• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4441-4444
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• 2012

Background: Polymorphisms of the Taq I gene have been associated with prostate cancer risk. Methods:We applied a fixed-effects model to combine odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The Egger's test was carried out to evaluate potential publication bias. Results: A total of 10 case-control studies enrolling 1,141 prostate cancer patients and 1,685 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with the T allele, the OR for the C allele was 0.81 (0.70-0.94). The ORs for CT and CC+CT genotypes were 0.86 (0.74-1.01) and 0.84 (0.73-0.97) compared to wide type genotype (homozygote TT). Conclusions: The present meta-analysis suggests that the TF gene Taq I polymorphism may reduce the prostate cancer risk in Asian populations.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.20-27
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• 2003

Hazard Analysis is one of the basic tasks to ensure the safety of chemical plants. However, it is an arduous, tedious, time-consuming work and requires multidisciplinary knowledge and demands considerable cognitive load from the analysts. To overcome these problems, there have been attempts to automate this work by utilizing computer technology, particularly in the area of knowledge-based technique. There is two methods in the risk assessment of Chemical plant; quantitative and qualitative risk assessment. Both of them have been applied respectively, but if the integrated method of quantitative and qualitative risk assessments is used, all of the advantage of two methods can be applied. It is difficult to carry out integrated risk management of chemical plant. Therefore, automated integration system of risk management is necessary. We developed S/W Automated System for Hazard Screening & Analysis(ASCA) and applied to practical plant. By applying ASCA to case study, we can get the information about relative ranks of equipments, variable deviation, and consequence of potential accident. In this study, we applied ASCA to the H.T.U(Hydrotreating Unit) of the process to produce aromatic material. We could know relative ranks of equipments, variable deviation of malfunction in storage tank, D-101, and consequence of potential accident using ASCA. If integrated risk management in the chemical plant is applied, we can develop the emergency plan and prevent the accident.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.88-93
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• 2003

The Process Safety Management (PSM) by the Law of Industry, Safety and Health has been performed for preventing major accidents of chemical plants since 1996. In terms of preventing chemical accidents more precisely, it is essential to develop a tool for quantitative risk assessment. For this, KOSHA (Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency) developed an Integrated Risk Management System (IRMS). The system is designed to assimilate data on chemical plant hazards from external database, to integrate these data with location information(topographic and demographic), and to make them user-friendly accessible. The system consists of several main functions: display of five major Korean petrochemical complex layout display of equipment layout with its information utilizing the external database, zonation of the hazard effected area with consequence analyses, the most probable accident scenario generation, accident/incident database and calculation of frequency of accident using equipment reliability database, etc. The highlight of IRMS is to provide the risk contours using GIS(Geographical Information System) technology. IRMS is intended to manage hazardous installation more systematically and effectively, to reduce the number of accident remarkably, further minimizing production loss in the plant. The system is now under application to about 500 PSM sites as well as and emergency authorities in Korea by KOSHA (Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency)

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2010

This article describes a systematic roadmap master plan for advanced industrial safety and health policy in Korea, with an emphasis on. Since Korean industries had first emergence of industrial safety and health policy in 1953, enormous efforts have been made on upgrading the relevant laws in order to reflect real situation of industrial work environment in accordance with rapid changes of Korean and global business over three decades. Nevertheless, current policy has major defects; too much techniques-based articles, diverged contents in less organization, combined enforcement and punishments and finally enforcing regulations full of commands and control. These deficiencies have make it difficult to accommodate changes of social, industrial and employment environment in customized fashion. The approach to the solution must be generic at the level of paradigm-shift rather than local modifications and enhancement. The basic idea is to establish a new system integrated with a risk assessment scheme, which encourages employers to apply to their work environment under comprehensive responsibility. The risk assessment scheme is designed to enable to inspect employers' compliances afterwards. A project comprises four yearly phases based on applying zones; initially designating and operating a specified risk zone, gradually expanding the special zones during a period of 3 years (2010-2012) and the final zone expanded to entire nation. In each phase, the intermediate version of the system is updated through a process of precise and unbiased validation in terms of its operability, feasibility and sustainability with building relevant infrastructures as needed.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.15 no.1_2
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• pp.31-37
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• 2000

Acetanilide may be released into the environment through air and wastewater from its production and use sites and exposed to human. Acetanilide is known to produce an analgesic effect and may pose adverse effects on human health by overly exposure. According to the EUSES system, acetanilide showed a high MOS (Margin of safety) value exceeding 6$\times$10$^4$ on a regional exposure, which is safe enough for public health. Whereas the lowest MOS value in dermal exposure was estimated as 3$\times$10$^{-4}$ on a local basis (workplace), the risk could be partly counteracted by taking preventive measures such as using mask and globes and good ventilation in the work places. Acetanilide may pose a potential risk for workers by dust inhalation. For the sake of health protection in the work places, additional data should be accumulated with respect to repeated dose toxicity, reproduction toxicity and developmental toxicity, etc. It is, therefore, recommended that acetanilide should be a candidate for further work to supplement the lacking data until it is proved to be safe in the occupational health aspects.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2003

