• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2014

In order to investigate the impact of recycling agricultural wastes as feed for mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), we evaluated the replacing effect by the different level of tangerine shell, Chinese cabbage, king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) and Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) substrates on wheat bran feed. Larval survival rate, larval weight, developmental period of larva, pupation rate and pupal weight were evaluated. In tangerine shell and Chinese cabbage replacement group, no replacing effects found. In all groups replacing by spent King oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) substrate, survival rate of larva was similar to that of control group but larvae weighed less than control group significantly. Developmental period of larva increases in the group of King oyster mushroom substrate replacement. Larval and pupal weight in Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) substrate by the level of 40 and 50%, replacement effect showed best results in successive breeding considering pupation rate. It is concluded that replacing 40 and 50% of Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) substrate is appropriate to substituted diet of Tenebrio molitor larvae.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2017

The egg development and early life history of Korean endemic fish, Squalidus multimaculatus (Gobioninae), were investigated. The eggs from the females were obtained by injecting 10 IU/g of human chorionic gonadotropin and inseminated by wet method in the laboratory. The fertilized eggs were 0.8~0.9 mm in diameter and had no oil globules. The embryo began to hatch about 65 hrs after fertilization under water temperature of $24{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The newly-hatched larvae were 2.5~3.1 mm in total length, and their mouth and anus were not opened. Four days after hatching, the postlarva were 4.0~4.2 mm in total length, and their york sacs were completely absorbed. They entered the juvenile stage when all fin-rays were formed at 30 days after hatching, and their total length were 11.2~15.7 mm. At 45 days after hatching, the external from of juveniles were similar to those of adults (total length were 18.8~22.5 mm), and 80 days after hatching, the external characteristics from of juveniles were same to adults (total length were 25.7~35.9 mm).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.469-477
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• 2012

Ostrinia larvae feed the pods and stem of red bean and seriously damage the bean production from farmers. In this study we investigated biological and developmental characteristics including field collection, host feeding preference, artificial rearing diet, morphological and molecular taxonomical identification, and pheromone analysis for an Ostrinia sp. in Korea. The male adults have massive tibia in the middle legs and 3-lobed uncus in the genitalia. The partial nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and II (COII) were not corresponded to those DNA sequences from other Ostrinia species reported previously in Japan and China. Host plants for this species are also different from the previous species reported. In the gas chromatography (GC) analyses, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate was not detected from the pheromone gland of our species while the component as a sex pheromone was found in O. zaguliaevi and O. zealis, With taken results, we conclude this Ostrinia species in Korea is Ostrinia scapulalis or closely related species. When larvae collected in a fall were incubated in the outdoor condition, they emerged to adult between June and July in the next year. The result indicates that the winter diapause could be started in late larval stage. In addition, we developed a semi-synthetic artificial diet adopted for mass rearing of the O. scapulalis in laboratory.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2009

For biological control of larva of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Naranga aenescens do considerable damage to crops by folding and scraping the leaf tissue of rice, a large number of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates have been obtained from soil samples in Korea and the pesticidal activity was assayed against two insect pest species described above. Among 53 Bt isolates tested in bioassay, 18 and 13 isolates showed over 90% mortality against C. medinalis and N. aenescens, respectively. Some isolates (11 isolates including CAB141) presented dual activity against C. medinalis and N. aenescens. These isolates showed over 96% control effect in pest control in laboratory against larvae of C. medinalis. Also, it was investigated that pupation, pupal length, and adult emergence of larvae exposed to Bt suspension decreased. Especially, the pupal length of C. medinalis after being fed corn seedling leaves treated Bt suspension for 10 days, were much smaller than that of control.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1633-1641
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• 2016

Leptalina unicolor is a hesperiid butterfly with a restricted distribution in Korea, Japan, China, and Russia. Recently, the number of individuals is rapidly decreased in their natural habitat. This skipper has been classified as an endangered species in the 'Red Data Book', and according to an IUCN report, is under threat of extinction. Therefore, the conservation and restoration of this species both locally and globally are urgently needed. A population of L. unicolor was found in an unknown habitat in Jaeyaksan, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea in 2011, and these individuals were used in the present study. Here, the life cycle, characteristics of each instar larva and breeding information were determined by breeding L. unicolor in the laboratory from 2012 to 2015. The results indicated that L. unicolor occurs twice a year and over-winter as a fifth instar larva. A spring-form female individual laid $17.25{\pm}5.52eggs$, and summer form laid $29.00{\pm}5.86eggs$; it takes $53.79{\pm}0.73days$ for L. unicolor to develop from eggs to adults. After spawning, the eggs developed in $6.16{\pm}0.18days$, and larvae developed in $33.71{\pm}0.58days$; the pre-pupal stage to emergence required $14.22{\pm}0.31days$. Based on these results, we presented effective breeding information for the restoration and proliferation of the species. Several candidate plants species have been reported in the literature as a food source for L. unicolor, but we found that the preferred diet this butterfly was Miscanthus sinensis. The larvae could move easily when their preferred diet was planted in ${\geq}80%$ the cage floor area Year-round breeding was achieved by placing overwintering individuals in low temperatures in autumn. To our knowledge, this is the first study to the biology of L. unicolor in Korea, and the results of this study could be used as preliminary information for the conservation and restoration of this species in its natural habitat.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2013

Egg development and early life history of the endangered species, Gobiobotia naktongensis were investigated to provide basic information regarding biological characteristics and restoration. Eggs were obtained from the females with Ovaprim (0.5 mL/kg) injecting and then fertilized using the dry method in the laboratory. Number of spawned eggs were $1,015{\pm}199$. Spawned eggs were strongly adhesive, opaque and grayish and measured $0.74{\pm}0.08mm$ (mean${\pm}$SD) in diameter. Fertilized egg size continuously increase until $2.94{\pm}0.10mm$ for 9 h 30 min at $23^{\circ}C$. Fertilized eggs hatched 26 h after fertilization, and newly hatched larvae an average were $3.4{\pm}0.07mm$(TL). The yolk sacs of the larvae were of most absorbed of 3 days after hatching and $4.4{\pm}0.1mm$ (TL). About at 13 days after hatching, they became to juvenile stage and reached $16.8{\pm}0.50mm$ (TL). At 80 days after hatching, the band patterns and external form of juveniles were similar to those of adults, and they averaged $27.7{\pm}2.32mm$(TL).

