• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cercariae

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Synthesis of New Uraci1-5-Sulphonamide-p-Phenyl Derivatives and Their Effect on Biomphalaria alexandrina Snail's Nucleoproteins

  • Fathalla, O.A.;Gad, H.S.M.;Maghaby, A.S.
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.128-138
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    • 2000
  • In continuation of the previous work (Fathalla, 1992) on the synthesis of some heterocycles containing uracil moiety, we report herein the incorporation of uracil moiety into cyan-opyridine thione, thiosemecarbazone, semicarbazone, cyanopyridine, ami nocyano pyridine, isoxazoline, pyrazoline, pyrimidine, triazolo pyrimidine, pyran, selena and thiazole derivatives which might modify their biological activities. The biological studies revealed that the chemical compound III f showed high molluscicdal activity than other compounds. The profile of the nucleoprotein extracted from chemically (compound IIIc, e, f and g) treated or UV-irradiated B.alexandrina snails did not show appreciable differences when compared to non-treated (native) snails by using SDS-PAGE, where no obvious qualitative or quantitative differences were observed. Immunization of experimental animals with the nucleoprotein extracted from native, chemically (compound III f & g) treated or physically treated B.alexandrina snails induced significant protection against challenge with normal S.mansoni cercariae, as compared to the non-immunized challenged control. As well as , a decrease in the number of granuloma formation and the size range of granuloma was also observed in immunized animals. It is concluded that, compounds III f and g have a potent molluscicidal activity. They also induced chemical modification comparable to that induced by physical treatment in the snail's nucleoprotein, which could possibly be used in immunization against S. mansoni infection.

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Studies on the Life History of Bacciger harengulae (Bacciger harengulae의 생활사에 관한 연구)

  • KIM Young-Gill;CHUN Seh-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.449-470
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    • 1984
  • The cercaria of Bacciger herengulae which is parasitized on the gonad of Solen strictus was investigated in order to reveal its entire life history. The area covered for the study was in the vicinity sea of Naechodo, the estuary of the Kum river in the western coast of Korea during the period of 1980-1983. Morphology and development as well as infection rates of sporocyst and cercaria within Solen strictus were examined. For accomplishing the objectives of this study, an artificial infection experiment and some investigations on the second intermediate host, the final host and the growing stages were also studied in both laboratory and natural habitat of Solen strictus. According to the study, it was revealed that the first intermediate hosts were Meretrix lusoria, Solen strictus, Tapes japonica and Laternula limicola, the second intermediate host was Palaemon (Exopalaemon) carinicauda and the final hosts were Konosirus punctatus and Harengula zunasi. A mature sporocyst which was found in the gonad of Solen strictus was $4.0-4.3{\times}0.2-0.21\;mm$ insize, and the cercaia with 27 pairs of setae, each seta consisting of 6 tufts, was $270{\times}147{\mu}m$ in body size and $550{\times}52{\mu}m$ in tail size. Oral sucker($52{\times}42{\mu}m$), pharynx, vental sucker and two testese were obviously seen within the cercaria. The excretory vesicles of cercaria were in V-shape and the flame cell were formula was expressed as 2[(3+3)+(3+3)]=24. The infection of cercaria in the first intermediate host, Solen strictus, was found throughout the year regardlless of the water temperature, and its mean infection rate was $9.67\%$ during the study period. The infection rate fluctuated with temperature, the highest being $28.0\%\;at\;28.0^{\circ}C$ water temperature in July and the lowest $2.4\%\;at\;19.5^{\circ}C$ in October, and it increased in proportion to the shell length on the host. But cercaria was not detected at below 4.0 cm in size of the host. Mature cercariae were found 6 months from May to October when water temperature was above $19.5^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, when water temperature was below $19.5^{\circ}C$, only immature cercariae and sporocysts were found. The cercariae were active for 35 hours and survived for 71 hours at $20^{\circ}C$, and 29 and 34 hours at $25^{\circ}C$ respectively, whereas the cercariae were inactive at less than $20^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. Cercaria, from Solen strictus, approached shrimp of 1-3 cm in body length as its second host. Then, it began to intrude in to the muscle of shrimp after 2-3 hours. The infected cercaria formed cyst after 7-8 hours, and became mature metacercaria. $420{\times}310{\mu}m$ in size, 15 days afer infection. The infection rate of metaceria to shrimp in the laboratory was highest, at $25^{\circ}C$ being $61\%$ and at $20^{\circ}C\;17%$. The infection rate of metacearia in shrimp was highest in the first abdominal segment, followed by cephalothorax, the second, and fifth abdominal segments, and in that order. Also, the infection rate of metacercaria in wild shrimp was high $9.6-11.1\%$ at $26.5^{\circ}C$ in June, and low $1.56-2.5\%$ at $28-29.5^{\circ}C$ from July to August. The infected shrimp with metacercaria was experimentally fed to Konosirus punctatus in the laboratory in order to know its final host. The metacercaria developed into the adult worm, $440-520{\times}310-360{\mu}m$ in size, within the intestine of Konosirus punctatus 20 days after infection. The adult worm was oval shape and $20-24{\times}11-20{\mu}m$ in size. The infection rate of adult worm to Konosirus punctatus and Harengula zunasi ranged 87.3 to $100\%$, the mean being $95.2\%$, regardless of the body length of their hosts. The infection rate was $100\%$ in June and July, but it decreased in September and October. The size and body structure of the trematode observed during the present study were well agreed with those ievestigated by Yamaguti(1938), thus, it may be concluded that the adult worm it identified as Bacciger harengulae.

