• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.236-243
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• 1994

A splenocyte culture system supplemented with liver microsomes was developed to detect immunotoxic chemicals which require metabolic activation using cyclophosphamide as a positive standard. When liver microsomes were added to splenocyte cultures isolated from female B6C3Fl mice, the proliferation of splenocytes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was increased and the proliferation by concanavalin A (Con A) was decreased. However, when compared with each corresponding control, cyclophophamide was successfully activated to metabolites capable of suppressing Iymphoproliferative responses. This suppression was clearly dependent upon the amounts of microsomes added and/or the concentration of cyclophosphamide exposed. In these cultures, the proliferation of splenocytes was suppressed when the cells were exposed to cyclophosphamide on the day of culture initiation. On the other hand, microsome was responsible for the increase in LPS mitogenicity and NADPH was responsible for the decrease in Con A mitogenicity. Finally, our present culture system was compared with the hepatocyte-splenocyte coculture system which we had developed earlier. We found that the hepatocyte-splenocyte coculture was better able to activate cyclophosphamide to metabolites capable of suppressing the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. Although our present culture system was relatively poor to activate cyclophosphamide in cultures for antibody response, it will be useful as a simple screening method to detect suppression of certain in vitro immunotoxic parameters like LPS mitogenicity by chemicals which require metabolism.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.3106-3111
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• 2010

In this study, a comparative study was performed between one- and two-stage refrigeration system to cool the natural gas temperature down to $-40^{\circ}C$ using propane as a chilling medium. As a thermodynamic model, Peng-Robinson equation of state equation was applied and PRO/II with PROVISION release 8.3 at Invensys company was utilized for the simulation of the refrigeration system. Through this study, optimization work showed that two-stage refrigeration system was proven to save about 33.5% refrigeration power consumption compared to the one-stage refrigeration cycle.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2007

For the moderns who spend more than 80% of the time inside a building, interior environment became important since it directly affects their health. Recently as noxiousness of the air contaminants of the interior space stood out as well as the above trend, the Ministry of Environment enacted a lawto maintain the interior air quality at certain level of standard in the multi use facility and newly constructed apartment. To make the indoor air clean, removal technology of various contaminants should be developed and interior materials with chemical treatment should be restrained. In other words, selection of interior finish affects indoor air quality from the initial design stage to the construction stage. However, only limited contaminants emission data of building materials are supplied by related companies. There is no average contaminants emission data for overall materials. Moreover, high cost and equipments for one time measurement of VOCs emission of interior finish are the obstacles of active research and data measurement. Therefore, this paper searched the current condition of average VOCs & HCHO emission of various interior finish based on the study requested to research center from the building material company through Stands Test Method for Indoor Air Quality.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.98-106
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• 2004

Tomatoes and tomato products are the major source of lycopene in the diet. The bioavailability of lycopene is different in raw tomatoes compared to processed tomato products. This is due to the chemical and physical properties of the different lycopene isomers. All-trans-lycopene is found in raw tomatoes and is a poor bioavailable source, whereas, processed tomato products are more bioavailable because they contain more cis-isomers. Heat and mechanical processing of tomatoes induces rupture of the cell walls, thereby releasing lycopene from its food matrix. Heat processing also induces cis-trans isomerization and disrupts protein-carotenoid complexes. Many dietary components also impact lycopene bioavailability, like the amount and type of fat present with the intake and processing of tomato products, the amount and type of fiber present, and the interaction between carotenoids. Fundamentally, anything that enhances formation and incorporation of lycopene in bile acid micelles increases bioavailability, and the opposite is true in that anything that interferes with micelle formation decreases bioavailability.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.33-44
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• 2015

Purpose - This study examined the Italian eyeglass industry and the status of the franchise market. Luxottica's global growth strategy was analyzed to provide insight into the strategy and development of the Italian eyeglass industry and its franchise business. Research design, data, methodology - Luxottica's annual report, public media material, and website were examined, in addition to data from professional institutions. For the domestic eyeglass industry and franchise business, data from professional organizations, franchise information disclosure documents of the Fair Trading Commission, media materials, and related papers were investigated. Results - The success factor turned out to be securing a global wholesaler with retailers in overseas markets. This successful strategy was based on the strong entrepreneurial spirit of the founder, innovative craftsmanship, and an excellent corporate culture including corporate social responsibility (CSR). Conclusions - Considering the current environment, for Luxottica to be a leading global company, it had to review and adopt a successful vertical integration strategy, from R&D to distribution, M&A of overseas wholesalers and retailers, creative design and technical development, and sustainable cultural development

