• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.461-468
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• 2005

The major function of immune system is to protect infections. The immune systems are composed of innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, the cellular and humoral components interact each other. Neonates and infants are infected frequently, because immune systems are naive and easy to expose to infectious agents. The complete history and physical examination is essential to evaluate the child with recurrent infections. The environmental risk factors of recurrent infections are day care center, cigarette smoke, and air pollution. The underlying diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and disorders of anatomy or physiology increase the susceptibility to infections. In immunodeficiency, infections are characterized by severe, chronic, recurrent, and unusual microbial agents infection. The defects of antibody production are susceptible to sinopulmonary bacterial infections. T cells defects are vulerable to numerous organisms such as virus, fungi, bacteria and etc. The screening tests for immune functions are the quantitative and qualitative measurements of each immune components. A complete blood count with white blood cell, differential, and platelet provide quantitative informations of immune components. Total complement and immunoglobulin levels represent the humoral component. Antibody levels of previously injected vaccines also provide informations of the antigen specific antibody immune responses. T cell and subsets count is quantitative measurement of cell mediated immunity. Delayed hypersensitivity skin test is a crude measurement of T cell function. The long term outcome of children with recurrent infections is completely dependent on the underlying diseases, the initial time of diagnosis and therapy, continued management, and genetic counscelling.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.345-351
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• 2004

ln the present work to determine effect of a Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugate vaccine, S.pneumoniae capsule attached to the surface protein (JY-Pol) was ex amined. This JY-Pol contained approximately 92% and 6% carbohydrate and protein, respectively. Gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of the surface protein in the JY-Pol. By the double immunodiffusion and isotyping ELISA analyses, administration of JY-Pol that was adsorbed to alum adjuvant (JY-Pol/Alum) into mice induced IgM, IgG, and IgA specific for the S.pneumoniae capsule. The ATCC capsular polysaccharide adsorbed to alum (ATCC-Pol/Alum) provoked only IgM in mice. In survival tests, mice that were immunized with the JY-Pol/Alum before intravenous challenge with live S.pneumoniae survived entire period of 46 day-observation, whereas all mice that received ATCC-Pol/Alum or only diluent instead of the vaccination died within 5 and 12 days, respectively. Results from footpad-edema test showed that JY-Pol/Alum formula provoked the cellular immunity as determined by swelling of the mouse footpad. These data indicate that the naturally conjugated JY- Pol enhances resistance of mice against disseminated pneumococcal disease due to S.pneumoniae by both humoral and cellular immune responses.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.43-57
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• 1997

It was claimed that the herbal medicine with the function of strengthening the body resistance exerts to enhance the immunity. And the medicine with the effect of eliminating the pathogenic factor is stated to inhibit the immune response. To evaluate the the effects of the herbal medicine on the immune response, the mice were administrated with the herbal medicine for 2 weeks. And the responses were analyzed. As the result, water extract of Radix Astragali, Fructus Psoraleae, Cortex Acanthopanacis, Semen Coicis, Herba Ecliptae, Spica Prunellae, and Radix Sophorae increased the ROI production, while Radix Tripterygia inhibited it. Phagocytic activity was increased after administration of Radix Astragal, Fructus Psoraleae, Cortex Acanthopanacis, Herba Ecliptae, Spica Prunellae and Radix Sophorae. NK cell activity was also significantly inhibited by Radix Tripterygia. Administration of Radix Astragali, Fructus Psoraleae, Cortex Acanthopanacis, Herba Ecliptae, Spica Prunellae and Semen Coicis enhanced the antibodies(hemagglutinin and hemolysin) formation and the appearance of rosette forming cells of the spleen, while Radix Sophorae and Radix Tripterygia decreased it. Radix Sophorae and Radix Tripterygia also decreased the allogenic immune response and mixed-lymphocyte reaction. And all the experimental herbs decreased contact hypersensitivity against dinitroflurobenzene. These results show Radix Astragali, Fructus Psoraleae, Spica Prunellae, Cortex Acanthopanacis, Semen Coicis and Herba Ecliptae enhanced innate immunity, humoral and cellular immune responses. However Radix Sophorae and Radix Tripterygia exert imunosuppressive action. Also these results indicate that the medicine with the action of the strengthening the body resistance enhances the immunity. And the the some of drugs belonging to the eliminating the pathogenic factor also increase the immune responses.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1_2
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• pp.33-42
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• 1987

