• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.453-459
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• 1996

Cellulase was purified from marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, to homogeneity by using chromatographic methods. Purified enzyme is an endo-${\beta}$-1,4 glucanase and shows a strong hydrolytic activity against carboxymethyl (CM) -cellulose. The physicochemical parameters of enzyme activity were determined. The molecular weight of the purified protein was approximately 62 kDa as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzymatic capability to digest cellulose of Chlorella cell wall was compared with that of other well known cellulases from Thermomonospora fusca. Experiments involving Chlorella digestion indicated that CM-cellulase from marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, could digest Chlorella very efficiently while cellulase purified from Thermomonospora fusca did not. From the result here, we propose that the cellulolytic system from marine rotifer is responsible for the hydrolysis of cellulosic wall of Chlorella, probing that rotifer digests Chlorella as a major live food.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

The objective of this experiment was to compare the effect of pH-regulated alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment of rice straw with those of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and anhydrous ammonia ($NH_3$) treatments on in sacco digestivility. Three non-lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were fed a diet containing 90% forage and 10% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. The AHP treatment significantly (p<0.05) reduced acid detergent lignin content of the straw, resulting in significant (p<0.05) increase of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose concentrations. Disappearance rates of DM and NDF of the straw significantly (p<0.05) increased at the incubation time of 24 h. On the other hand, those of ADF and cellulose were significantly (p<0.05) higher at the incubation time of 12 h than those of the others. The effective degradability of DM(EDDM), NDF(EDNDF), ADF(EDADF) and cellulose (EDCE) were determined using in sacco nylon bag technique on the basis of 0.05/h solid outflow rate. The greater differences (p<0.05) of EDDM, EDNDF, EDADF and EDCE were found between AHP treated straw and the others. In general, AHP treatment of the straw recorded higher digestion coefficients than untreated straw as well as NaOH and $NH_3$ treated straws. The results of this study demonstrate that AHP treatment can be used as a effective method for improving the nutritive value of rice straw for ruminants.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2003

This study was performed to test the cellulose digestibility using the transgenic pigs harboring cellulose degradation gene D (CelD). After delivered offsprings between normal pig and transgenic swine, DNA was isolated from piglets tail for PCR analysis. In first generation, five out of 65 piglets showed CelD positive. Unfortunately, four CelD-positive pigs were died during growing, but one survived pig was used as a transgenic founder to produce F$_1$ descendents. Among 3 F$_1$ transgenic pigs produced, one died and the remaining two pigs were used to test the fiber digest efficiency. An assorted feed was composite of 5％ fiber with other ingredients. The feed of 3 kg per day was provided to the pigs including transgenic founders and littermate controls. The manure quantity was measured daily for a month, and all manures were dried for three days to analysis nitrogen, phosphate and fiber concentrations. The fiber digestion efficiencies of the transgenic F$_1$ pigs showed approximately 10％ higher than those of control pigs. Fiber digestion was not greatly improved in transgenic pigs as it had been expected approximately 30％. Nitrogen concentration of transgenic pig's manure was slowly decreased compare to the control pigs. Because there were only two transgenic pigs tested, a large number of transgenic pigs may be necessary to obtain more reliable data. Breeding of animals to obtain sufficient transgenic pigs subjected for a further study is on progress. Taken together, this study demonstrated successful production of transgenic pigs with increase of cellulose digestibility in the porcine feed.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to assess a biochemical methane potential of giant miscanthus (Miscanthus sacchariflorus) which was a promising candidate energy crop due to a high biomass productivity, in order to utilize as a feedstock for the biogas production. METHODSANDRESULTS: Giant miscanthus was sampled the elapsing drying time of 6 months after harvesting. TS (Total Solid) and VS (Volatile Solid) contents were 94.7 and 90.8%. And CP (Crude Protein), EE (Ether Extracts), and CF (Crude Fiber) contents of giant miscanthus were 1.4, 0.46, and 46.12%, respectively. In the organic composition of giant miscanthus, the NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) representing cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose contents showed 86.88%, and the ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber) representing cellulose and lignin contents was 62.91%. Elemental composition of giant miscanthus showed 47.75%, 6.44%, 41.00%, and 0.28% for C, H, O, and N, respectively, and then, theoretical methane potential was obtained to $0.502Nm^3kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$. Biochemical methane potential was assessed as the range of $0.154{\sim}0.241Nm^3kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$ resulting the lower organic biodegradability of 30.7~48.0%. CONCLUSION: Therefore the development of pretreatment technology of the giant miscanthus was needed for the improvement of anaerobic digestability.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2019

