• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.722-728
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was designed to examine the effects of adiponectin, leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein (BP)-3 levels in cord blood on weight, length, and adiposity at birth in healthy term infants. In addition, we evaluated the mechanism to change the hormone levels in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) during the first month. Methods : We collected cord blood from 200 term neonates (109 males, 91 females) with no perinatal problems, and measured the hormone levels and anthropometric parameters including weight, length, and skin-fold thickness. Term neonates were divided into 3 groups as follows: birth weight appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (n=132), birth weight less for gestational age (SGA) (n=29), and birth weight more for gestational age (LGA) (n=39). Venous blood samples of 15 fullterm healthy neonates were obtained at 3, 7, and 30 d after birth. Results : The adiponectin, insulin, and IGF-I levels were significantly lower in the SGA group than in the AGA and LGA groups. The leptin levels were significantly higher in the LGA group than in the AGA and SGA groups. Cord blood adiponectin, leptin, insulin, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 levels correlated significantly and positively with birth weight and the sum of the skin-fold thickness. A significant positive correlation was observed between adiponectin, leptin, and IGF-I levels and birth weight. Adiponectin level correlated significantly with that leptin level (r=0.191, P=0.038), but not with insulin, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels. IGF-I levels were higher in females than in males. At 7 d after birth, the leptin level decreased along with physiologic weight loss, and then increased. IGF-I, also decreased at 3 d, significantly increased 1 month later. Conclusion : We suggest that adiponectin, leptin, insulin, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 play an important role in regulating fetal growth. Adiponectin may be involved in regulating fetal growth through mechanisms different from those mediated by insulin or IGF-I. High levels of IGF-I in female neonates indicates a gender difference which serves as evidence for in utero sexual dimorphism. It is likely that IGF-I has a more important role than that of hormones in postnatal growth.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.544-550
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristic factors which have been influenced on nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emissions related to the environment change of nitrogen application level, rainfall and temperature during the potato cultivation at black volcanic ash soil from 2010 to 2011. During the potato cultivation, the more amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied, $N_2O$ emissions amounts were released much. $N_2O$ emissions with the cultivation time were released much at the first and middle of cultivation with heavy rainfall, but it was released very low until the end of cultivation and drought season. $N_2O$ emissions mainly were influenced by the rainfall and soil water content. The correlation (r) with $N_2O$ emissions, soil wate, soil temperature in 2010 were very significant at $0.6251^{**}$ and $0.6082^{**}$ respectively, but soil EC was not significant to 0.10824. In 2011, soil temperature was very significant at $0.4879^{**}$, but soil water and soil EC were not significant at 0.0468 and 0.0400 respectively. Also, $NH_4$-N was very significant at $0.7476^{**}$, but $NO_3$-N and soil nitrogen ($NO_3-N+NH_4-N$) were not significant at 0.0843 and 0.1797, respectively. During the potato cultivation period, the average emissions factor of 2 years released by the nitrogen fertilizer application was presumed to be 0.0040 ($N_2O-N\;kg\;N^{-1}\;kg^{-1}$). This factor was lower about 2.5 times than the IPCC guideline default value (0.0100 $N_2O-N\;kg\;N^{-1}\;kg^{-1}$).

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.397-432
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• 2015

