• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.859-864
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• 1996

The rhamnan sulfat extracted from green algae seaweed, Monostroma nitidum was characterized on sugars, sulfate compositions and molecular structure. Rhamnan sulfate was extracted with boiling water, and purified with two steps of cetylpyridinium chloride and ion exchange chromatography. The yield of crude rhamnan sulfate was about 2% from raw material. Rhamnan sulfate fraction, F-4 was composed of 30% rhamnose, 0.9% arabinose, 2.5% xylose, 2% glucose and 32.6% sulfate. Rhamnan sulfate F-4-3 obtained from F-4 fraction was composed of 36.8% rhamnose, 3.6% xylose, 2.7% glucose, 1.4% galactose and 30.8% sulfate. The molecular weight of F-4-3 fraction was estimated as 10,000-10,300 dalton with Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration chromatography.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2004

Anion adsorption properties of organobentonites modified by two cationic polymers, hexadecyltrimmethylammonium (HDTMA) and cetylpyridinum (CP), were investigated. The organobentonites showed the significant expansion of basal spacing to 42.0 $\AA$ at room temperature. The adsorption experiments were conducted for the 0.2 g of organobentonites with 40 mL solutions of various concentrations of anions such as nitrate, sulfate and phosphate. As a result, the organobentonites showed excellent adsorption capacities for those anions whereas untreated bentonite showed very low adsorption capacity. Adsorption rate of HDTMA-bentonite was about 90% for 100 mg/L solutions of nitrate and phosphate, and that of CP-bentonite was 97% for 100 mg/L solution of nitrate. Adsorption behaviors were slightly different for the different organobentonites and anions. Both organobentonites showed relatively higher adsorption rate for nitrate and phosphate than sulfate. Therefore, these organobentonites showing high anion adsorption capacities can be used far the removal of deleterious anions in the treatment of environmental pollution.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.353-363
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intestinal and nasal absorption enhancement of cefotaxime (CTX) by ion-pairing with counterions and to design an effective oral and intranasal drug delivery system for antibiotics. Counterions for absorption promotion were cationic surfactants [cetylpyridinium chloride (CP), cetrimide (CT) and benzalkonium chloride (BA)]. In the presence of counterions, the apparent partition coefficient of cefotaxime was increased depending on the molar concentration of the counterions. Anion interference was observed for ion-pairing of cefotaxime with counterions because of the counterbalance between an anion and counterions. The present study employed the in situ simultaneous nasal and intestinal perfusion technique in rats. The apparent permeabilities $(P_{app})$ of cefotaxime were $1.43{\pm}0.04{\times}10^{-5}\;cm/sec(mean{\pm}S.E)$ in the nasal cavity and 0 in the jejunum, respectively, which indicated that the intrinsic absorptivity of cefotaxime was greater in the nasal cavity than in the jejunum. When ionupairing formers were used, the decreasing order of apparent cefotaxime permeability $(P_{app},\;10^{-5}\;cm/sec)$, corrected for surface area of absorption, was as followings: $BA\;(7.50{\pm}0.36)\;>\;CT\;(4.92{\pm}0.24)\;>\;CP\;(3.01{\pm}0.17)$ in the jejunum and $BA\;(22.31{\pm}1.36)\;>\;CP\;(18.24{\pm}0.81)\;>\;CT \;(16.22{\pm}1.87)$ in the nasal cavity. The increase in permeability of cefotaxime was about 13-fold in the rat nasal cavity and was marked in the rat jejunum for ion-pairing with counterions as compared to those without ion-pairing. The damages of jejunal and nasal mucosal membrane by counterions were observed within approximately 2hrs after removal of ion-pair of cefotaxime with counterions from the nasal cavity and jejunum. These results suggest that CP can be used as an ion-pairing former in the jejunum and CP and CT can be used as ion-pairing formers in the nasal cavity for cefotaxime, as well as for poorly absorbed drugs with a negative charge due to ionization.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.518-524
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• 1995