The normal feeding approach of goats might be due to their precise anatomical and physiological characteristics of entity, which permit them to be highly selective, to eat legume silages and wild green grass. This review has been designed to consider the grazing behavior, fodder selection, and feed composition of goats. Various herbs and corns consumed by goats have numerous nutritive resources. Based on the general herbaceous intake activities and behavior of goats, they prefer wild grass such as grass grown in the steep hills than soft grass. Because the digestion capacity of cellulose feed has higher digestion level compared to other non-ruminants within rumen and it is advantageous to use wild forest or mountain grass which comprises high proportion of cellulose feed for goat. In South Korea, there are abundant feed resources for goats because of occupying large areas of mountains. Thus, goat production and feeding costs could be reduced if plants are used from the wild forest as a feed for goats relative to grassland grazing. Also, it is expected to contribute in improvement of goat farming with harmonious relationship between the grassland and wild forest while satisfying animal welfare and physiological desires of livestock.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1386-1398
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• 2010

Soybean contains a high concentration of carbohydrates that consist mainly of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. The NSP can be divided into insoluble NSP (mainly cellulose) and soluble NSP (composed mainly of pectic polymers, which are partially soluble in water). Monogastric animals do not have the enzymes to hydrolyze these carbohydrates, and thus their digestion occurs by means of bacterial fermentation. The fermentation of soybean carbohydrates produces short chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by animals. The utilization efficiency of the carbohydrates is related to the chemical structure, the level of inclusion in the diet, species and age of the animal. In poultry, soluble NSP can increase digesta viscosity, reduce the digestibility of nutrients and depress growth performance. In growing pigs, these effects, in particular the effect on gut viscosity, are often not so obvious. However, in weaning piglets, it is reported that soy oligosaccharides and soluble NSP can cause detrimental effects on intestinal health. In monogastrics, consideration must be given to the anti-nutritive effect of the NSP on nutrient digestion and absorption on one hand, as well as the potential benefits or detriments of intestinal fermentation products to the host. This mirrors the needs for i) increasing efficiency of utilization of fibrous materials in monogastrics, and ii) the maintenance and improvement of animal health in antibiotic-free production systems, on the other hand. For example, ethanol/water extraction removes the low molecular weight carbohydrate fractions, such as the oligosaccharides and part of the soluble pectins, leaving behind the insoluble fraction of the NSP, which is devoid of anti-nutritive activities. The resultant product is a high quality soy protein concentrate. This paper presents the composition and chemical structures of carbohydrates present in soybeans and discusses their nutritive and anti-nutritive effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs and poultry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.389-396
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• 1994

Effects of chemical treatments on in sacco and in vitro digestibility of barley straw by rumen fluid and pure cultures of cellulolytic bacteria were studied to evaluate the pretreatment and to improve the poor quality feed. Chemicals were applied by dissolving them in water equivalent to 40% of the weight of the straw (dry matter basis). Pretreatment with 5% NaOH yielded the largest increase in sacco digestion followed by pretreatment with 2% $(NH_4)_2SO_3$, 2.6% $NH_4OH$, 1.6% $NaHSO_3$ and untreated straw (control). In sacco dry matter digestibility of straw treated with NaOH and $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ continued to increase as the concentration of chemical increased (1 to 7.5%), as it was the in vitro dry matter loss by leaching. Treatment of barley straw with 5% NaOH enhanced significantly (p < 0.01) in vitro digestibility by rumen fluid, Fibrobacter suceinogenes and Ruminococcus albus though the fermentation products by cellulolytic bacteria were low, whereas the treatment with 5% $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ inhibited in vitro digestibility by F. succinogenes and R. albus together with lower fermentation products. Dry matter loss by leaching and bacterial digestion from barley straw treated with NaOH and $(NH_4)_2SO_3$ suggested the effect of pretreatment with these chemicals were based on leaching, and the cellulolytic bacteria had little to do with digestion.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.528-535
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• 2004