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 2013

Egg development and early life history of the Korean spine loach, Iksookimia pumila was investigated to provide basic information regarding biological characteristics and restoration. Adult fish were sampled using spoon net in the Baek Stream, Sangseo-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, 7 July 2010. Eggs and sperms were obtained from the females and male with Ovaprim injecting (0.5 mL/kg) and then fertilized using the dry method in the laboratory. Number of spawned eggs were 1,107 (352~1,440). Spawned eggs were slightly adhesive, light yellowish coloring and measured $1.3{\pm}0.04$ mm (mean${\pm}$SD) in diameter. Spawned eggs hatched out 52 (47~55) hours after fertilization at water temperature of $23^{\circ}C$, and newly hatched larvae an average were $4.7{\pm}0.14$ mm in total length. At 5 days after hatching, larvae averaged $7.1{\pm}0.20$ mm in total length and their yolk sacs had been completely absorbed. Beginning at 17 days after hatching, fish entered the juvenile stage and reached $11.0{\pm}0.50$ mm in total length. At 100 days after hatching, the band patterns and external form of juvenile fish were similar to those of adults, and they averaged $31.3{\pm}3.98$ mm in total length.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.184-190
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• 1998

The early life history of black bullhead, Pseudobagrus koreanus, endemic to Korea was investigated to get biological information needed in artificial production of seedlings and in recovering natural resources. The fertilized eggs showed some characteristics in having heavy sticky material and minute folds which is formed radical pattern on the egg membrane. The shape of egg was spherical and $2.59{\pm}0.08$(2.45~2.70, n=10)mm in diameter. The yolk had not oil globule. The first cleavage was observed 2 hrs after insemination at $21{\sim}23^{\circ}C$, and the progressive cleavage were done about 30 min. interval. The characteristic changing of the yolk surface started at morula stage and continued to the end of gastrula. Hatching was started 72 hrs and completed 90 hrs after fertilization. The size of the larvae were 5.41~5.81mm in total length and 2.76~2.94mm in preanal length, and the number of so mites was 15-16+33~34(48~50). The barbels and swimbladder were completed and all the fins except second dorsal were appeared 1 week after hatching. The larvae attained 9.67~10.52mm in total length and 5.20~5.65mm in preanal length. All the fin sets and color pattern were completed 2 weeks after hatching and body mucus was secreted at that stage. The juvenile attained 14.59~16.02mm in standard length, 3.31~4.16mm in head length and 8.07~9.31mm in prenal length.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2012

Egg development and early life history of the slender shinner, $Pseudopungtungia$ $tenuicorpa$ were investigated to provide basic information regarding biological characteristics and restoration in 2010. Eggs were obtained by injecting females with Ovaprim and then fertilized using the dry method in the laboratory. Matured eggs were strongly adhesive, opaque and grayish and measured $1.96{\pm}0.08mm$(mean${\pm}$SD) in diameter. Fertilized eggs hatched 240 h after fertilization at $23^{\circ}C$, and newly hatched larvae an average $8.6{\pm}0.25mm$ in total length. At 2 days after hatching, larvae averaged $9.0{\pm}0.37mm$ in total length and their yolk sacs had been completely absorbed. About at 10 days after hatching, they beacme to juvenile stage and reached $10.6{\pm}0.44mm$ in total length. At 70 days after hatching, the band patterns and external form of juveniles were similar to those of adults, and they averaged $36.0{\pm}2.13mm$ in total length.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.531-536
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• 2013

Morphological characteristics of Mesocestoides lineatus tetrathyridia collected from Chinese snakes and their adults recovered from experimental animals were studied. The tetrathyridia were detected mainly in the mesentery of 2 snake species, Agkistrodon saxatilis (25%) and Elaphe schrenckii (20%). They were 1.73 by 1.02 mm in average size and had an invaginated scolex with 4 suckers. Adult tapeworms were recovered from 2 hamsters and 1 dog, which were orally infected with 5-10 larvae each. Adults from hamsters were about 32 cm long and those from a dog were about 58 cm long. The scolex was 0.56 mm in average width with 4 suckers of 0.17 by 0.15 mm in average size. Mature proglottids measured 0.29 by 0.91 mm (av.). Ovaries and vitellaria bilobed and located in the posterior portion of proglottids. The cirrus sac was oval-shaped and located median. Testes were follicular, distributed in both lateral fields of proglottids, and 41-52 in number per proglottid. Gravid proglottids were 1.84 by 1.39 mm (av.) with a characteristic paruterine organ. Eggs were 35 by $27{\mu}m$ in average size with a hexacanth embryo. These morphological characteristics of adult worms were identical with those of M. lineatus reported previously. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the tetrathyridia detected in 2 species of Chinese snakes are the metacestodes of M. lineatus, and 2 snake species, A. saxatilis and E. schrenckii, play the role of intermediate hosts.