Marine bacterium, as a microbial source producing polysaccharides, was newly isolated from the eastern and western sea of Korea and was identified as Zoogloea sp. (KCCM 10036). It produced two different types of polysaccharides, especially: WSP (water-soluble polysaccharide) and CBP (cell-bound polysaccharide). The former was isolated from the supernatant of centrifuged broth by acetone precipitation, and the latter was isolated from the pellet by acetone and CPC (cetylpyrldinium chloride) precipitation. The productivity of polysaccharides were increased with the addition of promoting agents such as biotin, ampicillin and surfactant. After batch fermenting, the productivity of WSP and CBP were reached to maximum values of $9.Og/\ell$, $2.5g/\ell$ in the culture medium containing 1% of glucose as a carbon source.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.605-616
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• 2004

Subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) refer to concentrations below minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The antimicrobial agents may be present at relatively high concentration, at least higher than bacterial MIC and thereafter be deserted off a surface and function at sub-MICs, perhaps by interfering with bacterial metabolism. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of growth, in the presence of sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents, on the cell surface properties and virulence factors of mutans streptococci and to investigate the efficacy of a chemical approach in vitro. Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt and Streptococcus sobrinus 6715-7 were used. Eight antimicrobial agents (Sanguinaria extract;SG, Chlorhexidine digluconate;CHX, Fluoride;F, Propolis;PP, Hydrogen peroxide;HP, Triclosan;TC, Sodium dodecyl sulfate;SDS Cetylpyridinium chloride; CC) were diluted serially in broth to determine MICs and to compare the growth rate, acid production, hydrophobicity, adhesion activity to saliva coated hydroxyapatite, glucan synthesis and cellular aggregation of experiment groups (in the presence of sub-MICs) with those of control (in the absence of antimicrobial agents). Sub-MICs of antimicrobial agents affected the growth of cells, hydrophobicity, and adhesion of bacteria to saliva coated hydroxyapatite and glucan synthesis. They also resulted in a significant reduction in pH after 12 hours (p<0.05). By cells pretreated with proteinase K, either the aggregation induced by antimicrobial agents was completely inhibited or the aggregation titers were markedly increased. According to the results of the present study, each antimicrobial agent at sub-MICs could affect similar as its known action mechanism and could continually inhibit cariogenic bacteria at such concentrations. Thus, the use of these antimicrobial agents would be one of the effective methods to prevent dental caries.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the safety of the wet tissues. In this study, we analyzed sterilizing preservatives and the presence of harmful substances in 62 wet tissue samples in the market. The contents of preservatives, formaldehyde and methanol were analyzed by HPLC and headspace-GC, respectively. Cetylpyridinium chloride was detected as 7-13 ppm in 5 samples. Sodium benzoate was detected in 46 samples ranging from 200 ppm to 3500 ppm, and 9 ppm of methylparahydroxy benzoate was detected in 1 sample. Propylparahydroxy benzoate was not detected in any samples. 5 ppm of methylchloroisothiazolinone and 140 ppm of methylisothiazolinone were detected in 1 sample. Formaldehyde was detected as $0.0069-1.796{\mu}g/g$ in 59 samples. Methanol was detected ranging from 2 ppm to 51 ppm in 22 samples, and 4 samples showed more than 20 ppm of the legal limit. The pH of the wet tissues was 4.0 to 8.2. Continuous investigation and monitoring are necessary to ensure safe distribution of products.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.271-275
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• 1999

The chemical and gelling properties of porphyran from Porphra yezoensis collected from Buan and Wido in Korea at different months of the year were studied. Crude porphyran was prepared by hot-water extraction and further purified by cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation, Crude porphyran and porphyran were modified by alkali treatment to eliminate sulfate. The yields of alkali-modified crude porphyran (AMCP) and porphyran(AMP) were between $4.9\~10.9\%$ and $4.0\~6.7\%$ of the dried algae weight and were maximum in February for Buan and January for Wido, respectively. Gel strength of AMCP were highest in February ($790g/cm^2$) for Buan and January ($740 g/cm^2$) for Wido. Alkali modification increased 3,6-anhydro galactose content and the molar ratio of galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose of AMCP and AMP showed 1 : 0,8$\~$1.1. GLC and FT-IR measurement of AMP showed that most of sulfate residues were combined to C-6 of galactose, Thus, results of this study suggest that crude porphyran extracted from Porphra yezoensis produces an agar of a reasonably good quality after alkali treatment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.771-777
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• 1999