In order to observe the effects of resistant starches on human glycemic response, nine female university students were investigated using cellulose (CED), resistant starch 3 (RS3D) and resistant starch 4 (RS4D) diets. Each woman's blood sugar and insulin, triacylglycerol and free fatty in plasma concentration were measured at fasting state, then 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 120 minute after each test diet feeding. Glycemic indices of the Cellulose diet (CED: 57.9 $\pm3.00$), the Resistant starch 3 diet (RS3D: 52.6 $\pm7.9$) and the Resistant starch 4 diet (RS4D: 52.9 $\pm10.2$) were similar to each other, but they were significantly lower in comparison with those of white wheat bread diet (WWBD: 100). Insulinemic indices of the CED (49.8 $\pm8.2$), RS3D (50.0 $\pm7.3$) and RS4D (72.4 $\pm7.7$) were significantly lower in comparison with the white wheat bread diet (WWBD: 100), but among the dietary fiber diets, the insulinemic index of RS4D was significantly higher than the CED and the RS3D. Plasma triacylglycerol contents of the CED, RS3D and RS4D including WWBD showed gradual increase in tendency after lowering in early stage of each test diet feeding, but not significantly different in each dietary fiber added diet. Plasma free fatty acid contents of the CED, RS3D and RS4D including WWBD showed gradual decrease in tendency after each test diet feeding, but not significantly different by each dietary fiber added diet. In above results, we speculate that resistant starch 3 controls rapid elevation of blood sugar by delaying intestinal digestion and absorption of cellulose, but the result appears to be different from RS4 in comparison. Thus, RS3 intakes may contribute to the diet therapy of diabetic humans, but more studies on RS4 is needed in the future. (Korean J Community Nutrition 9(4): 528∼535, 2004)

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.270-282
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• 2023

Lower termites need symbiotic microbes for cellulose digestion. Elizabethkingia miricola strain BM10 has been proposed as a symbiotic microbe that assists in low-temperature digestion and metabolism of Reticulitermes speratus KMT1, a termite on Bukhan Mountain, Seoul, Korea. In E. miricola strain BM10, β-glucosidase genes expressed at 10℃ were identified, and the psychrophilic enzymatic characteristic was confirmed by heterogeneously expressed proteins. Crude β-glucosidase in the culture broth of E. miricola strain BM10 showed specific enzymatic properties, and its substrate affinity was 4.69 times higher than that of Cellic CTec2. Among the genes proposed as β-glucosidase, two genes, bglB_1 and bglA_2, whose gene expression was more than doubled at 10℃ than at 30℃, were identified. They were heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli and identified as psychrophilic enzymes with an optimal reaction temperature of about 20℃-25℃. In this study, E. miricola strain BM10, a symbiotic bacterium of lower termites, produced psychrophilic β-glucosidases that contribute to the spread of the low-temperature habitat of a lower termite, R. speratus KMT1.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and precision of airborne metal analysis using polyvinyl chloride(PVC) membrane filter by pretreatment methods. Methods: A total of 75 spiked PVC samples for Cr, Fe and Mn ranged from 6 ug/sample to 40 ug/sample were used to evaluate recovery rates for three pretreatment methods: acid extraction, hot plate ashing and microwave digestion. For Mn, an additional 75 spiked mixed cellulose ester(MCE) membrane filters were analysed to compare the recovery rates of PVC samples. All samples were analysed with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES) and manganese samples were additionally analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer(AAS). Results: The overall mean recovery rates of PVC samples for Cr, Fe and Mn were 90% or higher regardless of pretreatment methods, but there were statistically significant differences in recovery rates for Cr(p<0.05) and Mn(p<0.01) samples by pretreatment methods. The biases and the coefficient variations of PVC samples for three metals pretreated with three kinds of pretreatment methods ranged from 1.7% to 4.7% and from 1.6% to 6.5%, respectively. The manganese PVC samples pretreated by microwave digestion and analyzed with ICP-OES had the lowest bias at 1.9% and also showed lower bias than the bias for MCE samples, 2.7%. Conclusions: In order to accurately analyze the metals sampled with PVC membrane filters, microwave digestion and ICP-OES can be recommended.