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.769-780
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study is to conduct a survey of dimethylformamide(DMF) content in polyurethane(PU)-based consumer products and provide the information for the PU manufacturer and company to prepare a countermeasure for improving the quality competitiveness. Methods: This study selected PU-based consumer products(toddler shoes, children's bag, children's play mat, safety gloves), which is closely used in everyday life, and analyzed the residual DMF content in the consumer products. Results: In this study, it was confirmed that the average DMF content of toddler shoes, children's bag, children's play mat and safety gloves are 38 ppm, 119 ppm, 396 ppm and 826 ppm, respectively. In addition, most of the samples were found to meet the internationally accepted standard of 1,000 ppm and the DMF contents were reduced from at least 63 % to 85 % with a single washing process. Conclusion: The domestic PU manufacturers should seek ways to reduce the DMF through their production facility applications and introducing new materials such as water-soluble PU, and preparing the process development for their quality competitiveness.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.196-200
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• 2012

Role of metabolism by intestinal bacteria in arbutin-induced immunotoxicity was investigated in splenocyte cultures. Following an incubation of arbutin with 5 different intestinal bacteria for 24 hr, its aglycone hydroquinone could be produced and detected in the bacterial culture media with different amounts. Toxic effects of activated arbutin by intestinal bacteria on lymphoproliferative response were tested in splenocyte cultures from normal mice. Lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin A were used as mitogens for B- and T-cells, respectively. When bacteria cultured medium with arbutin was treated into the splenocytes for 3 days, the medium cultured with bacteria producing large amounts of hydroquinone induced suppression of lymphoproliferative responses, indicating that metabolic activation by intestinal bacteria might be required in arbutin-induced toxicity. The results indicated that the present testing system might be applied for determining the possible role of metabolism by intestinal bacteria in certain chemical-induced immunotoxicity in animal cell cultures.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2009

Data exclusivity is one of the most important intellectual property rights of pharmaceuticals. During data exclusivity period, third parties are prohibited from relying on the data which the original company has submitted to regulatory authority for drug application. I investigated data exclusivity systems for pharmaceuticals in the US, EU, Canada and Korea. New chemical entities were usually given the longest periods of data exclusivity compared to drugs with new indication or new formulation, although the protection periods varied by country. For new drugs to be entitled to a data exclusivity, strict conditions should be met. Data exclusivity has also been provided as an incentive to promote clinical investigation and drug development for pediatric population or orphan diseases. In Korea, data exclusivity was adopted in 1995 as an additive provision to "drug re-examination" which is to investigate post-marketing safety information of new drugs. It was introduced with few discussion on the purposes or effects of data exclusivity on pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical market in this country. I found that Korea's data exclusivity system falls short of considerations on valuing innovation of pharmaceutical research. It is necessary to improve data exclusivity system in order to promote innovative pharmaceutical development and to balance intellectual property rights protection and access to drugs in this country.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.51-81
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• 2008

In this paper, economic performance was measured through portfolio analysis for environmentally friendly companies from September 2004 to September 2005. By using portfolio analysis, rate of revenue for environmentally friendly company is twelve to seven teen percent higher than the KOSPI, and KOSPI200 based companies. Except medical and pharmatical industry, environmentally friendly companies had shown low risk and high returns of revenue for banking and financing, chemical and electronic industry. As SRI fund is emerging as a important guideline in recent years, valuation of a cooperate will be very important tool for the financing business area in the future.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.66-74
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• 2020

In this paper, the author's team has carried out a comparative experimental study on the corrosion characteristics of Q235 steel commonly used in large-scale storage tanks under the specific bottom water environment found with Russian and Daqing crude oil. It was found that there is a certain degree of uniform or local corrosion on the tank floor depending on the kind of bottom water. The bottom water corrosion of Daqing crude oil is a uniform corrosion caused by carbon dioxide. While the Russian crude oil bottom water corrosion is clearly local corrosion caused by co-corrosion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, here the corrosion rate is obviously higher than that caused by Daqing crude oil. There are two modes of storage tank inspection and maintenance that have been currently adopted by Chinese refining and chemical enterprises: a regular inspection mode and a API581-2016 risk-based detection mode. These modes have been effectively combined to form an intelligent tank inspection and maintenance mode, software tools to support this intelligent inspection and maintenance management have been developed.