The structural function of three egg membrane layers and cuticle layer, and the effectiveness of 5 film coatings (chitosan, starch, gelatin, dextrin, mineral oil) on the prevention of Salmonella enteritidis penetration was investigated using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Diameters of outer membrane fibers, inner membrane fibers and limiting membrane particles in eggshell were $1.5{\sim}7.2$, $0.8{\sim}2.0$ and $0.1{\sim}1.4\;{\mu}m$, respectively and average thicknesses were 10.0, 3.5, $3.6\;{\mu}m$, respectively. Average thickness of cuticle layer was $6.0\;{\mu}m$ and cuticle layer covered $40{\sim}80%$ of total eggshell surface. Average coating films thickness for chitosan, starch, gelatin, dextrin and mineral oil were 2.2, 2.5, 3.9, 3.6 and $5.0\;{\mu}m$, respectively. After immersion process eggshell surface was almost completely covered by coating films. Chitosan coating was most effective among 5 film coatings in inhibiting growth of Salmonella enteritidis. Penetration process of Salmonella enteritidis through eggshell was investigated by multicolor imaging using CSLM and plate counting. Cuticle layer was the most important structure in blocking the penetration. Among 5 film coatings, chitosan showed the best and similar effectiveness with cuticle layer.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.519-523
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• 2002

Soluble polysaccharide (SP) from green layer, Enteromorpba prolifera was extracted 3 times with distilled water at 100$^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs and fractionated with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE Separose CL-6B). The SP amounted to $23.7\%$ of the dry seaweed weight and contained $68.8\%$ carbohydrate. It was mainly constituted of rhamnose, glucose, xylose, sulfate and uronic acid and was fractionated with CPC into three (CPC-S, CPC-PS, CPC-PP) tractions. The major acid fraction CPC-PS accounted for $10.2\%$ of the dry algal weight. CPC-PS was further fractionated on DEAE Sepharose CL-6B into Fr-1 ($8.0\%$), Fr-2 ($35.8\%$), Fr-3 ($23.7\%$) fractions. The Fr-3 fraction contained $2.2\%$ protein, $21.4\%$ sulfate, $15.3\%$ uronic acid, and $72.4\%$ polysacchnrides composed of rhamnose, xylose and glucose. The Fr-2 fraction, which was richer in uronic acid ($17.5\%$) and poorer in sulfate ($19.0\%$) and total sugar ($68.8\%$) than the Fr-3, had a sugar composition close to that of Fr-3. The average molecular weights of Fr-2 and Fr-3 were 510,000 and 830,000 daltons, respectively. Fr-3 turned out to be homogeneous by cellulose acetate electrophoresis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.78-86
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• 2006

Laminarans with different purity were prepared from Eisenia bicyclis and their structures were characterized. Crude laminaran was successively extracted two times at room temperature for 2 hr with 0.09 N HCl, and partially purified laminaran was isolated using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Crude laminaran accounted for $14.5\%$ of the dry seaweed weight and contained $8.4\%$ protein, $7.6\%$ sulfate and $68.2\%$ polysaccharide. Partially purified laminaran accounted for $6.5\%$ of the dry algal weight and composed of $3.8\%$ protein, $3.2\%$ sulfate and $74.7\%$ total sugar, which is mainly composed of glucose $(83.3\%)$, indicating that partially purified laminaran was more purified polysaccharide than crude laminaran. Purified laminaran was fractionated into one fractions by Sephacryl S-300 HR column chromatography and this fraction was analysed by FT-IR, $^{13}C$ NMR, methylation and gel filtration chromatography. Purified laminaran showed $\beta-configuration$ $(^{13}C:103.0ppm,\;FT-IR:888cm^{-1})$ in the anomerization of the glycosidic linkages and was $(1\rightarrow3),\;(1\rightarrow6)$ linked $\beta-glucan$. The average molecular weight of purified laminaran was 12,600 dalton.