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Experimental life history of Echinostoma cinetorchis (이전고환극구흡충의 실험실 내 생활사)

  • 이순형;채종일
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.39-44
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    • 1990
  • The life history of Echinostoma cinetorchis was completed in the laboratory using Hippeutis cantors as the first and second intermediate host. The incubation for maturation of eggs and hatching of miracidia took 24 days at 28℃. On the 66th day after miracidial challenge, 16 snails were crushed and examined for the presence of E. cinetorchis larvae. The metacercariae were detected in all of the snails, and from three of them were found the rediae and cercariae. The morphological characteristics of the larvae and the experimentally obtained adults were compatible with that of E. cinetorchis.

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Mansonian schistosomiasis in rectum - Report of a case - (직장에 발생한 만손주혈흡충증 일례 보고)

  • 임소덕;서연림
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.383-386
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    • 1995
  • Schistosomiasis is a snail-transmitted trematodiasis acquired by immersion in water which contains the cercariae. In Korea, six imported cases of urinary schistosomiasis by Schistosomc haematobium and one case of imported cerebral schistosomiasis by S. mansoni were reported. Herein we report a case of S. monsoni infecting rectum of a 46 year-old Korean male, who had been to Saudi Arabia for two years. On colonoscopy for routine physical check up, a 0.4 cm polyp in the rectum was detected and biopsy was done. Microscopically, rectal mucosa showed several granulomas which were composed of macrophages, Iymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. The center of each granuloma showed an ovoid egg often containing miracidium. The eggs measured 130 × 60 ㎛ in average size. They had yellowish-brown transparent shell loth the characteristic lateral spille. This is the 8th imported case of schistosomiasis in Korea and the second one infected by S. mansoni. Key words: Schistosomc mansoni, rectum, Korea, imported case.

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$Fasciola$ $gigantica$ Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP) as a Prophylactic Agent against $Schistosoma$ $mansoni$ Infection in CD1 Mice

  • Aly, Ibrahim Rabia;Diab, M.;El-Amir, A.M.;Hendawy, M.;Kadry, S.
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.50 no.1
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    • pp.37-43
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    • 2012
  • Although schistosomicidal drugs and other control measures exist, the advent of an efficacious vaccine remains the most potentially powerful means for controlling this disease. In this study, native fatty acid binding protein (FABP) from $Fasciola$ $gigantica$ was purified from the adult worm's crude extract by saturation with ammonium sulphate followed by separation on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration using Sephacryl HR-100, respectively. CD1 mice were immunized with the purified, native $F.$ $gigantica$ FABP in Freund's adjuvant and challenged subcutaneously with 120 $Schistosoma$ $mansoni$ cercariae. Immunization of CD1 mice with $F.$ $gigantica$ FABP has induced heterologous protection against $S.$ $mansoni$, evidenced by the significant reduction in mean worm burden (72.3%), liver and intestinal egg counts (81.3% and 80.8%, respectively), and hepatic granuloma counts (42%). Also, it elicited mixed $IgG_1/IgG_{2b}$ immune responses with predominant $IgG_1$ isotype, suggesting that native $F.$ $gigantica$ FABP is mediated by a mixed Th1/Th2 response. However, it failed to induce any significant differences in the oogram pattern or in the mean granuloma diameter. This indicated that native $F.$ $gigantica$ FABP could be a promising vaccine candidate against $S.$ $mansoni$ infection.

