인 증가율은 부화 직후에서 3주령까지의 기간에 가장 크게 나타났다. 가슴의 무게는 부화 직후에서 3주령까지의 기간에 약 24.46배가 증가했으며, 가슴 중 흉근도 동일한 기간 동안 약 31.14배 증가하였다. 소퇴부 및 가자미근의 무게 역시 부화 직후에서 3주령까지의 시기에 뚜렷한 증가가 나타났다. 모든 근섬유의 단면적은 성장 기간 동안 증가하는데, 15주의 실험 기간 동안 흉근의 근섬유 단면적은 65배 증가($34.06\;{\pm}\;3.08$에서 $2238\;{\pm}\;177\;{\mu}m^2$)하였다. 흉근의 근섬유 단면적은 부화 직후에서 3주령까지의 기간에는 약 18배, 3주령에서 5주령까지의 기간 동안에는 약 1.6배 증가를 보였다. 따라서 흉근의 근섬유 단면적과 무게 역시 3주령 때까지 가장 큰 증가를 보임을 알 수 있다. 핵산 및 단백질의 함량을 분석한 실험에서도 부화 직후에서 3주령 사이에 가장 큰 증가가 나타났는데, 부화부터 3주령까지의 기간 동안 각각 DNA 총량은 13배, RNA 총량은 21배, 단백질 총량은 30배 증가한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.251-255
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• 2008

본 연구는 CLA를 육계사료에 첨가하여 그 급여수준(0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 및 2.0%)에 따라 CLA를 급여한 계육의 일반성분, 관능평가, pH, TBARS, 가열감량, 보수력, 전단력 및 육색의 변화를 검토하고자 육계 200수(Arbor Acre Broiler, male)를 공시하여 사양한 후 대퇴부위 근육을 이용하여 분석하였다. 계육의 일반성분 중에 조단백질 함량은 1.5%와 2.0% 급여구에서 유의적으로 높은 함량을 보였고(p<0.05), 수분, 조지방 및 조회분은 CLA 급여에 의한 영향은 없었다. 관능평가 결과 연도, 다즙성, 육향의 유의적인 차이는 관능검사요원에 의해 감지되지 못하였다. pH는 대조구보다 CLA 급여구에서 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). TBARS는 CLA 급여구에서 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 보였고, CLA급여량이 증가할수록 낮은 TBARS값을 나타내어(p<0.05), CLA는 계육의 저장성의 향상 가능성이 보였다. 보수성과 전단력 및 육색은 처리구간에 유의성이 없었다. 결론적으로 CLA를 급여함으로서 육질 변화 없이 2%까지 CLA 급여 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단되어 차후 CLA 급여에 의한 계육의 CLA축적에 관한 추가 실험이 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.165-169
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• 1971

Slushed ice와 dry chilling chamber에 각각 도계 직후 냉장한 12주생 영계의 가슴 및 다리 근육으로부터 KCl-phosphate buffer를 사용하여 도계후 $1{\sim}25$시간 사이에 함질소물을 추출했다. Extractable nitrogen의 변화는 주로 myosin의 extractability 감소, 그리고 어느정도 actomyosin의 extractability 증가 결과로 일어남이 밝혀졌으며, 한편 stroma. sarcoplasmic protein 및 비단백함질소물(none protein nitrogen)의 변화는 적었다. Myosin extractability는 도계후 처음 3시간 동안에 급격히 감소하여 그후 계속적으로 wet chilling 동안 감소했으나 dry chilling의 경우 myosin extractability의 감소는 가슴근육보다 다리근육에서 더 많았으며 extractability는 도계 17시간 후부터 증가했다. Actomyosin은 wet chilling의 경우 계속적으로 소량밖에 추출되지 않았으나 dry chilling의 경우 도계후 17시간 이후부터 증가했는데, 이런 경향은 breast muscle과 leg muscle이 동일했다.