This paper investigates the effects of technology collaboration between the main supplier and buyer on buyer's new product development under dynamic environment. Based on 428 Korean manufacturing firms, we conducted regression analysis. The technology collaboration between the main supplier and buyer is adopted as a independent variable and quality, cost and lead time performance of new product development projects are used as dependents variables. Environment dynamic is also used as a moderate variables. We found that the in general, technology collaboration is positively associated with the performance of buyers' new product development, but in the high degree of dynamic environment, technology collaboration is negatively associated with the performance of buyers' new product development unlike our expectation. Thus, we divide our sample into two groups; shipbuilding industry with the low degree of environment dynamic and electronic and IT device industry with the high degree of environment dynamic and conducted a post hoc analysis. As a result, in ship building industry, the technology collaboration is significant to improve NPD projects performance, while in electronic and IT device industry, the technology collaboration with a main supplier is not significant as well as coefficient is negative. In that, under the highly dynamic condition with the fast change of technology and products obsolescence the NPD collaboration with the main supplier does not works unlike a stable environment. This implies that the NPD attributes of buyer are different by their environmental factor and the fit between given environmental feature and the collaboration synergy is critical factor for improving the effect of NPD collaboration between supplier and buyer.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.29
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• pp.129-149
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clustering and Big Five Personality domains in discriminating groups by level of school-related adjustment, as experienced by Social Sims game users. Social Games are based on web that has simple rules to play in fictional time and space background. This paper is to analyze the relationships between social networks and user behaviors through the social games . In general, characteristics of social games are simple, fun and easy to play, popular to the public, and based on personal connections in reality. These features of social games make themselves different from video games with one player or MMORPG with many unspecific players. Especially Social Game show a noticeable characteristic related to social learning. The object of this research is to provide a possibility that game that its social perspective can be strengthened in social game environment and analyze whether it actually influences on problem solving of real life problems, therefore suggesting its direction of alternative play means and positive simulation game. Data was collected by administering 4 questionnaires (the short version of BFI, Satisfaction with life, Career Decision-.Making Self-.Efficacy, Depression) to the participants who were 20 people in Seoul and Daejeon. For the purposes of the data analysis, both Stepwise Discriminant analysis and Cluster analysis was employed. Neuroticism, Openness, Conscientiousness within the Big Five Personality domains were seen to be significant variables when it came to discriminating the groups. These findings indicated that the short version of the BFI may be useful in understanding for game user behaviors When it comes to cultural research, digital game takes up a significant role. We can see that from the fact that game, which has only been considered as a leisure activity or commercial means, is being actively research for its methodological, social role and function. Among digital game's several meanings, one of the most noticeable ones is the research on its critical, social participating function. According to Jame Paul gee, the most important merit of game is 'projected identity'. This means that experiences from various perspectives is possible.[1] In his recent autobiography , he described gamer as an active problem solver. In addition, Gonzalo Francesca also suggested an alternative game developing method through 'game that conveys critical messages by strengthening critical reasons'. [2] They all provided evidences showing game can be a strong academic tool. Not only does a genre called social game exist in the field of media and Social Network Game, but there are also some efforts to positively evaluate its value Through these kinds of researches, we can study how game can give positive influence along with the change in its general perception, which would eventually lead to spreading healthy game culture and enabling fresh life experience. This would better bring out the educative side of the game and become a social communicative tool. The object of this game is to provide a possibility that the social aspect can be strengthened within the game environment and analyze whether it actually influences the problem solving of real life problems. Therefore suggesting it's direction of alternative play means positive game simulation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.243-253
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• 2018

This study aimed to investigate the effects of DCI on glucose control, quality of life(SF-36 Version 2.0, Korean) and SDSCA(Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed on 46 patients with HbA1c 7.0% taking triple anti-diabetic drug regimen who visited the department of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Chungnam National University Hospital between March 2015 and May 2016. As a result, DCI treatment in the intervention group resulted in significantly reduced HbA1c levels $8.75{\pm}0.79%$(baseline), $8.36{\pm}1.03%$(after 12weeks), and $8.65{\pm}0.81%$(after 24weeks). However, patients in the control group did not show any significant change. Interestingly, both DCI treatment group and the control group significantly showed improvements in SDSCA. Participants in the intervention group showed a small yet significant improvement in their only fasting blood glucose test in SDSCA and revealed significant increase in the quantitative levels of quality of life, from $73.05{\pm}16.85$ to $82.74{\pm}10.68$. By using pathway analysis, improvement of SDSCA scores(${\beta}=-0.505$, t=-2.743) was the most influential factor to the fasting blood glucose. The quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was affected by changes of SDSCA scores(${\beta}=0.411$, t=2.024) and fasting c-peptide(${\beta}=-0.445$, t=-2.668) in DCI treatment group. In conclusion, treatment of DCI effectively improved glucose control in patients with type 2 DM(HbA1c level>7.0%) after 12 weeks of treatment, although it had no impact on glucose control after 24 weeks of treatment. Improved glucose control may encourage diabetic patients to conduct self-care activities and improve the quality of life. Based on the present study, we suggest that diabetes self-management, as well as consideration of comprehensive laboratory findings, may be important factor in regulating the quality of life in type 2 DM patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.76-88
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• 2012

