• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2012

Despite the enforcement of SSM control laws such as 'the Law of Developing the Distribution Industry (LDDI)' and 'the Law of Promoting Mutual Cooperation between Large and Small/medium Enterprises (LPMC)' stipulating the business adjustment system, the number of super-supermarkets (SSMs) has ever been expanding in Korea. In France, however, Super Centers are being regulated most strongly and directly in the whole Europe viewing that there is not a single SSM in Paris, which is emphasized to be the outcome from French government's regulation exerted on the opening of large scale retail stores. In France, the authority to approve store opening is deeply centralized and the store opening regulation is a socio-economic regulation driven by economic laws whereas EU strongly regulates the distribution industry. To control the French distribution industry, such seven laws and regulations as Commission départementale d'urbanisme commercial guidelines (CDLIC) (1969), the Royer Law (1973), the Doubin Law (1990), the Sapin Law (1993), the Raffarin Law (1996), solidarite et renouvellement urbains (SRU) (2000), and Loi de modernisation de l'économie (LME) (2009) have been promulgated one by one since the amendment of the Fontanet guidelines, through which commercial adjustment laws and regulations have been complemented and reinforced while regulatory measures have been taken. Even in the course of forming such strong regulatory laws, InterMarche, the largest supermarket chain in France, has been in existence as a global enterprise specialized in retail distribution with over 4,000 stores in Europe. InterMarche's business can be divided largely into two segments of food and non-food. As a supermarket chain, InterMarche's food segment has 2,300 stores in Europe and as a hard-discounter store chain in France, Netto has 420 stores. Restaumarch is a chain of traditional family restaurants and the steak house restaurant chain of Poivre Rouge has 4 restaurants currently. In addition, there are others like Ecomarche which is a supermarket chain for small and medium cities. In the non-food segment, the DIY and gardening chain of Bricomarche has a total of 620 stores in Europe. And the car-related chain of Roady has a total of 158 stores in Europe. There is the clothing chain of Veti as well. In view of InterMarche's management strategies, since its distribution strategy is to sell goods at cheap prices, buying goods cheap only is not enough. In other words, in order to sell goods cheap, it is all important to buy goods cheap, manage them cheap, systemize them cheap, and transport them cheap. In quality assurance, InterMarche has guaranteed the purchase safety for consumers by providing its own private brand products. InterMarche has 90 private brands of its own, thus being the retailer with the largest number of distributor brands in France. In view of its IT service strategy, InterMarche is utilizing a high performance IT system so as to obtainas much of the market information as possible and also to find out the best locations for opening stores. In its global expansion strategy of international alliance, InterMarche has established the ALDIS group together with the distribution enterprises of both Spain and Germany in order to expand its food purchase, whereas in the non-food segment, it has established the ARENA group in alliance with 11 international distribution enterprises. Such strategies of InterMarche have been intended to find out the consumer needs for both price and quality of goods and to secure the purchase and supply networks which are closely localized. It is necessary to cope promptly with the constantly changing circumstances through being unified with relevant regions and by providing diversified customer services as well. In view of the InterMarche's positive policy for promoting local partnerships as well as the assistance for enhancing the local economic structure, implications are existing for those retail distributors of our country.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2007

By comparing the proteins from the workers exposed to styrene with the ones from controls, it may be possible to identify proteins that play a role in the occurrence and progress of occupational disease and thus to study the molecular mechanisms of occupational disease. In order to find the biomarkers for assessing the styrene effects early, before clinical symptoms develop and to understand the mechanisms of adverse health effects, we surveyed 134 employees, among whom 52 workers(30 male and 22 female) were chronically exposed to styrene in 10 glass-reinforced plastic boat manufacturing factories in Korea and 82 controls had never been occupationally exposed to hazardous chemicals including styrene. The age and drinking habits and serum biochemistry such as total protein, BUN and serum creatinine in both groups were significantly different. Exposed workers were divided into three groups according to exposure levels of styrene(G1, below 1/2 TLV; G2, 1/2 TLV to TLV; G3, above TLV). The mean concentration of airborne styrene in G1 group was $10.93{\pm}11.33ppm$, and those of urinary mandelic acid(MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid(PGA) were $0.17{\pm}0.21$ and $0.13{\pm}0.11g/g$ creatinine, respectively. The mean concentration of airborne styrene in G2 and G3 groups were $47.54{\pm}22.43$ and $65.33{\pm}33.47ppm$, respectively, and levels of urinary metabolites such as MA and PGA increased considerably as expected with the increase in exposure level of styrene. The airborne styrene concentration were significantly correlated to the urinary concentration of MA(r=0.784, p=0.000) and PGA(r=0.626, p<0.001). In the 2D electrophoresis, the concentration of five proteins including complement C3 precursor, alpha-1-antitrypsin(AAT), vitamin D binding protein precursor(DBP), alpha-1-B-glycoprotein(A1BG) and inter alpha trypsin inhibitor(ITI) heavy chain-related protein were significantly altered in workers exposed to styrene compared with controls. While expression of complement C3 precursor and AAT increased by exposure to styrene, expression of DBP, A1BG and ITI heavy chain-related protein decreased. These results suggest that the exposure of styrene might affects levels of plasma proteinase, carriers of endogenous substances and immune system. In particular, increasing of AAT with the increase in exposure level of styrene can explain the tissue damage and inflammation by the imbalance of proteinase/antiproteinase and decrease of DBP, A1BG and ITI heavy chain-related protein in workers exposed to styrene is associated with dysfunction and/or declination in immune system and signal transduction