Molecular Differentiation of Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi by Real-Time PCR with High Resolution Melting Analysis

  • Kongklieng, Amornmas;Kaewkong, Worasak;Intapan, Pewpan M.;Sanpool, Oranuch;Janwan, Penchom;Thanchomnang, Tongjit;Lulitanond, Viraphong;Sri-Aroon, Pusadee;Limpanont, Yanin;Maleewong, Wanchai
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.51 no.6
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    • pp.651-656
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    • 2013
  • Human schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi is a chronic and debilitating helminthic disease still prevalent in several countries of Asia. Due to morphological similarities of cercariae and eggs of these 2 species, microscopic differentiation is difficult. High resolution melting (HRM) real-time PCR is developed as an alternative tool for the detection and differentiation of these 2 species. A primer pair was designed for targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene to generate PCR products of 156 base pairs for both species. The melting points of S. japonicum and S. mekongi PCR products were $84.5{\pm}0.07^{\circ}C$ and $85.7{\pm}0.07^{\circ}C$, respectively. The method permits amplification from a single cercaria or an egg. The HRM real-time PCR is a rapid and simple tool for differentiation of S. japonicum and S. mekongi in the intermediate and final hosts.

A Study on the Infection Statue of Tadpoles and Frogs by the Metacercariae of Fibricola seoulensis in Korea (국내 일부 지역산 올챙이와 개구리의 Fibricola seoulensis 유충에 의한 감염상)

  • 홍성태;이순형
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.72-78
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    • 1985
  • A total of 220 tadpoles was captured in 6 areas and total 117 frogs, Rana nigromacuzata, were collected in 11 areas in Korea. They were examined for their infection status by the metacercariae of Fibricola seoulensis by peptic digestion technique and by histological observation with hematoBylineosin staining. This study was carried out from August, 1983 to September, 1984. Followings are the results. 1. The tadpoles of R. nigromaculata were positive for the metacercariae from 3.3% to 100% by area. The number of metacercariae per infected tadpole ranged from 1 to 584, and the mean number Per tadpole ranged from 7.6 to 221 by area. 2. The metacercariae from 16 tadpoles were counted by the body portion. A great majority of the metacercariae was collected from abdominal cavity, 98.3% of 484 counted larvae. And 6(1.2%) larvae were from proximal tail and 2(0.4%) from trunk. 3. Histological sections of tadpoles showed many metacercariae in abdominal cavity but none in other parts. The larvae were free in the spaces among intestinal loops or around primitive liver. A few larvae were in duct-like tissues near trunk wall. There was little infiltration of inaammatory cells. 4. The metacercarial infection rates of frogs ranged from 0% to 100% by area. The larval burden was 1 to 470 by infected frogs, and mean number ranged from 1 to 175.6 by area. By above results, it is suggested that the cercariae of F. seoulensis may infect R. nigromaculata already in the stage of tadpole. Almost all of the metacercariae were concentrated in abdominal cavity of tadpoles. According to the infection status of frogs, this nuke is prevalent almost nationwidely in rice paddies in Korea.

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Protective and Anti-Pathology Effects of Sm Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase-Based DNA Vaccine against Schistosoma mansoni by Changing Route of Injection

  • Saber, Mohamed;Diab, Tarek;Hammam, Olft;Karim, Amr;Medhat, Amina;Khela, Mamdouh;El-Dabaa, Ehab
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.51 no.2
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    • pp.155-163
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    • 2013
  • This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fructose-1,6-bis phosphate aldolase (SMALDO) DNA vaccination against Schistosoma mansoni infection using different routes of injection. The SMALDO has been cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1/V5-His TOPO-TA and was used in injecting Swiss albino mice intramuscularly (IM), subcutaneously (SC), or intraperitoneally (IP) ($50{\mu}g/mouse$). Mice vaccinated with non-recombinant pcDNA3.1 served as controls. Each group was immunized 4 times at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6. Two weeks after the last booster dose, all mice groups were infected with 80 S. mansoni cercariae via tail immersion. At week 8 post-infection, animals were sacrificed for assessment of parasitological and histopathological parameters. High anti-SMALDO IgG antibody titers were detected in sera of all vaccinated groups (P<0.01) compared to the control group. Both the IP and SC vaccination routes resulted in a significant reduction in worm burden (46.2% and 28.9%, respectively, P<0.01). This was accompanied by a significant reduction in hepatic and intestinal egg counts (41.7% and 40.2%, respectively, P<0.01) in the IP group only. The number of dead eggs was significantly increased in both IP and IM groups (P<0.01). IP vaccination recorded the highest significant reduction in granuloma number and diameter (54.7% and 29.2%, respectively, P<0.01) and significant increase in dead miracidia (P<0.01). In conclusion, changing the injection route of SMALDO DNA vaccination significantly influenced the efficacy of vaccination. SMALDO DNA vaccination via IP route could be a promising protective and antipathology vaccine candidate against S. mansoni infection.

