• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.138-147
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• 2007

대사 공학의 발전과 함께 생물체에 유전자 재조합기술과 관련 분자생물학 및 화학공학적 기술을 이용하여 새로운 대사회로를 도입하거나 기존의 대사회로를 제거 증폭 변경시켜 세포나 균주의 대사 특성을 조절하는(directed modification) 일련의 기술들이 가능해지고 있다. 하지만 이러한 대사회로를 조절하기 위해서는 많은 선행 연구에 대한 고찰이 필요하며, 일선 연구자들은 방대한 선행 자료를 검색하고 일일이 읽으면서 자신에게 필요한 정보를 수집하고 있다. 따라서 효율적으로 대사 모델을 구축하고, 방대한 대사관련 연구논문으로부터 대사흐름 관련 정보를 자동으로 추출하는 기술의 개발이 중요한 이슈로 부각되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 대사경로 재구축을 위한 서열과 패턴 기반의 텍스트 마이닝 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 기법은 웹 로봇을 이용하여 최신의 논문을 반자동적으로 수집하고 이를 이용하여 최신의 논문을 로컬 데이터베이스로 구축한다. 또한 생물학 개체명의 인식율을 높이기 위해 유전자 온토로지를 이용하며, NCBI에서 제공하는 Tokenizer 라이브러리를 이용하여 개체명의 파괴 없이 인식할 수 있게 하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 텍스트 마이닝 기법에서는 패턴을 이용하여 논문으로부터 대사경로 지식을 추출하게 되므로 올바른 패턴을 확보하는 것이 중요한 문제이다. 논문에서는 패턴의 수집을 위하여 대표적인 대사 경로 전문 사이트인 일본의 KEGG 경로 데이터베이스에서 추출한 Glycosphingolip건 종에 대한 20,000 여건의 논문에서 66개의 패턴을 추출하였다. 제안된 기법의 유효성을 입증하기 위하여 Glycosphingolipid종의 GLS 대사경로 19개 개체명을 이용하여 시스템을 평가하였다. 그 결과 논문 125,907건에 대하여 정확도 96.3%, 재현을 95.1%, 처리시간 15초의 성능을 보였다. 본 논문에서 제안된 시스템은 대사 경로 재구축에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.911-920
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• 2006

Phenolic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a commonly used food preservative with broad biological activities, including protection against chemical-induced carcinogenesis, acute toxicity of chemicals, modulation of macromolecule synthesis and immune response, induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes, as well as its undesirable potential tumor-promoting activities. Understanding the molecular basis underlying these diverse biological actions of BHA is thus of great importance. Here we studied the pharmacokinetics, activation of signaling kinases and induction of phase II/III drug metabolizing enzymes/transporter gene expression by BHA in the mice. The peak plasma concentration of BHA achieved in our current study after oral administration of 200 mg/kg BHA was around $10\;{\mu}M$. This in vivo concentration might offer some insights for the many in vitro cell culture studies on signal transduction and induction of phase II genes using similar concentrations. The oral bioavailability (F) of BHA was about 43% in the mice. In the mouse liver, BHA induced the expression of phase II genes including NQO-1, HO-1, ${\gamma}-GCS$, GST-pi and UGT 1A6, as well as some of the phase III transporter genes, such as MRP1 and Slco1b2. In addition, BHA activated distinct mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), as well as p38, suggesting that the MAPK pathways may play an important role in early signaling events leading to the regulation of gene expression including phase II drug metabolizing and some phase III drug transporter genes. This is the first study to demonstrate the in vivo pharmacokinetics of BHA, the in vivo activation of MAPK signaling proteins, as well as the in vivo induction of Phase II/III drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters in the mouse livers.