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.184-189
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• 2007

Concerns about food safety continue to rise and under this situation, governments of some countries have reinforced their regulations more strictly for food safety. In order to prevent food safety incidents or, at least to minimize the impact, the preparedness is very important. As a consequence of this, traceability system has become an essential tool for food safety. Recently, it requires more prevention-based food safety control system. One of the most generally used systems for food safety control is Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). Both traceability and HACCP systems can be integrated through Electronic Product Code (EPC) Sensor Network technologies which have four value propositions. In this paper, we will introduce the concept of product and process traceability system (P2TS) through the integration of three systems to improve food safety management. The final aim is to find out the added values of the P2TS.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.3096-3106
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• 1973

As a link in the chain of antidrought measure, our attempt is made to obtain basic informations on the construction of an infiltration gallary which can be supplied with irrigation water by catching of underground water in small river beds, which is economical, permanent and efficient. The experiment was made, concerning the structure of catchment conduits, by constructing a model sand tank $1.5m{\times}5m{\times}1.5m$ in dimension made of reinforced concrete. Various kinds of measuring equipment were attached to the model tank which contains a set of catchment conduits, each of them was made 30cm in diameter and 60cm in length with the ratio of sectional area to total area of influx holes 10:1, 20:1, 30:1. The average size of influx holes was fixed from 0mm to 10mm, 20mm and 30mm in diameter respectively. Obtained results are as follow; (a) In view of the water catchment capacity, manufacturing cost and the antipressure strength of the catchment conduits, it is the best method to decide the total number of influx holes 20 per sq. meter of each tile surface, and the size of influx holes 20mm in diameter, when the conduits have diameter less than 1m. (b) The greatest factor of safety against external load is to arrange the influx holes in a zigzag manner on the tile surface. The most effective formula of arrangement is $S{\geqq}\sqrt{2gd}$ where: s : spacing of opening row. g : spacing of opening line. d : diameter of influs hole.

• Clean Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.62-72
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• 2016

These days, it seems to be a core time to build proactive prevention systems for small and medium sized enterprises due to the reinforced safety in the production process and the strong environmental regulations (ES) both at home and abroad. On the other hand, a network of experts that combines the industrial environment and production safety as well as even the knowledge services companies are not quite enough to prepare to support them. In this study, through a survey of experts the current statue of the convergence of industrial environment and production safety were reviewed, and the structure of knowledge ES cluster was proposed to overcome this current state. Detailed strategies such as the development and distribution of ES convergence methodology, ES efficiency analysis and an ES roundtable.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2022

This study discusses a hypothetical method for tracking the propagation damage of Carbon Reinforced Fiber Plastic (CRFP) components underneath vibration fatigue. The High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) behavior of composite materials was generally not as severe as this of admixture alloys. Each fissure initiation in metal alloys may quickly lead to the opposite. The HCF behavior of composite materials is usually an extended state of continuous degradation between resin and fibers. The increase is that any layer-to-layer contact conditions during delamination opening will cause a dynamic complex response, which may be non-linear and dependent on temperature. Usually resulted from major deformations, it could be properly surveyed by a non-contact investigation system. Here, this article discusses the scanning laser application of that vibrometer to track the propagation damage of CRFP components underneath fatigue vibration loading. Thus, the study purpose is to demonstrate that the investigation method can implement systematically a series of hypothetical means and dynamic characteristics. The application of the relaxation method based on numerical simulation in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Evolved Bat (EB) strategy to reduce the dynamic response is proved by numerical simulation. Thermal imaging cameras are also measurement parts of the chain and provide information in qualitative about the temperature location of the evolution and hot spots of damage.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.712-720
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• 2012

