• BMB Reports
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.569-574
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• 2014

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) degrades heme to carbon dioxide, biliverdin, and $Fe^{2+}$, which play important roles in various biochemical processes. In this study, we examined the protective function of HO-1 against oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells and in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. Western blot and fluorescence microscopy analysis demonstrated that PEP-1-HO-1, fused with a PEP-1 peptide can cross the cellular membranes of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, the transduced PEP-1-HO-1 inhibited generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death caused by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion ($MPP^+$). In contrast, HO-1, which has no ability to transduce into SH-SY5Y cells, failed to reduce $MPP^+$-induced cellular toxicity and ROS production. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injected PEP-1-HO-1 crossed the blood-brain barrier in mouse brains. In a PD mouse model, PEP-1-HO-1 significantly protected against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced toxicity and dopaminergic neuronal death. Therefore, PEP-1-HO-1 could be a useful agent in treating oxidative stress induced ailments including PD.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.325-335
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• 2018

This study is for checking the possibility of ginseng complex as cosmetic materials. For this we carried out biological active evaluation about anti-inflammatory and whitening effects by using ethanol extract of ginseng complex. Samples were prepared by extracting 70% ethanol from each of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (A), Phellinus linteus (B) and Pinus rigida Mill. (C), and mixing them at a ratio of (A) 1 : (B) 1 : (C) 0.5. In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the samples in macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells), MTT assay was used to evaluate the toxicity of the samples and the inhibitory activity of nitric oxide production and the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins and genes. To evaluate the whitening effect of the samples in melanoma (B16F10 cell), MTT assay was used to evaluate the toxicity of the sample, cellular tyrosinase inhibition, and melanin contents. The inhibitory activity of nitric oxide in the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells was 71.2% at $25{\mu}g/mL$ concentration and western blot analysis showed that the expression of iNOS and COX-2 protein decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of tyrosinase activity showed 36.8% inhibition at $50{\mu}g/mL$ concentration of ginseng complex and inhibition of melanin contents showed 47.8% inhibition at $50{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. From the results of the experiment, it was confirmed that the ginseng complex had excellent anti-inflammatory and whitening effect and could be used as a safe natural cosmetic material in the future.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.105-108
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• 2011

The increased concern for the security of the oil supply and the negative impact of fossil fuels on the environment, particularly greenhouse gas emissions, has put pressure on society to find renewable fuel alternatives. Compared to the traditional biofuel, ethanol, higher alcohols offer advantage as gasoline substitutes because of their higher energy density and lower hygroscopicity. For this reason, microbial fermentation is known as potential producers for sustainable energy carriers. In this study, bacterial responses including cellular and molecular toxicity were studied in three different microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Clostridium acetobutylicum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, it was analyzed specific stress responses caused by ethanol and buthanol using four different stress responsive genes, i.e. fabA, grpE, katG and recA. The expression levels of these genes were quantified by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. It was found that four genes have shown different responsive patterns when E. coli cultures were under stressful conditions caused by ethanol and buthanol, respectively. Therefore, in this study, the stress responsive effects caused by these alcohols and the extent of each stress response can be analyzed using the expression levels and patterns of different stress responsive genes.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.226-233
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• 2014

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from abnormal cellular process lead to various human diseases such as inflammation, ischemia, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Sensitive to apoptosis gene (SAG), a RING-FINGER protein, has anti-apoptotic activity and anti-oxidant activity. In this study, we investigate whether Tat-SAG, fused with a Tat domain, could protect SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ($MPP^+$) and dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydropyridine (MPTP) toxicity. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis showed that, unlike SAG, Tat-SAG transduced efficiently into SH-SY5Y cells and into the brain, respectively. Tat-SAG remarkably suppressed ROS generation, DNA damage, and the progression of apoptosis, caused by $MPP^+$ in SH-SY5Y cells. Also, immunohistochemical data using a tyrosine hydroxylase antibody and cresyl violet staining demonstrated that Tat-SAG obviously protected DA neurons in the SN against MPTP toxicity in a PD mouse model. Tat-SAG-treated mice showed significant enhanced motor activities, compared to SAG- or Tat-treated mice. Therefore, our results suggest that Tat-SAG has potential as a therapeutic agent against ROS-related diseases such as PD.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.634-639
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• 2017

We aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of KHG26792, a novel azetidine derivative, in amyloid ${\beta}$ ($A{\beta}$)-treated primary microglial cells. KHG26792 attenuated the $A{\beta}-induced$ production of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and nitric oxide. The levels of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, ROS, and NADHP oxidase enhanced by $A{\beta}$ were also downregulated by KHG26792 treatment. The effects of KHG26792 against the $A{\beta}-induced$ increases in inflammatory cytokine levels and oxidative stress were achieved by increasing the phosphorylation of $Akt/GSK-3{\beta}$ signaling and by decreasing the $A{\beta}-induced$ translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$. Our results provide novel insights into the use of KHG26792 as a potential agent against $A{\beta}$ toxicity, including its role in the reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress. Nevertheless, further investigations of cellular signaling are required to clarify the in vivo effects of KHG26792 against $A{\beta}-induced$ toxicity.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2017

Fungicide-resistant Alternaria alternata impede the practical control of the Alternaria diseases in crop fields. This study aimed to investigate cytological fungicide resistance mechanisms of A. alternata against dicarboximide fungicide iprodione. A. alternata isolated from cactus brown spot was cultured on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) with or without iprodione, and the fungal cultures with different growth characteristics from no, initial and full growth were observed by light and electron microscopy. Mycelia began to grow from one day after incubation (DAI) and continued to be in full growth (control-growth, Con-G) on PDA without fungicide, while on PDA with iprodione, no fungal growth (iprodione-no growth, Ipr-N) occurred for the first 3 DAI, but once the initial growth (iprodione-initial growth, Ipr-I) began at 4-5 DAI, the colonies grew and expanded continuously to be in full growth (iprodione-growth, Ipr-G), suggesting Ipr-I may be a turning moment of the morphogenetic changes resisting fungicidal toxicity. Con-G formed multicellular conidia with cell walls and septa and intact dense cytoplasm. In Ipr-N, fungal sporulation was inhibited by forming mostly undeveloped unicellular conidia with degraded and necrotic cytoplasm. However, in Ipr-I, conspicuous cellular changes occurred during sporulation by forming multicellular conidia with double layered (thickened) cell walls and accumulation of proliferated lipid bodies in the conidial cytoplasm, which may inhibit the penetration of the fungicide into conidial cells, reducing fungicide-associated toxicity, and may be utilized as energy and nutritional sources, respectively, for the further fungal growth to form mature colonies as in Ipr-G that formed multicellular conidia with cell walls and intact cytoplasm with lipid bodies as in Con-G.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.17-23
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• 2011

Objectives : This study aims at examining the effect of the fermentative extract of root of Sophorae Radix on the immuno-modulating activity. Methods : Cell viabilities were measured by MTT assay. Effect of SFS on nitric oxide(NO), hydrogen peroxide production from RAW 264.7 cells was accessed by Griess reagent assay. Effect of SFS on productions of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells was accessed by a multiplex bead array assay based on xMAP technology. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. As a result of carrying out MTT assay to check the cellular toxicity of the fermentative extract of Sophorae Radix. There was not any excessive toxicity to the macrophage when the fermentative extract of root of Sophorae Radix was treated in different concentrations. 2. The fermentative extract of Sophorae Radix increased the generation of hydrogen peroxide in the macrophage and significantly restored the suppression of the generation of the hydrogen peroxide in the macrophage induced by LPS. 3. The fermentative extract of Sophorae Radix reduced the generation of NO in the macrophage and significantly suppressed the increase of the generation of NO in the macrophage induced by LPS. 4. The fermentative extract of Sophorae Radix significantly decreased the amount of TNF-${\alpha}$ generated in the macrophage induced by LPS when it was $25{\mu}g/mL$ or higher. Conclusion : These results suggest that SFS has anti-inflammatory moiety related with its inhibition of NO, hydrogen peroxide, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, in macrophage led by LPS.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