• 한국환경생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생태학회 2003년도 추계학술논문발표회 논문집
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• pp.105-126
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• 2003

In Korea most of annual rainfall is concentrated in several episodic heavy rains during the season of summer monsoon and typhoon. Because of uneven rainfall distribution many dams have been constructed in order to secure water supply in dry seasons. The Han River system has the most dams among Korean rivers, and the river is a series of dams now. Reservoirs need different strategy of water quality control from river water. Autochthonous organic matter and phosphorus should be the major target to be controlled in lakes. In this Paper some problems are discussed that makes efforts of water quality improvement ineffective in lakes of Korea, even after the substantial investment to wastewater treatment facilities.1) Phosphorus is the key factor controlling eutrophication of lakes and the reduction ofphosphors should be the major target of water treatment. However, water quality management strategy in Korea is still stream-oriented, and focused on BOD removal from sewage. Phosphorus removal efficiency remains as low as 10-30%, because biological treatment is adopted for both secondary treatment and advanced treatment. The standard for TP concentration of the sewage treatment plant effluent is 6 mgP/l in most of regions, and 2 mg/l in enforced region near metropolitan water intake point. TP in the effluents of sewage treatment plants are usually 1-2 mg/1, and most of plants meet the effluent regulation without a further phosphorus removal process. The generous TP standard for effluents discourages further efforts to improve phosphorus removal efficiency of sewage treatment. Considering that TP standard for the effluent is below 0.1 mg/l in some countries, it should be amended to below 0.1 mg/l in Korea, especially in the watershed of large lakes.2) Urban runoff and combined sewer overflow are not treated, even though their total loading into lakes can be comparable to municipal sewage discharges on dry days. Chemical coagulation and rapid settling might be the solution to urban runoff in regard of intermittent operation on only rainy days.3) Aggregated precipitation in Korea that is concentrated on several episodic heavyrains per year causes a large amount of nonpoint source pollution loading into lakes. It makes the treatment of nonpoint source discharge by methods of other countries of even rain pattern, such as retention pond or artificial wetland, impractical in Korea.4) The application rate of fertilizers in Korea is ten times as high as the average ofOECD countries. The total manure discharge from animal farming is thought to be over the capacity of soil treatment in Korea. Even though large portion of manure is composted for organic fertilizer, a lot of nutrients and organic matter emanates from organic compost. The reduction of application rate and discharge rate of phosphorus from agricultural fields should be encouraged by incentives and regulations.5) There is a lot of vegetable fields with high slopes in the upstream region of the HanRiver. Soil erosion is severe due to high slopes, and fertilizer is discharged in the form of adsorbed phosphorus on clay surface. The reduction of soil erosion in the upland area should be the major preventive policy for eutrophication. Uplands of high slope must be recovered to forest, and eroded gullies should be reformed into grass-buffered natural streams which are wider and resistant to bank erosion.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1445-1453
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• 2013

사람의 피부는 자외선, 오염된 공기, 화학제품 등 환경에 끊임없이 노출된다. 특히 자외선은 피부에 다양한 형태로 영향을 주어 주름, 잔주름, 피부거침, 피부건조와 같은 현상을 발생시켜 피부노화를 유발시킨다. 미백효과를 확인하기 위하여 tyrosinase 저해활성을 측정한 결과 열수 추출물에서 49.4%, 에탄올 추출물에서 80.0%의 효과를 나타내어 열수 추출물에 비해 에탄올 추출물의 효과가 높게 나타났으며, 노간주나무 에탄올 추출물이 B16F10 흑세포종에 대하여 멜라닌 색소 생성 억제 및 tyrosinase, MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2의 억제 효과를 가지고 있는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과로 미루어 보아 열수 추출물보다 에탄올 추출물이 더 높은 효과를 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었으며, 노간주나무 추출물의 미백효과를 이용하여 기능성 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.276-285
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• 2020