In order to investigate the distribution of water masses and spatio-temporal variation of nutrients in the coastal areas of Gangwon province of the Korean East Sea, a survey of the physico-chemical parameters (temperature and salinity) and nutrients ($NO_2$-N, $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N, $PO_4$-P, and $SiO_2$-Si) was carried out at 5 locations (Goseong, Sokcho, Yangyang, Gangneung, and Donghae) in February, May, August, and November 2009. The water masses included in the study area were divided into 4 groups; 1) Tsushima Surface Water (TSW), 2) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW), 3) North Korean Cold Water (NKCW), and 4) East Sea Proper Water (ESPW). The distribution of water masses was affected by the change of season. In February, surface water was derived from the TMW. The TSW was not observed in May, but only observed in August. In November, as the influence of the TSW weakened, that of the NKCW strengthened. Considering the vertical profiles of nutrients, the concentrations in all the seasons were very low within the surface water, but increased rapidly near the thermocline. Most of nutrient concentrations, except for dissolved silicate, remained constant below the depth of 200 m. However, the dissolved silicate concentration increased with depth, suggesting that silicate has a delayed regenerative pattern. The ESPW had the highest nutrient concentration, followed by the NKCW, TMW, and TSW. In February, May, and November, the N/P ratio in most of the water masses was similar to or larger than the Redfield ratio, indicating that nitrogenous nutrients did not act as a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. However, in August, the N/P ratio in the TSW was less than the Redfield ratio, and the concentration of $NO_2$-N+$NO_3$-N was 0.86 ${\mu}m$, indicating that nitrogenous nutrients did act as a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in the study area.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.253-277
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• 2002

Nowaday, the advanced technology in information and communication has been leading the dramatic change of transaction paradigm expansion from physical basis to electronic one. As we know, financial services support most of financial exchange between two business parties. So the expansion of electronic transaction paradigm affects to every financial institutions which provide financial services. Thus, financial institutions have accepted e-Finance systems and providing internet financial services to live in the competition. The purpose of this study is to contribute the qualitative enhancement of its customer service, rapid diffusion and accurate strategy establishment for e-Finance industry in the user side. Through the literature review and factor and reliability analysis, this study selects six diffusion factors such as efficiency of perceived e-Finance, reliability and safety of e-Finance in perceived e-Finance itself's characteristic; confidence, technical factors and the customer service quality of e-Finance system in perception on e-Finance System; inclination to innovation in the personal characteristic. According to result of hypothesis verification by using logistics regression analysis, technical factors and the customer service quality of e-Finance system in perception on e-Finance System and inclination to innovation in the personal characteristic gave statistically positive effect to the diffusion decision at the significant level 0.05 and 0.01. However efficiency of perceived e-Finance, reliability and safety of e-Finance in perceived e-Finance itself's characteristic didn't affect to diffusion decision and confidence of e-Finance system in perception on e-Finance System didn't have any statistical significancy. This study can be used as a basic material for the forward empirical study of diffusion factors in the user side and be able to apply to company and government policy making or embodiment, determination for customer service quality degree of financial institutions. But this study has some limitations like didn't touch satisfaction factors and its effect, only deal domestic customers and didn't use multi-regression analysis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 1999

