• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.70
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• pp.175-206
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• 2022

In this study, a mixed research method that collects and analyzes qualitative and quantitative data together was used to broaden the understanding of young children's faith. First of all, the contents of interviews with 18 research participants were divided into categories, and the frequency of each category was calculated. From 75 statements made in the interview, the importance of each was evaluated with a 5-point Likert scale. The means and standard deviations of the evaluation score were calculated, and sub-factors were identified through exploratory factor analysis. The frequency of categories mentioned in the qualitative interview was in the following order: faith manifested in difficulties, religious activities, Christian education at home, Christian education in the church, love and faith in God, and the formation of a Christian worldview (identity). The statement on the perception of God, theological concepts, religious activities, and Christian education at home and in the church received high scores. On the other hand, statements on developmentally difficult or abstract content, value judgment or conflict resolution based on the Word, and evangelism showed low scores. The sub-factors extracted through factor analysis were faith education through home and church, awareness of God and religious activities, identity based on the gospel, character based on the gospel, and overcoming a crisis through faith. In conclusion, the results of each of the mixed methods of looking at young children's faith were very similar-relationships with God, religious activities, Christian worldview (identity), Christian education at home and church were highlighted, even though various methods were used. This study is meaningful in that it suggests what and how to teach in early childhood Christian education.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.395-405
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• 2010

This study was carried out to offer basic data to minimize the indiscreet development and damage of coastal wetlands through an evaluation from an ecological standpoint highlighting the importance of the coastal wetland in South Gyeongsang Province, Korea. The result of the macrobenthos survey for the coastal wetland assessment showed that Dongdal and Hwasan-ri, Yongnam-myeon, and Tongyeong city had the largest species number; Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, and Geoje city had the largest population and biomass; and Miryong-ri, Samsan-myeon, Goseong-gun had the highest species diversity. In the halophytes survey, Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, Geoje city had the large character species and companion species. The evaluation results of the ecological values of the coastal wetlands were categorized into five grades based on the field surveys, and the sedimentary environment factor in the case of Danghang-ri, Hoehwa-myeon, and Goseong-gun; Miryong-ri, Samsan-myeon, Goseong-gun; Guho-ri, Gonyang-myeon, Sacheon city; Sulsang-ri Yangpo-ri, Jingyo-myeon, Hadong-gun; and Seokpyeong-ri, Idong-myeon, Namhae-gun, were appraised at the highest rating of grade II. The halophytes factor in the case of Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city, Dongdal-ri and Hwasan-ri, Yongnam-myeon, Tongyeong city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, Geoje city, were highly evaluated as grade II. The macrobenthos factor in the case of Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, Geoje city was highly evaluated as grade II. The final evaluation grade was calculated by the mean values of three evaluation factors, and Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, and Geoje city had the highest rating of II. On the other hand, Seokpyeong-ri, Idong-myeon, Namhae-gun had the lowest rating of IV. These locations will require future research to survey and monitor the coastal wetland ecosystems by season, in addition to the construction of the GIS-based wetland information system with a view to manage the coastal wetlands.

• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2018

Y zeolites with different extra-framework cations, such as $Na^+$, $N^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Cu^{2+}$, with different charge and ionic radius have been investigated to greatly enhance a working capacity (W) of $CO_2$ adsorption at $25^{\circ}C$ and a $CO_2/CO$ selectivity factor (S). A sample of NaY with a very small amount of 0.012% $Ca^{2+}$ was fully reversible for seven times repeated $CO_2$ adsorption/desorption cycles, thereby forming no surface carbonates unlikely earlier reports. Although at pressures above 4 bar, 2.00% CaY, 1.60% CuY and 1.87% LiY all showed a $CO_2$ adsorption very similar to that measured for NaY, they gave a significant decrease in the adsorption at lower pressures, depending on the metal ion. At 0.5 ~ 2.5 bar, the extent of $CO_2$ adsorption was in the order NaY > 1.60% CuY > 2.00% CaY > 1.87% LiY. All the $Na^+-based$ metals-exchanged zeolites have a FAU (faujasite) framework and a Si/Al value near 2.6; thus, there is no discernible difference in the framework topology, framework chemical compositions, effective aperture size, and channel structure between the zeolite samples. Therefore, the distinctive behavior in the adsorption of $CO_2$ with a character as a weak Lewis acid is associated with the site basicity of the zeolites, and the interaction potentials of the cations. Different trend was shown for a CO adsorption due to weaker quadrupole interactions. Adsorption of $CO_2$ and CO on samples of CaY with 0.012 to 5.23% Ca disclosed a significant dependence on the Ca loading. The $CO_2$ adsorption increased when the cation exists up to ca. 0.05%, while it decreased at higher Ca amounts. However, values for both W and S could greatly increase as the bare zeolite is enriched by $Ca^{2+}$ ions. The 5.23% CaY had $W=2.37mmol\;g^{-1}$ and S = 4.37, and the former value was comparable to a benchmark reported in the literature.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.164-188
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perception of undergraduates of the college of education on the importance of certification areas and factors suggested by the certification system at each department level as well as the college as a whole, in order to come up with measures for further improvement. The specific objectives of this study are first, verifying different perception on the importance of certification areas and factor per department, second, verifying different perception on the importance of certification areas and factor per grade. The population of this study is undergraduates of the college of education at A University, and the survey on the different perception on the importance was conducted on 758 students of 10 departments. Total 800 copies of survey were distributed, and 299 copies or 37.3% were retrieved. First, it was found that undergraduates of the college of education at A University highly recognize the necessity of a new system to produce excellent teachers. when it comes to different department, in the area of teaching personalities, there is difference in the importance of teaching aptitude test and completion of social intelligence development program. In the area of teaching expertise, there is different perception in the importance of completion of curriculum education subjects per major, completion of curriculum contents per major, and participation in teaching demonstration contest. In the area of student guidance expertise, there is difference by department in completion of creative character development related education programs and "teaching practice" course. In the area of communication skills in the information society, minimum score requirement for a second foreign language is considered less important than others. Second, as for grade, freshmen highly recognize the importance of validity of teaching training course, integrity of the course, validity of the teaching training course in producing excellent teachers, graduates' job performing ability development as a teacher, appropriacy of curriculum of the college of education in producing excellent teachers, compared to other grades. In particular, seniors consider the necessity of a new system to produce excellent teachers the most.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.389-398
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• 2012

