• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.42-51
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• 2007

Background and Purpose : To prevent ischemic cerebral infarction, it is very important to reduce risk factors which might cause stroke. However, the relationship of coffee consumption with ischemic cerebral infarction still remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of coffee consumption on the risk of ischemic cerebral infarction in Koreans. Methods : A case-control study was conducted from April 1, 2001 to July 31, 2004. Cases (n=435) of first incident ischemic cerebral infarction were enrolled and were mostly matched by age to stroke-free hospital controls (n=407). All subjects were interviewed, examined and had anthropometric measurements by using an organized questionnaire. The coffee consumption was classified by the average frequency of intake, being none, 1 cup/day, 2-4 cups/day, more than 5 cups/day. Odds ratios (ORs) of ischemic cerebral infarction were proved multivariate analysis after adjustment for demographic factors, diet factors, and vascular risk factors. Results : When adjusted for sex, age, and other factors, coffee consumption and stroke do not have a significant association. (${\leq}$ cup/day OR=1.035, 95% CI=0.880-2.756; 2-4cups/day OR=1.452, 95% CI=0.864-2.440; ${\geq}$ 5 cups/day OR=1.557, 95% CI=0.705-3.435) Conclusions : In this study, we conclude that coffee consumption is not an important risk factor of ischemic cerebral infarction in Koreans. Prospective and cohort study on the relation between coffee consumption and the possibility of inducing ischemic cerebral infarctions in Koreans will be required in the future.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.162-170
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• 2000

Purpose : Studies on the Regulatory Effect of Cytokine Production in Taumin Patients with Cerebral Infarction by Cheongsimyeonjatang Method : ELISA(enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay) Result : Chungsimyeunjatang(CYT) is a prescription for the cerebral infarction (CI) patients of Taeumin according to Sasang constitution philosophy. Taeumin patients with CI were treated with CYT during the acute stage. Clinical signs of CI disappeared markedly in about two to four weeks after oral administration of CYT in all patients. The mean interleukin (IL)-2 plasma levels were slightly lower in the patients with CI than in the normal groups, whereas the mean IL-4, IL-6 and IgE levels were significantly higher in the patients. There were no significant differences in $interferon-{\gamma}$ $(IFN-{\gamma})$ levels between the groups. Serum $IFN-{\gamma}$ and IL-2 levels derived from T helper (Th)1 cells were elevated significantly in the patients with CI by CYT administration. Significant reduced plasma levels of IL-4 and IL-6 derived from Th2 cells and IgE were observed in the patients treated with CYT. During the period of CYT administration, there were no other adverse effects. The data indicate that CYT has a good CI treatment effect, and that its action may be due to regulation of cytokine Production.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2000

1. Purpose This studies the regulatory effect of cytokine production in Soyangin patients with cerebral infarction by Yangkyuksanhwatang. 2 Method ELISA 3. Result & Conclusion Yangkyuksanhwatang(YST) is a prescription for the cerebral infarction (CI) patients of Soyangin according to Sasang constitution philosophy. Soyangin patients with CI were treated with YST during the acute stage. Clinical signs of CI disappeared markedly in about 2 to 4 weeks after oral administration of YST in all patients. The mean interleukin (IL)-2 plasma levels were slightly lower in the patients with CI than in the normal groups, whereas the mean IL-4, IL-6 and IgE levels were significantly higher in the patients. There were no significant differences in interferon- ${\gamma}$ (IFN- ${\gamma}$ ) levels between the groups. Serum IFN- ${\gamma}$ and IL-2 levels derived from T helper (Th)1 cells were elevated significantly in the patients with CI by YST administration. Significant reduced plasma levels of IL-4 and IL-6 derived from Th2 cells and IgE were observed in the patients treated with YST. During the period of YST administration, there were no other adverse effects. The data indicate that YST has a good CI treatment effect, and that its action may be due to regulation of cytokine production.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.132-139
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• 2002

The correlation between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphisms and cerebral infarction (CI) has been controversial. Such controversy may be due to different classifications of cerebrovascular diseases and ethnic differences. I studied the correlation between ACE genotypes and CI patients by case-control study in the Korean population. I also classified CI patients and control group into four types according to Sasang constitutional medicine. Furthermore I investigated the correlation among ACE genotypes, CI and Sasang constitutions. The frequencies of D allele were 0.32 in subjects with CI and 0.40 in the control group without CI (X2=0.128, p=0.720). In patients with CI, the frequency of Taeumins, one of four Sasang constitutional types, was significantly higher than that in controls (X2=15.425, p<0.00l). I did not find any correlation between ACE polymorphism and CI in Koreans. However, there were significant differences in allele frequencies between Koreans and Europeans, while similarities were shown to those of Japanese and Chinese populations.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.209-219
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• 2004

