• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.1077-1085
• /
• 1997

This study was carried out to elucidate the utilization of the fusant for shortening the ripening time by making an observation of the microstructure and the profile of component change. In ripening cheese, moisture content of the sample treated with tested strain is not a remarkable difference among the test samples. With an increase of the ripening time, L. helveticus showed the highest increase in protein content, followed by fusant, and then L. bulgaricus. The fat content of all starters was gradually decreased while it was it was rapidly decreased after 7 days. The pH of all starters was gradually decreased when the ripening time increased. The titratable acidity was greatly increased between a 9th day and a 15th day ripening. In investigating the light microscopic microstructure of ripened cheese samples, the sample treated with fusant indicated little difference from the other starters in decomposition of protein and fat components by microbial enzymes. In SEM observation, the structure of all cheese samples was uniform and the rough texture was converted into smooth texture by the interaction of cheese components and the abscission of single bond in casein matrix when the ripening time is increased. The fusant showed similar results in the examination of component change and its microstructure compared with the other starters. Therefore, it was revealed that the fusant can be partially used as a cheese starter instead of conventional starters by replacing them or combining them together with the other starters for shortening the ripening time.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.65-73
• /
• 2011

Cheese is a nutritious food with various balanced nutrients, such as proteins, peptides, amino acids, fats, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Domestic cheese varieties and quality need to be improved to prevent imported cheese. To develop those cheeses, search for previous works and research for new products are needed. In cheese ripening of hard cheese, such as Cheddar or Parmesan cheese, is ripened for 2 to 24 months at 2 to 16$^{\circ}C$ to develop desired cheese flavor and body characteristics. Long time with low temperature to ripen the cheese requires high expenses. So accelerated cheese ripening is a good potential for saving in industry. Methods for acceleration of cheese ripening are temperature control, addition of bacteria or enzymes. To develop the functionality of cheese, addition of microencapsulated various probiotics and nutrients, such as iron, removal of cholesterol by crosslinked ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin, lowering blood cholesterol and serum glucose by nanopowdered functional materials et al. are necessary. Therefore, this review focused on the functionality of cheese, such as the acceleration of cheese ripening, microencapsulated probiotics and iron, and cholesterol removal.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.57-60
• /
• 2008

During cheese ripening, the textural properties of cheese undergo significant changes from short, grainy, irregular to smooth, homogeneous and connected (well-net) structure. To make this change, many biochemical reactions occur during ripening and there have been tremendous researches in this topic for decades. In this review, several key parameters, such as cheese composition (especially cheese moisture and cheese pH), proteolytic activity and changes in Ca equilibrium will be discussed to understand the development of cheese texture during ripening.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.125-131
• /
• 2018

The present study aimed to investigate the microbial diversity in Gouda cheese within the four months of ripening, via next-generation sequencing (NGS). Lactococcus (96.03%), and Leuconostoc (3.83%), used as starter cultures, constituted the majority of bacteria upon 454 pyrosequencing based on 16S rDNA sequences. However, no drastic differences were observed among other populations between the center and the surface portions of Gouda cheese during ripening. Although the proportion of subdominant species was <1%, slight differences in bacterial populations were observed in both the center and the surface portions. Taken together, our results suggest that environmental and processing variables of cheese manufacturing including pasteurization, starter, ripening conditions are important factors influencing the bacterial diversity in cheese and they can be used to alter nutrient profiles and metabolism and the flavor during ripening.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2012

Molds cause severe cheese deterioration, even though some white and blue molds are used for the manufacture of Camembert and Blue cheese, respectively. The species of Geotrichum, Moniliella, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Fusarium, Phoma, and Cladosporium are the main fungi that affect contamination during cheese ripening. Once deteriorated by fungal spoilage, cheese becomes toxic and inedible. Fungal deterioration of cheese decreases the nutritional value, flavor profiles, physicochemical and organoleptic properties, and increases toxicity and infectious disease. Fungal contamination during cheese ripening is highly damaging to cheese production in Korean farmstead milk processing companies. Therefore, these companies hesitate to develop natural and ripened cheese varieties. This article discusses the recent and ongoing developments in the removal techniques of fungal contamination during cheese ripening. There are 2 categories of antifungal agents: chemical and natural. Major chemical agents are preservatives (propionic acid, sodium propionate, and calcium propionate) and ethanol. Among the natural agents, grapefruit seed extract, phytoncide, essential oils, and garlic have been investigated as natural antifungal agents. Additionally, some studies have shown that antibiotics such as natamycin and Delvocid$^{(R)}$, have antifungal activities for cheese contaminated with fungi. Microbial resources such as probiotic lactic acid bacteria, Propionibacterium, lactic acid bacteria from Kimchi, and bacteriocin are well known as antifungal agents. In addition, ozonization treatment has been reported to inhibit the growth activity of cheese-contaminating fungi.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.195-200
• /
• 2013