Background: NF-$\kappa$B is a characteristic transcriptional factor whose functional activity is determined by post-translational modification of protein and subsequent change of subcellular localization. The involvement of the NF-$\kappa$B family of the transcription factors in the control of such vital cellular functions as immune response, acute phase reaction, replication of certain viruses and development and differentiation of cells has been clearly documented in many previous studies. Several recent observations have suggested that the NF-$\kappa$B might also be involved in the carcinogenesis of some hematological and solid tumors. Investigating the possibility that members of the NF-$\kappa$B family participate in the molecular control of malignant cell transformation could provide invaluable information on both molecular pathogenesis and cancer-related gene therapy. Method: To determine the expression patterns and functional roles of NF-$\kappa$B family transcription factors in human lung cancer cell lines NCI-H792, NCI-H709, NCI-H226 and NCI-H157 were analysed by western blot, using their respective antibodies. The nuclear and the cytoplasmic fraction of protein extract of these cell lines were subsequently obtained and NF-$\kappa$B expression in each fraction was again determined by western blot analysis. The type of NF-$\kappa$B complex present in the cells was determined by immunoprecipitation. To detect the binding ability of cell-line nuclear extracts to the KB consensus oligonucleotide, electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA) was performed. Results: In the cultured human lung cancer cell lines tested, transcription factors of the NF-$\kappa$B family, namely the p50 and p65 subunit were expressed and localized in the nuclear fraction of the cellular extract by western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that in the cell, the p50 and p65 subunits made NF-$\kappa$B complex. Finally it was shown by Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay(EMSA) that nuclear extracts of lung cancer cell lines are able to bind to NF-$\kappa$B consensus DNA sequences. Conclusion: These data suggest that in human lung cancer cell lines the NF-$\kappa$B p50/p65 complex might be activated. and strengthen the hypothesis that NF-$\kappa$B family transcription factors might be involved in the carcinogenesis of human lung cancer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.143-152
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• 2016

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and lethal lung disease characterized by the accumulation of excessive fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the extracellular matrix. The transforming growth factor ${\beta}1$ (TGF-${\beta}1$)-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be a possible source of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts in IPF lungs. We have previously reported that apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) has anti-fibrotic activity in experimental lung fibrosis. In this study, we determine whether ApoA1 modulates TGF-${\beta}1$-induced EMT in experimental lung fibrosis and clarify its mechanism of action. Methods: The A549 alveolar epithelial cell line was treated with TGF-${\beta}1$ with or without ApoA1. Morphological changes and expression of EMT-related markers, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and ${\alpha}$-smooth muscle actin were evaluated. Expressions of Smad and non-Smad mediators and TGF-${\beta}1$ receptor type 1 ($T{\beta}RI$) and type 2 ($T{\beta}RII$) were measured. The silica-induced lung fibrosis model was established using ApoA1 overexpressing transgenic mice. Results: TGF-${\beta}1$-treated A549 cells were changed to the mesenchymal morphology with less E-cadherin and more N-cadherin expression. The addition of ApoA1 inhibited the TGF-${\beta}1$-induced change of the EMT phenotype. ApoA1 inhibited the TGF-${\beta}1$-induced increase in the phosphorylation of Smad2 and 3 as well as that of ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediators. In addition, ApoA1 reduced the TGF-${\beta}1$-induced increase in $T{\beta}RI$ and $T{\beta}RII$ expression. In a mouse model of silica-induced lung fibrosis, ApoA1 overexpression reduced the silica-mediated effects, which were increased N-cadherin and decreased E-cadherin expression in the alveolar epithelium. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that ApoA1 inhibits TGF-${\beta}1$-induced EMT in experimental lung fibrosis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1988

Recovery from potentially lethal damage (PLDR) after irradiation was studied in plateau-phase culture of Vero cells in vitro. Unfed plateau-phase cells were irradiated with dose of 1 to 9Gy using Cs-137 irradiator. Cells then were incubated again and left in situ for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours and then were trypsinized explanted, and subcultured in fresh RPMI-1640 media containing $0.33\%$ agar. Cell survival was measured by colony forming ability. An adequate number of heavily irradiated Vero cells were added as feeder cells to make the total cell number constant in every culture dish. As the postirradiation in situ incubation time increased, surviving fraction increased by PLDR. The rate of PLDR was so rapid that increased surviving fraction reached saturation level at 2 to 4 hours after in situ incubation. As the radiation dose increased, the rate of PLDR fastened and the magnitude of increased surviving fraction at saturation level by PLOR also increased. In analysis of cell survival curve fitted to the linear-quadratic model, the linear inactivation coefficient $(\alpha)$ decreased largely and reached nearly to zero but the quadratic inactivation coefficient $(\beta)$ increased minimally by increment of postirradiation in situ incubation time. So PLDR mainly affected the damage expressed as $\alpha$, In the multitarget model, significant change was not obtained in $D_0\;but\;in D_q$. Therefore, shoulder region in cell survival curve was mainly affected by PLDR and terminal slope was not influenced at all. And dose-modifying factor by PLDR was relatively higher in shoulder region, that is, in low dose area below 3 Gy.