The emergency response modeling system CARIS has been developed at CCSM (Center for Chemical Safety Management), NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research) to track and predict dispersion of hazardous chemicals for the environmental decision support in case of accidents at chemical or petroleum companies in Korea. The main objective of CARIS is to support making decision by rapidly providing the key information on the efficient emergency response of hazardous chemical accidents for effective approaches to risk management. In particular, the integrated modeling system in CARIS consisting of a real-time numerical weather forecasting model and air pollution dispersion model is supplemented for the diffusion forecasts of hazardous chemicals, covering a wide range of scales and applications for atmospheric information. In this paper, we introduced the overview of components of CARIS and described the operational modeling system and its configurations of coupling/integration in CARIS. Some examples of the operational modeling system is presented and discussed for the real-time risk assessments of hazardous chemicals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.21 no.3 s.75
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• pp.31-37
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• 2006

To apply easily the K-RBI program in domestic industries, an implemental procedure for K-RBI program was prepared. The K-RBI program had been developed, based on API-581 BRD. Therefore, through the usage of the developed K-RBI program and the implemental procedure, industries would have a benefit from reduced costs by modifying a frequency of an inspection efficiently. Also, the reliability of facilities would be maximized through improvement of an inspection method for facilities, considering its risk.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.152-168
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• 2019

The element arsenic, which is abundant in the Earth's crust, is used for various industrial purposes including materials for disease treatment and household goods. Various human activities, such as the disposal of soil waste, metal mining and smelting, and combustion of fossil fuels, have caused the pollution of the environment with arsenic. Recently, guidelines for arsenic in rice have been adopted by the Korean ministry of food and drug safety to prevent health risks based on rice consumption. Because of the exposure to arsenic and its accumulation in the human body through various channels, such as air inhalation, skin contact, ingestion of drinking water, and food consumption, integrated multimedia risk assessment is required to adopt appropriate risk management policies. Therefore, integrated human health risk assessment was carried out in this study using integrated exposure assessment based on multimedia (e.g., air, water, and soil) and multi-route (e.g., oral, inhalation, and dermal) scenarios. The results show that oral uptake via drinking water is the most common pathway of arsenic into the human body, accounting for 57%-96% of the total arsenic exposure. Among various age groups, the highest exposures to arsenic were observed in infants because the body weight of infants is low and the surface areas of infant bodies are large. Based on the results of the exposure assessment, the cancer and non-cancer risks were calculated. The cancer risk for CTE and RME is in the range of 2.3E-05 to 6.7E-05 and thus is negligible because it does not exceed the cancer probability of 1.0E-04 for all age groups. On the other hand, the cancer risk for RME varies from 6.4E-05 to 1.8E-04 and from 1.3E-04 to 1.8E-04 for infants and preschool children, exceeding the excess cancer risk of 1.0E-04. The non-cancer risks range from 5.4E-02 to 1.9E-01 and from 1.5E-01 to 6.8E-01, respectively. They do not exceed the hazard index 1 for all scenarios and all ages.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.59-65
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• 2016

It is imperative to use suitable explosion proof equipments to prevent explosion in different gas facilities. There is no technical standard for the classification of hazardous areas though standard of explosion proof is regulated. In this study, we have adopted Industrial Standard KS to develop the methodology for the prediction of the explosion risk in the natural gas facility with low pressure using the important factors including hole size, hypothetical volume, validation of ventilation effectiveness. The applicability of the developed methodology was evaluated by the comparison with the data obtained from experiments of natural gas explosion.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2002

In Korea, 2,320 tonnes of acetanilide were mostly wed as intermediates for synthesis in phar-maceuticals or additives in synthesizing hydrogen peroxide, varnishes, polymers and rubber. Only small amount of 120 kg were wed as a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide solution for hair colouring agents in 1998. Readily available environmental or human exposure data do not exist in Korea at the present time. However, potential human exposures from drinking water, food, ambient water and in work places are expected to be negligible because this chemical is produced in the closed system in only one company in Korea and the processing factory is equipped with local ventilation and air filtering system. Acetanilide could be distributed mainly to water based on EQC model. This substance is readily biodegradable and its bioaccumulation is low. Acute toxicity of acetanilide is low since the L $D_{50}$ of oral exposure in rats is 1,959 mg/kg bw. The chemical is not irritating to skin, but slightly irritating to the eyes of rabbits. horn repeated dose toxicity, the adverse effects in rats were red pulp hyperplasia of spleen, bone marrow hyperplasia of femur and decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The LOAEL for repeated dose toxicity in rats was 22 mg/kg/day for both sexes. Acetanilide is not considered to be genotoxic. In a reproductive/developmental toxicity study, no treatment-related changes in precoital time and rate of copulation, impregnation, pregnancy were shown in all treated groups. The NOAELs for reproduction and developmental toxicity (off-spring toxicity) are considered to be 200 mg/kg bw/day and 67 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Ecotoxicity data has been generated in a limited number of aquatic species of algae (72 hr- $E_{b}$ $C_{50}$; 13.5 mg/l), daphnid (48hr-E $C_{50}$ > 100 mg/l) and fish (Oryzias latipes, 96hr-L $C_{50}$; 100 mg/l). Form the acute toxicity values, the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) of 0.135 mg/1 was derived win an assessment factor of 100. On the basis of these data, acetanilide was suggested as currently of low priority for further post-SIDS work in OECD.in OECD.D.