Virtual worlds have pursued reality as if they actually exist. In order to evaluate the sense of reality in the computer-simulated worlds, several subjective questionnaires, which include specific independent variables, have been proposed in the literature. However, the questionnaires lack reliability and validity necessary for defining and measuring the virtual realization. Few studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of visual factors on the sense of reality experienced by exposing to a virtual environment. Therefore, this study was aimed at reinvestigating the variables and proposing a more reliable and advisable questionnaire for evaluating the virtual realization, focusing on visual factors. Twenty-one questions were gleaned from the literature and subjective interviews with focused groups. Exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation was performed on the data obtained from 200 participants(females: 100) after exposing to a virtual character image described in an extreme way. After removing poorly loading items, remained subsets were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis on the data obtained from the same participants. As a result, 3 significant factors were determined to efficiently measure the virtual realization. The determined factors included visual presence(3 subset items), visual immersion(7 subset items), and visual interactivity(4 subset items). The proposed factors were verified by conducting a subjective evaluation in which participants were asked to evaluate a 3D virtual eyeball model based on the visual presence. The results implicated that the measurement method was suitable for evaluating the degree of the virtual realization. The proposed method is expected to reasonably measure the degree of the virtual realization.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2005

Objectives : To acquire an improved understanding of oppositional defiant disorder, we evaluated the characteristics of children who have the symptoms of ODD in community sample. Methods : 1200 children from an elementary school in Bucheon (an urban community near Seoul) were recruited by randomized sampling method. By Disruptive Behavior Disorder Scale according to DSM-III-R & DSM-IV, we evaluated the symptoms of ODD and selected subjects with ODD. Psychiatric comorbidity, character trait were compared in subjects with ODD and comparison group. Also we examined the association between prenatal/perinatal risk factors, family functions and the symptoms of ODD. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical method using SPSS 11.5 window version. Result : Children with oppositional defiant disorder were revealed to have significantly higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity and significantly greater family dysfunction compared to comparison group. Among the prenatal/perinatal risk factors, severe emotional stress during pregnancy, postpartum depression, medication during pregnancy were revealed as risk factors of ODD. In character inventory, ODD group were evaluated to have high score in novelty seeking, harm avoidance, but low in reward dependency. Conclusion : These results support that 1) prenatal/perinatal and psycho-social risk factors could be a important role in the progression of ODD, and 2) children with ODD have diverse comorbid psychiatric symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2007

The present study investigated anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of glycoprotein isolated from Morus Indica Linne (MIL glycoprotein). We found that MIL glycoprotein has a molecular weight of 32 kD and consists of carbohydrate (40.03%) and protein (59.97%), and that it has a strong scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical $({\cdot}OH)$, and superoxide anion $(O_2{\cdot}\;^-)$ radicals. In addition, MIL glycoprotein had a stable character and an optimal DPPH radical scavenging activity in the alkaline and neutral pH solution, and up to at 105. However, the results indicated that it has a minimal scavenging activity in the metal ionic solution ($Ca^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$) in the presence of EDTA. In addition, we further investigated whether MIL glycoprotein scavenges oxygen radicals and blocks inflammation-related signals in the bisphenol A (BPA)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The results in this study showed that it has a character to scavenge the productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) dose-dependently. Also it blocked the activities of inflammation-related signals such as nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). For example, it had an inhibitory effect on the activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ (p50) and iNOS proteins at 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ MIL glycoprotein. Here, we speculate that MIL glycoprotein is one of natural antioxidants and of modulators of the BPA-induced inflammation.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.259-272
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• 2002