The author investigated whether ACE/DD, AGN/TT, and ApoE/ε4 genotypes are associated with CI and whether genetic risk is enhanced by Sasang constitutional classification. The author ascertained these genotypes in patients with CI (n=211), diagnosed by brain computed tomography. Control subjects for the infarction group were randomly selected from 319 subjects matched for age, gender, and history of hypertension with patients. The ACE/DD genotype was not associated with CI. However. there was significant association between ApoE polymorphism and CI (x²=15.089, p<.05). Furthermore, frequency of AGN/TT genotype was higher in the patients with CI than in the controls (x²=20.072, p<.05). The frequency of T allele Was 0.91 in patients and 0.82 in controls (x²=17.237, p<.05). However, the Sasang constitutional classification did not increase the relative risk for CI in the subjects with ApoE/ε4 or AGN/T allele. These results suggest that ApoE and AGN polymorphism predict CI. but Sasang constitutional classification does not enhance the risk for CI associated with ApoE/ε4 or AGN/TT in a Korean population.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2005

This study was to investigate the effect of Danchunwhangagam(DCWGG) extract on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Cerebral infarction(CI) patients. Methods: We examined how the inhibition rate of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, interleukin(IL)-1$\alpha$, IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, and IL-8 productions in DCWGG pretreatment PBMCs culture supernatant in the lipopolysaccaride(LPS)- or desferrioxamine(DFX)treated cells compared to unstimulated cells. Results: DCWGG inhibited the productions of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1$\alpha$, IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, and IL-8 induced by LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: DCWGG might have regulatory effects on LPS or DFX-induced cytokine production, which might explain its beneficial effect in the treatment of CI.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.929-935
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the effect of Danchunwhangagam(DCWGG) extract on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCS) from Cerebral infarction(CI) patients. Methods: We examined that the inhibition rate of tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha},\;interleukin(IL)-1{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-8 productions in DCWGG pretreatment PBMCs culture supernatant in the lipopolysaccaride(LPS)- or Oesferrioxamine(DFX)-treated cells compared to unstimulated cells. DCWGG inhibited the productions of $TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-8 induced by LPS in a dose-dependent manner DCWGG might have regulatory effects on LPS or DFX-induced cytokine production, which might explain its beneficial effect in the treatment of CI.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 2015

Objective : Posttraumatic cerebral infarction (CI) is a well-known complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the causation and apportionment of trauma in patients with CI after TBI is not easy. There is a scoring method, so-called trauma apportionment score (TAS) for CI, consisted with the age, the interval, and the severity of the TBI. We evaluated the reliability of this score. Methods : We selected two typical cases of traumatic CI. We also selected consecutive 50 patients due to spontaneous CI. We calculated TAS in both patients with traumatic and spontaneous CI. To enhance the reliability, we revised TAS (rTAS) adding three more items, such as systemic illness, bad health habits, and doctor's opinion. We also calculated rTAS in the same patients. Results : Even in 50 patients with spontaneous CI, the TAS was 4 in 44 patients, and 5 in 6 patients. TAS could not assess the apportionment of trauma efficiently. We recalculated the rTAS in the same patients. The rTAS was not more than 11 in more than 70% of the spontaneous CI. Compared to TAS, rTAS definitely enhanced the discriminating ability. However, there were still significant overlapping areas. Conclusion : TAS alone is insufficient to differentiate the cause or apportionment of trauma in some obscure cases of CI. Although the rTAS may enhance the reliability, it also should be used with cautions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.192-198
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• 2009

Banhabaikchulcheunma-tang (BBCT), a prescription composed of thirteen herbal mixtures, has been widely used in the treatment of brain disorders in Oriental Medicine. However, the mechanisms by which the formula affects on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cerebral infarction (CI) patients remain unknown yet. The levels of secretory protein of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interlukin (IL)-1b, and IL-6, were significantly increased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 differentiated macrophage-like (THP-1/M) cells and Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CI patients. However, pretreatment with BBCT significantly inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6, in THP-1/M cells and PBMCs from CI patients with stimulus. Thus, these data indicate that BBCT may be beneficial in the cessation of inflammatory processes of cerebral infarction through suppression on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.346-351
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• 2016

Objective : Early progressive infarction (EPI) is frequently observed and related to poor functional outcome in patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction caused by MCA occlusion. We evaluated the perfusion parameters of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a predictor of EPI. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed patients with acute MCA territory infarction caused by MCA occlusion. EPI was defined as a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale increment ${\geq}2$ points during 24 hours despite receiving standard treatment. Regional parameter ratios, such as cerebral blood flow and volume (rCBV) ratio (ipsilateral value/contralateral value) on perfusion MRI were analyzed to investigate the association with EPI. Results : Sixty-four patients were enrolled in total. EPI was present in 18 (28%) subjects and all EPI occurred within 3 days after hospitalization. Diabetes mellitus, rCBV ratio and regional time to peak (rTTP) ratio showed statically significant differences in both groups. Multi-variate analysis indicated that history of diabetes mellitus [odds ratio (OR), 6.13; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.55-24.24] and a low rCBV ratio (rCBV, <0.85; OR, 6.57; 95% CI, 1.4-30.27) was significantly correlated with EPI. Conclusion : The incidence of EPI is considerable in patients with acute MCA territory infarction caused by MCA occlusion. We suggest that rCBV ratio is a useful neuro-imaging parameter to predict EPI.