Circadian rhythm is an endogenous oscillation of about 24-h period in many physiological processes and behaviors. This daily oscillation is maintained by the molecular clock machinery with transcriptional-translational feedback loops mediated by clock genes including Period2 (Per2) and Bmal1. Recently, it was revealed that gut microbiome exerts a significant impact on the circadian physiology and behavior of its host; however, the mechanism through which it regulates the molecular clock has remained elusive. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (4-OH-PPA) and 3-phenylpropionic acid (PPA) are major metabolites exclusively produced by Clostridium sporogenes and may function as unique chemical messengers communicating with its host. In the present study, we examined if two C. sporogenes-derived metabolites can modulate the oscillation of mammalian molecular clock. Interestingly, 4-OH-PPA and PPA increased the amplitude of both PER2 and Bmal1 oscillation in a dose-dependent manner following their administration immediately after the nadir or the peak of their rhythm. The phase of PER2 oscillation responded differently depending on the mode of administration of the metabolites. In addition, using an organotypic slice culture ex vivo, treatment with 4-OH-PPA increased the amplitude and lengthened the period of PER2 oscillation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and other tissues. In summary, two C. sporogenes-derived metabolites are involved in the regulation of circadian oscillation of Per2 and Bmal1 clock genes in the host's peripheral and central clock machineries.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.253-261
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• 2007

Molecular and cultivation techniques were used to characterize the bacterial communities of biobead reactor biofilms in a sewage treatment plant to which an Aerated Up-Flow Biobead process was applied. With this biobead process, the monthly average values of various chemical parameters in the effluent were generally kept under the regulation limits of the effluent quality of the sewage treatment plant during the operation period. Most probable number (MPN) analysis revealed that the population of denitrifying bacteria was abundant in the biobead #1 reactor, denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria coexisted in the biobead #2 reactor, and nitrifying bacteria prevailed over denitrifying bacteria in the biobead #3 reactor. The results of the MPN test suggested that the biobead #2 reactor was a transition zone leading to acclimated nitrifying biofilms in the biobead #3 reactor. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences cloned from biofilms showed that the biobead #1 reactor, which received a high organic loading rate, had much diverse microorganisms, whereas the biobead #2 and #3 reactors were dominated by the members of Proteobacteria. DGGE analysis with the ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene supported the observation from the MPN test that the biofilms of September were fully developed and specialized for nitrification in the biobead reactor #3. All of the DNA sequences of the amoA DGGE bands were very similar to the sequence of the amoA gene of Nitrosomonas species, the presence of which is typical in the biological aerated filters. The results of this study showed that organic and inorganic nutrients were efficiently removed by both denitrifying microbial populations in the anaerobic tank and heterotrophic and nitrifying bacterial biofilms well-formed in the three functional biobead reactors in the Aerated Up-Flow Biobead process.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2012

Wnt/${\beta}$-catenin 신호전달체계는 세포의 분화와 증식, 기관의 발생과 조절을 담당하는 중요한 세포내 신호전달체계이다. 발생과정에서 Wnt/${\beta}$-catenin 신호전달체계의 작용이 지방세포로의 분화를 억제하고 조골세포와 신경세포로의 분화는 촉진한다는 많은 연구들이 보고되어 있으며, 현재 Wnt/${\beta}$-catenin 신호전달체계의 조절을 통한 여러 질병의 치료와 예방에 대한 관심이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 세포를 기반으로 한 초고속 저분자 스크리닝 시스템을 이용하여 Wnt의 상승제인 silybin을 발굴하였다. silybin은 Wnt가 존재 않을 경우에는 ${\beta}$-catenin 단백질의 수준에 영향을 미치지 않지만 Wnt가 존재할 경우, mRNA 발현양의 변화 없이 세포질내의 ${\beta}$-catenin 단백질의 수준을 증가시킨다. 또한 silybin에 의해 증가된 ${\beta}$-catenin으로 인해 지방세포분화에 중요한 전사인자라고 알려진 PPAR-${\gamma}$와 C/EBP-${\alpha}$의 발현을 억제한다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 silybin이 세포질내 ${\beta}$-catenin 단백질의 수준을 증가시킴으로써 Wnt/${\beta}$-catenin 신호전달체계를 활성한다는 사실을 제시하였다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.386-393
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• 2010