Thermal degradation for glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 composite (PA 66) with respect of thermal exposure time has been investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. As the thermal exposure time was prolonged, a slight increase in tensile strength for only initial stage and afterward, a proportional decrease of tensile strength was observed. These results can be explained by the increase of crystallinity, followed by the increase of crosslinking density, chain scission and the decrease in chain mobility, due to thermal oxidation with the exposure time. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed the increase of ketone peak and silica peak on the surface of thermally exposed PA 66. In addition, the thermal decomposition kinetics of PA 66 was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis at three different heating rates. The relationship between activation energy and lifetime-prediction of PA 66 was investigated by several methodologies, such as statistical tool, UL 746B, Ozawa and Kissinger. The activation energy determined by thermogravimetric analysis had a relatively large value compared with that from the accelerated test. This may result in over-estimating the lifetime of PA 66. In this study, a master curve of exponential fitting has been developed to extrapolate the activation energy at various service temperatures.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.132-145
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• 2012

Mooring fittings mean various devices and fittings to safely fasten vessels to quays, jetties and sea-floating buoys, etc. They include mooing winches, capstans, chocks, fairleads, guide rollers, bollards, and bitts. Not only the seats and reinforced parts for the installation of fittings but also ropes and chains for mooring and chain stoppers can be also considered. Because of damages to mooring fittings during mooring directly related to large-scale accidents such as the drifting of vessels, mooring fittings with strength appropriate for the physical features of the vessels must be installed. The reinforcement of the vessels on which the mooring fittings are installed must be designed to withstand the loads transferred from the fittings as well. Also mooring fittings with efficient strength should be required because damaged ships lead to sea pollution such as oil or fuel oil spillage. This study has been performed by the Finite Element Method for two aspects of closed chocks which are divided into structure-supporting shapes and working load. In the case of structure-supporting shapes, they have been performed in the field of sheet and bulwark. As for working load, it has been analyzed according to working load direction such as chock's side and below. At first, strength analysis for unique closed chocks has been carried out by using the Finite Element Method, they are applied for the situation when vessels pass by the panama canal. And then the experiment has been done to verify the analyzed date obtained by FEM. The experimental results were found to be similar to the numerical results with up to 16% difference. On the basis of the results obtained, standardization has been carried out by the Finite Element Method for various sizes of closed chocks.

• Strategy21
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• s.32
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• pp.160-191
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• 2013

This article is focused how the maritime strategy between continental powered country(the Soviet, the China) and maritime powered country(the U.S.) interact with attack and defense theory. We will know, what is the maritime strategy that the U.S. of military superiority has pursued with the point of view of attack, on the other hand, relatively what is the maritime strategy that the Soviet-Sino of military inferiority has pursued with the point of view of defense. In cold war, the Soviet has counteracted to 'blue belt defense' in active defense as to the U.S. 'sea strike' and in post cold war, the China counteract to 'A2/AD' as to the U.S. 'Air-Sea Battle'. The difference between the Soviet-Sino maritime strategy is that the China has emerged the second an economic power and their leadership has a strong's will to strengthen their navy's power. although the U.S. declare the pivot to Asia, the influence on Asia of the U.S. tend to decrease because of sequest. therefore, the China will seek to the more active defense beyond the first island chain. Meanwhile, the U.S. has reinforced of 'hub and spoke strategy' to solidify the U.S. formal allies to band together regional powers and to overcome the A2/AD challenge, the U.S. has been developed that the Air-Sea Battle concept meshes with Washington's 'rebalancing' policy toward the Asia-Pacific as its vital missions to safeguard core island or semi-island allies-namely, Korea and Japan-and crucial sea lanes of communication in the region are conducted mostly from or over the sea.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.631-639
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• 2019

Finite element analysis is one of the important methods to study the structural performance. Due to the simplification, discretization and error of structural parameters, numerical model errors always exist. Besides, structural characteristics may also change because of material aging, structural damage, etc., making the initial finite element model cannot simulate the operational response of the structure accurately. Based on Bayesian methods, the initial model can be updated to obtain a more accurate numerical model. This paper presents the work on the field test, modal identification and model updating of a Chinese reinforced concrete pagoda. Based on the ambient vibration test, the acceleration response of the structure under operational environment was collected. The first six translational modes of the structure were identified by the enhanced frequency domain decomposition method. The initial finite element model of the pagoda was established, and the elastic modulus of columns, beams and slabs were selected as model parameters to be updated. Assuming the error between the measured mode and the calculated one follows a Gaussian distribution, the posterior probability density function (PDF) of the parameter to be updated is obtained and the uncertainty is quantitatively evaluated based on the Bayesian statistical theory and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, and then the optimal values of model parameters can be obtained. The results show that the difference between the calculated frequency of the finite element model and the measured one is reduced, and the modal correlation of the mode shape is improved. The updated numerical model can be used to evaluate the safety of the structure as a benchmark model for structural health monitoring (SHM).