This study was tried to interpret the important major factors controlling some physicochemical properties by comparing mineralogical and physicochemical characteristics such as pH, cation exchange capacity, Methylene Blue adsorption amount, swelling, viscosity, strength (compressional and tensile), and surface area etc. Investigated bentonite samples are five Korean samples from Dusan, Naa, Oksan, Dongyang, and Yeonil deposits and two Japanese bentonites from Tsukinuno and Tomioka deposits which were formed under a similar geological environment of the Tertiary basin. Tsukinuno bentonite is only natural Na-type bentonite and the others are all Ca-type bentonites. Most of the properties are not explained by the montmorillonite content only though the most important factor controlling the physicochemical properties is the montmorillonite content. The layer charge of montmorillonite will strongly control cation exchange capacity and Methylene Blue adsorption. Zeolite bearing bentonites show the strong alkaline character and causes the increase of cation exchange capacity, however decrease swelling, viscosity and strengths. Pyrite bearing bentonites decrease green compressional strength and wet tensile strength. The exchangeable interlayer cations control some physicochemical properties. Na-type bentonite than Ca-type shows more strong alkaline character and much more advanced swelling and viscosity. Also the size and thickness of montmorillonite flakes seem to control some physicochemical properties. Bentonite mainly composed of montmorillonite of very thin and large flakes is characterized by the very high surface area, cation exchange capacity, viscosity, swelling, Methylene Blue adsorption, green compressional strength and wet tensile strength. Domestic Dusan bentonite shows the most excellent physicochemical properties, which is due to the high content(84%) and very well crystallinity of montmorillonite.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 2010

This study was conducted to compare the quality characters of 15 different tomato cultivars ('Dotearang Dia', 'Super Dotearang', 'Super sunroad', 'Hoyong', 'Mirokku', 'Baccuhs', 'Mascara', 'Poseidon', 'Radido', 'Madison', 'Rapsodie', 'Solomon', 'Amaral', 'Picasso', 'Tymaxx') and find out the correlation among the quality characters in order to get basic informations for exporting tomato. The $a^*/b^*$ value of fruit surface showed from 2.8 to 4.8, but there was no significant difference in fruit surface color value, such as $a^*$, $b^*$ and $a^*/b^*$ among the cultivars. The respiration and ethylene production rate also were not shown any significantly difference among cultivars. The firmness of fruit was higher in 'Picasso', 'Tymaxx' and 'Madison' cultivars. The contents of soluble solids was higher in 'Hoyong' and 'Dotearang Dia' cultivars. The vitamin C content was higher in 'Super Sunroad' and 'Dotearang Dia' cultivars. The titratable acidity was higher in 'Hoyong' cultivars. The sugar/acid ratio that depended on soluble contents was lower in 'Amaral', 'Picasso', 'Tymaxx' cultivars that showed lower soluble contents. Conclusionally, The firmness that was one of the most important quality character in exporting tomato was higher in European cultivars, but soluble solide and vitamin C content were higher in Japanese cultivars. The significant correlation coefficient values were determined (more than p = 0.05) between $a^*/b^*$ and other quality characters. The results suggested that surface color was the most suitable character represented tomato qualities. The high coefficient value (r = 0801) between $a^*/b^*$ and the contents of soluble solids. The firmness and the contents of soluble solids that is the most important factor for exporting showed significant negative correlation (r = -0.611).

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2010

Purpose: A classic approach to abdominal stab wounds has been a routine laparotomy for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment. However, management protocols for abdominal stab wounds are still contentious in most trauma centers. We examined the relationship between the character of the stab wound and the injured intraabdominal organs by retrospectively analyzing the medical records of patients with abdominal stab wounds admitted to Gil hospital, and the findings for our patients are then confronted with a review of the literature. We aimed to propose proper management protocols to approach abdominal stab wounds. Methods: The medical records of all 80 patients sustaining abdominal stab wounds, admitted at the Department of Surgery, Gil Hospital, Gachon Medical School, from January 2004 to December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. All the abdominal stab wounds were collated based on the site and the character of the injury, investigations performed on admission, results of investigations, operations performed and findings at the time of the operation. Results: The most prevalent age group was patients in their forties and the average age of the patients was 41 years for both genders. The stab wounds were most commonly located at the periumbilical area (16.9%), followed by the epigastric area (15.6%), and 18.2% of the patients had multiple wounds. The most commonly eviscerated organ was the omentum (9 out of 16 cases); 61.7% of non-eviscerated patients underwent a therapeutic laparotomy while 81.3% of eviscerated patients underwent a therapeutic laparotomy. The small bowel was the most commonly injured organ (22.7%, 17 out of 75 injuries). The review revealed a relatively common diaphragmatic injury in abdominal stab wound patients (8 cases, 10.5%). The average hospital stay was 11 days. Conclusion: This review revealed commonly eviscerated and injured intraabdominal organs in abdominal stab wound patients and their relationship with a therapeutic laparotomy. Although the management is still controversial, the authors suggest indications for an immediate laparotomy and a protocol for managing abdominal stab wounds. Hemodynamic instability and peritoneal irritation signs are definite indicators for an immediate laparotomy, but the review revealed intraabdominal organ evisceration alone not to be a statistically significant factor. In addition, the authors suggest that abnormal CT findings can be valuable for making a decision on management of hemodynamically stable stab wound patients. Further study may clarify a role for a more selective approach to operative intervention and for a more extensive use of selective observation.