In order to study disease resistance mechanisms in rice against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea, we screened fungal elicitor-responsive genes from rice suspension-cultured cells treated with fungal elicitors employing differential hybridization (DH). By DH screening, 31 distinct rice clones were isolated and a majority of them were full-length cDNAs encoding pathogenesisrelated (PR) genes. Sixteen of the 31 genes were upregulated at 4, 8, and 12 h following fungal elicitor treatment. To elucidate the effect of signal molecules and biotic elicitors on the regulation of rice defense genes, we further characterized the transcriptional expression patterns of representative isolated PR genes; OsGlu1, OsGlu2, OsTLP, OsRLK, and OsPR-10, following treatment with fungal elicitor, phytohormones, cycloheximide, and inhibitors of protein phosphorylation. Jasmonic acid (JA) induced transcriptional expression of OsGlu1, OsTLP, and OsRLK, but not of OsGlu2 and OsPR-10 at any of the tested time points. Salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid weakly induced the expression of OsTLP and OsRLK. SA showed an antagonistic effect with fungal elicitor and JA. Cycloheximide suppressed all these genes upon elicitor treatment, except for OsGlu2. Staurosporine only induced the expression of OsRLK. Application of calyculin A strongly induced OsRLK expression, but suppressed the expression of OsGlu2. Our study yielded a number of PR genes that play a role in defense mechanisms against the rice blast fungus, as well as contribute towards the elucidation of crosstalk between phytohormones and other modifications during defense signaling.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 울금의 주요 성분인 커큐민과 나노 마이셀링 기법을 적용한 신규 조성물인 염화 커큐민(NMC)의 트랜스타이레틴(TTR) 단백질 활성 부위에 대한 in silico 분자 결합 친화도를 비교 분석하였다. 우선 NMC신규 조성물의 결정학적 구조를 광학 및 전자현미경을 활용하여 관찰하였을 때, 나노 마이셀링 적용 NMC 결정은 일반 천일염에 비하여 색상 및 질감이 전체적으로 균일화 되었고, 천일염과 NMC성분이 강하게 일체화되어 기간이 상당히 경과 되더라도 쉽게 분리가 되지 않는 고기능성 안전성 구조물이 형성되었다. TTR단백질의 3차원 구조 활성 부위에 대한 in silico 분자 결합 친화도는 NMC가 일반 커큐민에 비하여 상대적으로 높은 결합 친화도를 나타나었고, pharmacophore 모델링 분석에서도 NMC가 일반 커큐민에 비하여 TTR 활성 부위에서 현저하게 pharmacophore 각도의 차이가 나타났었으며 패턴 또한 밀집된 특징을 나타내었다. 결론적으로, 나노 마이셀링 적용 NMC가 일반 커큐민에 비하여 상대적으로 우수하게 TTR 단백질의 활성 부위에 결합하는 것을 확인하였고, 이는 TTR 활성에 의해 유도되는 질병 조절 물질로의 적용 가능성이 있다고 판단된다. 결론적으로 일반 커큐민과 같은 생리 활성 효능 성분에 나노 마이셀링 기법을 적용하므로서 효율적인 결합 타깃 단백질 활발 조절 및 이러한 성분을 활용한 기능성 식품 산업에 나노 마이셀링 기법을 효율적으로 적용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2006

정수장 슬러지는 수 처리 역 세척 과정에서 발생되는데, 기계적인 방법 또는 자연건조방법으로 탈수된 후 주로 해양투기, 매립등의 방법으로 처리한다. 최근에는 런던협약에 의해 해양투기가 상당히 제약을 받고 있다. 탈수된 정수장 슬러지를 위생매립장의 복토재로서의 활용가능성을 파악하기 위하여 실내실험을 통하여 정수장슬러지의 물리 화학적 특성과 지반공학적 특성을 파악하였다. 슬러지의 지반공학적 특성을 향상시키기 위하여 슬러지에 일반토사를 혼합한 시료에 비중계실험, 액 소성한계실험 비중실험, 다짐실험. 일축압측 실험등을 실시하였다. 슬러지에 일반토사를 혼합한 혼합토는 정수장슬러지와 비교하여 최대건조단위증량은 증가하고, 최적함수비는 감소하였고, 최대압축응력과 마찰각을 증가한 반면 점착력은 감소하였다. 미국환경청의 복토재 기준을 확보하기 위해서 슬러지와 일반토사를 3:7로 혼합하여야 하며, 혼합토의 압축강도는 $3.6kg/cm^2$이다.