• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.92-98
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• 1988

The present study was performed to find the effects of ginseng and its saponins. which is written in Chung Yao Ta Tsu Tien as anti-amnesia in its chief indication. on experimental amnesia in mice. In the step through test. ginsenoside $Rb_1\;(GRb_1)\;and\;GRg_1$ facilitated the registration of memory and antagonized the electroconvulsive shock (ECS)-induced inhibition of the retention of memory. Moreover. $GRg_1$ antagonized the EtOH-induced inhibition of the retrieval of memory. In the step down test. $GRb_1\;GRb_2\;and\;GRg_1$ antagonized the ECS-induced inhibition of the retention of memory. Moreover. $GRg_1$ antagonized the EtOH-induced inhibition of the retrieval of memory and facilitated the acquisition of short term memory. In the shuttle hox and lever press tests. they have no effects on acquisition and retrieval of memory. except $GRb_1\;GRb_1$ depressed the retrieval of conditioned avoidance response in the shuttle box test. After the end of four tests. the effects of these orally administered drugs on sedative. analgesic. antipyretic and anticonvulsant actions. and on spontaneous and exploratory movements were tested in doses of less than 500mg/kg. but they had none of these effects. Present study may indicate that $GRg_1$ had effects on the retrieval of memory and on the acquisition process of learning response. The recent research on the role of NGF for the survival. regeneration and regulation of brain in adult animals. indicated the importance of NGF on dementia and amnesia. During our research on the specificity of the neurite out growth induced by NGF. we found that the effect of NGF was potentiated by $GRb_1$ in organ cultures of chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Then. the effect of $GRb_1$ on neuronal cell survivalin cell culture system was studied. $GRb_1$ potentiated the NGF-mediated increase of neurofilaments in cell cultures of chick embryonic sensory and sympathetic neurons. NGF with $GRb_1$ also showed a tendency to increase the number of surviving neurons of rat embryonic cerebral cortex. NGF increased choline acetyl transferase activity in cell cultures of rat embryonic septum area neurons. but $GRb_1$ did not potentiate NGF activity in cell cultures of rat embryonic septum area neurons. Present study may indicate that $GRb_1$ plays an important role for the survival or regeneration of neurons in the brain.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.139-144
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of three different photoperiods on growth performance, blood properties, and stress indicators in broiler chicks between 1-7 days after hatching. Two hundred and fifty-two 1-day-old male broiler chicks (57.0±0.12 g) were divided into three treatments, with 4 replicates per treatment and 22 birds per replicate subjected to three different photoperiods of 24L, 22L/2D and 18L/6D. A light-emitting diode bulb served as the light source, with an illuminance of 30 lx. As an experimental diet, a commercial feed based on a corn-soybean meal, with 22% CP and 3,150 kcal/kg ME diet, and water were fed ad libitum. Body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and liver weight ratio showed a statistically significant difference between the 18L/6D and 24L treatments (P<0.05), but with no significant difference between the 22L/2D treatment and either the 24L or 18L/6D treatment. The breast meat ratio was 5.59% in the 18L/6D treatment group, which was lower than that of other treatment groups (P<0.05). The triglyceride levels were highest (P<0.05) in the 18L/6D treatment among treatments, but alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the 22L/2D treatment than in the 24L treatment. Levels of cytokines, i.e., Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α did not show a significant difference among the treatments, but corticosterone content was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the 24L treatment than in the 18L/6D treatment. In conclusion, 22 hours of lighting is appropriate between 1~7 days after hatching, considering growth performance and the overall health of broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

To evaluate the effects of n-3 and n-9 fatty acid combination on broiler chicks, diets containing the combinations of five different fat sources including flaxseed oil, fish oil, EPA, DHA and olive oil were provided, and all chicks were processed at 4 weeks of growth. Liver, breast and thigh samples were collected and fatty acid composition and/or CIE $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ measurement were measured. Also, live chick and liver weights were weighed and the ratio was provided as an evidence of fat accumulation in liver. No significant difference was determined in both live and liver weight ratio and liver color. EPA was low in FHO as compared to livers from others. In contrast, DHA was significantly high in FHO. In broiler breasts derived from FDO, AA and n-3 fatty acid content was high, but only numerical differences of EPA and DHA were determined in breasts from FDO. The thighs from FHO showed high in EPA, DHA and n-3 fatty acid content but had low in AA and n-6 to n-3 ratio. Therefore, the results indicate that broiler chicken diets containing either FDO or FHO may be possible combination diets increasing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.253-257
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• 2003

The suitability of processed cardboard(PC) as litter of broiler house was evaluated by comparing the growth performances of broiler chicks reared on the PC with those of birds reared on conventional rice hull litter(RH) as the control group. A total of 180 male broiler chick (5d old, Ross) were randomly divided into 2 groups and placed into 2 types of litter, PC and RH, with 3 replicates of 30 birds per replicate. Commercial broiler feeds and water were provided ad libitum for 5 weeks. The body weight gains of the birds reared on PC were heavier than those on RH(P<0.05). The average feed conversion rate of chicks reared on PC was appeared to be improved as compared to that of the control. The Enterobacter aerogens counts in PC were significantly rduced than those in the control litter(P<0.05), but a total number of Salmonella and E. coli were not affected by the litter materials. No difference was observed between the average moisture contents of the litters. The average mortality of the chicks reared on PC was significantly lower than that of RH(P<0.05). The results indicate that processed cardboard can substitute other conventional litter materials when the others are in short supply or expensive.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1811-1821
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• 2021