Evaluation of schistosomula lung antigen preparation and soluble egg antigen vaccines on experimental schistosomiasis mansoni

  • Nagwa S. M. Aly;Hye-Sook Kim;Maysa A. Eraky;Asmaa A. El Kholy;Basma T. Ali;Shin-ichi Miyoshi;Rabab E. Omar
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.61 no.3
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    • pp.251-262
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    • 2023
  • Schistosomiasis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to assess the effect of schistosomula lung antigen preparation (SLAP) and soluble egg antigen (SEA) on a murine schistosomiasis mansoni model. Ninety laboratory-bred male Swiss albino mice were divided into 6 groups. Two doses of the vaccine were given at 2-week intervals. All mice were subcutaneously infected with 80±10 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae 2 weeks after the last vaccination dose. They were sacrificed 7 weeks post-infection. Parasitological and histopathological studies were conducted to assess the effect of inoculated antigens (single or combined). The results showed that the combination of SLAP and SEA (combination group) led to a significant reduction in worm burden (65.56%), and liver and intestine egg count (59% and 60.59%, respectively). The oogram pattern revealed a reduction in immature and mature eggs (15±0.4 and 10±0.8, respectively) and an increased number of dead eggs in the combination group (P<0.001). In terms of histopathological changes, the combination group showed notably small compact fibrocellular egg granuloma and moderate fibrosis in the liver. A high percentage of destroyed ova was observed in the intestine of the combination group. This study demonstrates for the first time the prophylactic effect of combined SLAP and SEA vaccine. The vaccine induced a significant reduction in the parasitological and pathological impacts of schistosomiasis mansoni in hepatic and intestinal tissues, making it a promising vaccine candidate for controlling schistosomiasis.

Malacological Studies on Parafossarulus manchouricus(Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) in Korea (한국산(韓國産) 왜우렁(Parafossarulus manchouricus)의 패류학적(貝類學的) 연구(硏究))

  • Chung, Pyung-Rim
    • The Korean Journal of Malacology
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.24-50
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    • 1985
  • Five different populations of Parafossarulus manchouricus (Chongpyung, Chinju and Kunsan, Korea; and Japan and Taiwan), a population of Bitbynia (Gabbia) misella (Gongju, Korea) and two different populations of Bithynta tentaculata (Michigan, U.S.A. and Bodensee, Germany) were compared in regard to eff-laying characteristics, morphology, chromosome cytology, natural infections of parasites and ecology of habitats. A satisfactory culture method was devised for laboratory rearing of the snails. Tropical fish food (Terra SML) and powdered green leaves (Ceralife) were used as the main food sources for the snails. Benthic diatoms such as Navicula and Gomphonema from the periphyton were also essential for satisfactory growth, especially for the baby snails. The aquaria were stabilized with small stones from a local stream. Young P. manchouricus snails grew to adult size in about 54 days after hatching. They laid eggs 150-156 days after hatching. The whole cycle (birth to egg-laying) took approximately 5 months. The three species of bithyniid snails are iteroparous and lay eggs once a year. There were no major morphological differences in the shells of genera or subgenera studied here. They did exhibit the following rather minor differences. The shell of Parafossarulus has spirally raised ridges, and its apex is usually eroded; the other two genera lack these characteristics. The shell of B. (Gabbia) misella is small, nor exceeding 7.5 mm in length, while the shells of the other two species are larger, being more than 10 mm in length. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the protoconch of P. manchouricus reveals nearly smooth sculpture with small, low, spiral wrinkles. This sculpture is quite different from that of the Hydrobiidae, a family to which the bithyniids are frequently assigned. Scanning electron microscopy of the radulae of the three bithyniid species showed that their radular morphologies are very similar, but there are some small differences, which may be species-specific. There were some statistical differences in shell heights between the Korean and the other populations of P. manchouricus, and between this species and the other two bithyniids as well. The shell differences between the several populations of Korean P. manchouricus may be related to environment. Edtails of the chromosome cycle of these bithyniid snails are similar to those reported for other snails. No specific differences were observed in the chromosome cycle between the various species and populations of snails employed in this study. Reporred for the first time in molluscs are two darkly stained "nucleolar organizers" during pachyterne stages of meiosis. Two different chromosome numbers were observed in the three bithyniid species: n=17 in B. tentaculata and P. manchouricus, and n=18 in B. (G.) misella. no sex chromosomes or supernumerary chromosomes were seen. There were no morphological differences in karyotypes of three Korean strains of P. manchouricus. The infection rates of cercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in Chinju and Kunsan strains of P. manchouricus were 0.14% and 1.25%, respectively. However, Clonorchis cercariae were found in Chongpyung strain of P. manchouriceu and Gongju strain of B. (G.) misella. The habitats of P. manchouricus around Jinyang Lake were relatively clean without any heavy pollution of aquatic microorganisms and organic materials during the period of this study. The levels of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) of the water specimens sampled from the study areas ranged from 6.0 to 9.6 ppm and from 0.4 to 1.6 ppm, respectively. Eight metalic constituents from the water samples were also assayed, and all metalic ions detercted were remarkably low below the legal criteria. However, calcium ion in the water samples from the habitats of P. manchouricus was considerably higher than others.

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