The ripening of cheese allows for the development of characteristic taste and flavour, nutritional substances, bio-active components and texture, helping to improve quality. Many different microbiological, biochemical and nutritional changes occur during the process depending on the quality of raw milk, added cultures and enzymes, as well as specific processing and ripening conditions. During the ripening lactose is hydrolyzed to lactic, propionic and acetic acid, helping to reduce potential effects of the problem of lactose intolerance. Fat is hydrolyzed to butyric, propionic and conjugated linoleic acid, which function as bio-active substances. Protein is hydrolyzed to different peptides and amino acids which all show various bio-activities. However, errors of cheese ripening can happen and affect the quality of the product. To guarantee good quality cheese the process needs to be managed carefully with the right microbes used and ensuring cleanliness of processing facilities, staff, ventilation and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP). Research into and controlling of ripening technology is crucial for producing high quality cheeses.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.85-92
• /
• 2017

Four different types of cheeses were measure detailed changes in the mineral concentrations of cheese-serum during ripening. Concentrations of minerals in cheese juice were measured. The pH value using the low pH method (LPM) cheese was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of other cheeses. Similarly the total Ca, S, Mg, and P contents of LPM cheese were significantly lower in than those of other cheeses. Ca, S, Mg, and P remained in colloidal form, while other minerals were mostly in soluble forms after 1 day. The minerals associated with the structure of cheese (i.e., casein or colloidal calcium phosphate) remained largely insoluble even after 1 month of ripening.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.72-84
• /
• 1994

치즈의 숙성 전과정을 잘 설명하여 줄 수 있는 수학식을 만들었다. X(0)와 $e_2$(0) 및 $k_1$값들을 증가시킴으로써 숙성과정을 촉진시킬 수 있었고 낮은 $k_2$값과 높은 $a_2$값을 가지는 신 균주의 탐색도 필요도하다는 것을 알았다. 그러나, 치즈 숙성과정 중 나쁜 치즈맛의 생산을 피하기 위하여서는 낮은 단백질 분해요소 활동도를 갖는 균주가 절대적으로 필요하다. 따라서 이 제안된 수학적 모델식은 치즈덩어리 내에서 일어나는 효소반응들을 잘 묘사하고 있으며, 궁극적으로는 값싸고 질 좋은 치즈를 생산하는데 유용할 것이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.337-342
• /
• 1990

P. caseicolum V.B.와 복합유산균을 사용하여 제조한 Camembert cheese를 45일간 숙성시키면서 카제인 변화와 그에 따른 기호성을 조사하였다. 숙성과정 중 수용성 질소, 비카제인태 질소, 비단백태 질소량은 증가하였다. pH 4.6-insoluble casein의 전기영동 결과 숙성 10일에는 4개의 band에서 45일에 12개의 band로 분리되었는데 ${\alpha}_{s1}-casein$은 숙성 17일에 완전히 분해되었으며, ${\beta}-casein$도 숙성 45일 동안 거의 대부분이 분해되었다. 또한 pH 4.6-soluble casein fragments의 gel filtration에서 숙성 10일에는 3개의 fraction, 24일까지는 4개의 fraction이 나타났고 31일부터는 5개의 fraction으로 분별되었다. 관능검사 결과 숙성 31일된 Camembert cheese의 기호성이 제일 높았으며, 숙성이 진행됨에 따라 hardness는 감소하였고 관능적 기호성과는 0.1%의 유의수준으로 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.201-211
• /
• 1989

Mucor rennet의 이용(利用) 가능성(可能性)을 타진(打診)하기 위하여 Blue cheese를 제조(製造)하고 그 각종(各種) 질소화합물(窒素化合物)의 특성(特性)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. Blue cheese의 수율(收率)은 calf rennet과 Mucor rennet간(間)에는 큰 차이(差異)가 없었다. 2. 숙성과정중(熟成過程中) cheese의 고형분(固形分) 함량(含量)은 증가(增加)하였고 첨가비율(添加比率)에 따른 차이(差異)는 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 3. water soluble nitrogen은 숙성(熟成)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 증가(增加)하였으며 숙성초일(熟成初日)부터 calf rennet에 비(比)하여 Mucor rennet 편이 높았고 숙성(熟成) 40일(日)부터는 혼합(混合)rennet이 calf rennet보다 낮았다. 4. non protein nitrogen, peptone amino nitrogen, water soluble protein nitrogen, proteose nitrogen, peptone nitrogen 및 숙성율등(熟成率等)도 water soluble nitrogen과 동등(同等)한 변화(變化)를 보였다. 5. Mucor rennet으로 제조(製造)한 Blue cheese casein을 전기영동(電氣泳動)한 결과(結果) as-casein과 ${\beta}$-casein의 분해도(分解度)가 높았으나 calf rennet로 제조(製造)한 Blue cheese의 as-casein과 ${\beta}$-casein의 분해도(分解度)는 비교적 낮았고 숙성(熟成) 60일(日)에는 Mucor rennet 처리구(處理區)의 casein은 다소 잔존(殘存)함을 알 수 있었다. 6. Blue cheese를 60일간(日間) 숙성(熟成)시켰을때 유리(遊離)아미노산(酸) 함량(含量)은 Mucor rennet으로 제조(製造)한 cheese보다 전(全) 숙성기간(熟成期間)동안 많았다.