The history of studies in biology regarding reactive oxygen species (ROS) is approximately 40 years. During the initial 30 years, it appeared that these studies were mainly focused on the toxicity of ROS. However, recent studies have identified another action regarding oxidative signaling, other than toxicity of ROS. Basically, it is suggested that ROS are reactive, and degenerate to biomolecules such as DNA and proteins, leading to deterioration of cellular functions as an oxidative stress. On the other hand, recent studies have shown that ROS act as oxidative signaling in cells, resulting in various gene expressions. Recently ROS emerged as critical signaling molecules in cardiovascular research. Several studies over the past decade have shown that physiological effects of vasoactive factors are mediated by these reactive species and, conversely, that altered redox mechanisms are implicated in the occurrence of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases ROS is a collective term often used by scientist to include not only the oxygen radicals($O2^{-{\cdot}},\;{^{\cdot}}OH$), but also some non-radical derivatives of oxygen. These include hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and ozone (O3). The superoxide anion ($O2^{-{\cdot}}$) is formed by the univalent reduction of triplet-state molecular oxygen ($^3O_2$). Superoxide dismutase (SOD)s convert superoxide enzymically into hydrogen peroxide. In biological tissues superoxide can also be converted nonenzymically into the nonradical species hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen ($^1O_2$). In the presence of reduced transition metals (e.g., ferrous or cuprous ions), hydrogen peroxide can be converted into the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (${^{\cdot}}OH$). Alternatively, hydrogen peroxide may be converted into water by the enzymes catalase or glutathione peroxidase. In the glutathione peroxidase reaction glutathione is oxidized to glutathione disulfide, which can be converted back to glutathione by glutathione reductase in an NADPH-consuming process.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 2004

This study was conducted in a commercial plug glasshouse in Sacheon to examine the possibility of producing tomato plug seedlings using various growing media containing cellular glass foam (CGF)and carbonized chestnut woodchips (CCW) as medium components. Plug seedlings of 'Seogun' tomato were grown in media containing 50% CCW＋50% peatmoss, 33% CGF＋67% peatmoss, and 50% peatmoss＋50% granular rockwool. A commercial plug medium (Tosilee) was used as the control. All seeds were sown in 200 cell plug trays on November 28, 2001. Seedling growth was measured at 31 days after sowing. Each treatment showed a similar growth result as compared to the control. Plant height, root grade, fresh weight, and air space and bulk density of the medium were significantly greater in the 33% CGF＋67% peatmoss treatment than those in the other media. However, growth was slightly suppressed in the 50% CCW＋50% peatmoss. pH and EC of the media were the highest in the control treatment, although no toxicity symptoms had been observed. The results suggest that perlite can be replaced with a new material such as CGF in the commercial scale production of plug seedlings of 'Seogun' tomato.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2006

Objectives: The extent of bone formation that occurs at the interface of metallic implants and bone is determined by the number and activity of osteoblastic cells. Stress proteins may be contributing determinants of cell viability in altered environments. Hsp27 is a small Mr hsp which is known as a molecular chaperone. Methods: To better understand how heat shock protein 27 contributes to endosseous implant - associated metal ions affects on osteoblastic cell viability, the effect of chromium and titanium ions were compared to effects of cadmium ions in the ROS17/2.8 osteoblastic cell line. Results: ROS17/2.8 osteoblastic cell line demonstrated ion - specific reductions in growth; reductions were significantly greater for cadmium than for chromium or titanium. Chromium impaired growth of cultures without altering cell viability measured using the MTT assay. A stable transformed cell line expressing additional hsp27(clone "A7") was resistant to the toxic effects of titanium and partially protected from cadmium toxicity. Conclusions: A role for hsp27 in protection of osteoblastic cells from metal ion toxicity is supported by the chromium - induced elevations in hsp27 abundance and the behavior of the A7 cell line in response to metal ions in culture. Similar biochemical responses to altered cellular environments may contribute to the fate of tissues adjacent to select metallic implants.