Objective: A trial was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental levels of Mn provided by organic and inorganic trace mineral supplements on growth, tissue mineralization, mineral balance, and antioxidant status of growing broiler chicks. Methods: A total of 500 male chicks (8-d-old) were used in 10-day feeding trial, with 10 treatments and 10 replicates of 5 chicks per treatment. A 2×5 factorial design was used where supplemental Mn levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg Mn/kg diet) were provided as MnSO₄·H₂O or MnPro. When Mn was supplied as MnPro, supplements of zinc, copper, iron, and selenium were supplied as organic minerals, whereas in MnSO₄·H₂O supplemented diets, inorganic salts were used as sources of other trace minerals. Performance data were fitted to a linearbroken line regression model to estimate the optimal supplemental Mn levels. Results: Manganese supplementation improved body weight, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with chicks fed diets not supplemented with Mn. Manganese in liver, breast muscle, and tibia were greatest at 50, 75, and 100 mg supplemental Mn/kg diet, respectively. Higher activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (total-SOD) were found in both liver and breast muscle of chicks fed diets supplemented with inorganic minerals. In chicks fed MnSO₄·H₂O, ADG, FCR, Mn balance, and concentration in liver were optimized at 59.8, 74.3, 20.6, and 43.1 mg supplemental Mn/kg diet, respectively. In MnPro fed chicks, ADG, FCR, Mn balance, and concentration in liver and breast were optimized at 20.6, 38.0, 16.6, 33.5, and 62.3 mg supplemental Mn/kg, respectively. Conclusion: Lower levels of organic Mn were required by growing chicks for performance optimization compared to inorganic Mn. Based on the FCR, the ideal supplemental levels of organic and inorganic Mn in chick feeds were 38.0 and 74.3 mg Mn/kg diet, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2012

To investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of freeze-dried plum (Prunus mume Siebold and Zucc., PMS) or omija meal (Schizandra chinensis Baill.; SCB) on growth performance, organ weights, blood biochemical profiles and antioxidant defense system, a total of 96, 3-day-old male broiler chickens were assigned to three dietary groups: (1) control diet, (2) control diet supplemented with PMS at 0.2%, (3) control diet supplemented with SCB at 0.2%. In vitro antioxidant activity, plum and omija extracts showed a significantly higher radical scavenging activity (RSA). In particular, omija extract showed much higher RSA than plum extract. Dietary addition of plum or omija did not affect body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and the relative weight of digestive organ in birds. Plasma triglyceride significantly (P<0.05) increased in birds fed the diet supplemented with omija compared with those fed control diet without affecting the other blood biochemical components. Furthermore, reduced form of glutathione (GSH) in the liver or muscle significantly (P<0.05) increased in birds fed the diet fortified with plum and omija. However, the specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and MDA (malondealdehyde) in the intestine, liver and muscle were not altered by dietary antioxidant sources. In conclusion, dietary plum and omija resulted in a positive effect on some antioxidant indicators such as increased in vitro RAS in extracts and in vivo GSH level in the liver and muscle without affecting growth performance. Therefore, dietary addition of 0.2% of plum or omija could be applicable as potential antioxidant sources in broiler chick production.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine the effect of supplemented useful micro-organism on performance and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs for sixty days and broiler for six weeks. The pig and broiler were randomly allotted into 3 treatment; Control 0 (C), T1 (supplemented with $0.2\%$ Aspergillus terreus), T2 (supplemented with $0.2\%$ EM-pro). In total experimental period, feed conversion and dairy feed intake were tend to be higher in T2(2.09kg, 2.70kg) than others. But ADG (average daily gain) was tend to decreased n (0.78kg) according to supplemented of Aspergillus terreus diet These treatments were not significant difference. The chemical composition of pork were not significant difference except for crude fat Crude fat content was lower Aspergillus terreus treatments than others. The pH tenderness, WHC and heating loss were not significant difference in pork $(p>0.05)$. In chicken meat, heating loss and WHC of control was higher than that of T1 and n but shear value was higher in T1 and n. Values of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were improved with highly significant difference (p<0.05) in control (4.95, 4.85, 4.60) than T1 and n in pork. Although the meat color was not significant difference in pork but a and b values of control was higher than that of T1 and n in chicken meat (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2021

We aimed to investigate the age-dependent development of digestive organs, intestinal enzymes, and hepatic antioxidant defense system in White Leghorn chicks aged 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Body weight (BW) did not significantly change between days 0 and 7 but significantly increased (P<0.05) after day 7. The relative liver weight (g/100 g of BW) was significantly lower at day 0 than at the other ages but markedly increased at days 3 and 7 (P<0.05). The relative pancreatic weight changed similar to the change in liver weight, with the maximum development at 7 days (P<0.05). The relative intestinal and mucosal tissue weights increased rapidly after hatching (P<0.05), with the maximum growth at 7 days. Furthermore, maltase and sucrase activities were significantly higher at day 3 than at day 0 (P<0.05). Leucine aminopeptidase activity was high at day 0 and remained constant as age increased. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities in the liver were the lowest at day 0 but significantly increased after 7 days (P<0.05). Glutathione peroxidase activity increased significantly after day 14 compared with that at days 0 and 7 (P<0.05). Lipid peroxidation was not affected by age. In conclusion, the digestive organ weights and hydrolase activity of chicks increased rapidly during the first 3 or 7 days post-hatching. Hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity increased simultaneously with the increase in digestive organ weights, after 7 days.