Experiments were performed to investigate effects of ethanol and saccharin on the immune system in rats. 4% ethanol and 0.02, 0.20, 2.00% saccharin solution in 4% ethanol were provided ad libitum by tap water for 4 weeks. Rats were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (S-RBC). Immune responses were evaluated by relative immuno organ weight, antibody production, Arthus reaction, delayed type hypersensitivity, and rosette forming cell. Ethanol exposure decreased thymus weight and delayed type hypersensitivity. A combined solution of ethanol and saccharin decreased water intake, growth rate, spleen weight, thymus weight, humoral and cellular immune response. Especially, a 2% saccharin solution in 4% ethanol very significantly suppressed cellular immunity.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.6 no.1_2
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• pp.39-57
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• 1991

The effect of red ginseng ethanol extract on the immunotoxicity of diethylstilbestrol (DES) was studied in ICR mice. ICR male mice were divided into S groups (10 mice/group), and red ginseng ethanol extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body wt., respectively) and DES (1 mg/kg body wt.) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) to ICR mice once a day for 2 weeks. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (S-RBC). Immune response were evaluated by humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, non-specific immunity, and circulating leukocyte counts. The results of this study were summarized as followings: 1. The DES-treated control group as compared with normal group showed the tendency to decrease body weight rate and relative liver weight, decreased both humoral and cellular immune responses, phagocyte activity, and circulating leukocyte counts, but increased the natural killer (NK) cell activity. 2. Compared with the DES-treated control group, DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract-treated groups significantly decreased the body weight rate (P<0.01). Relative liver weight was significantly decreased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (50mg/kg)-treated group (P<0.01), but significantly increased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (100mg/kg)-treated group (P<0.01). Relative spleen and thymus weights were significantly enhanced in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (100 mg/kg)-treated group (P<0.01), but significantly decreased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (200 mg/kg)-treated group (P<0.01). 3. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were significantly decreased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract-treated groups rather than in the DES-treated control group (P<0.01). Especially, it weakened the decrease in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (100 mg/kg)-treated group. 4. Phagocyte activity and circulating leukocyte counts were significantly decreased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract-treated groups rather than in the DES-treated control group (P<0.01). Especially, it weakened the decrease in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (100 mg/kg)-treated group. NK cell activity was significantly enhanced in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (100 mg/kg)-treated group (P<0.01), but significantly decreased in DES plus red ginseng ethanol extract (50 and 200 mg/kg)-treated groups (P<0.01).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 1999

Effects of zinc chloride (Zn) on the immune responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were studied by using ICR mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups (10 mice/group), and Zn was given to the mice with i.p. injection at 0.3 mg/kg 5 times a week for 14 days, and 1 hr after Zn administration, LPS was given with i.p. injection at 5 mg/kg twice a week. Mice were immunized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Immunobiological responses were evaluated by humoral, cellular and nonspecific immunity. LPS treatment significantly increased the relative weights of spleen and thymus, hemagglutination titer (HA) and proliferation of splenocytes compared with those in controls, but significantly decreased the body weight gain. Zn treatment significantly increased proliferation of splenocytes and circulating leukocytes compared with those in controls. Combination of Zn and LPS significantly decreased the body weight gain and proliferation of splenocytes compared with those in controls. Combination of Zn and LPS significantly decreased HA and proliferation of splenocytes than in LPS alone. These findings indicate that zinc lowered the humoral immune responses of LPS.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.219-232
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• 1998

Paljintanggagmbang has been used for cure of tumor as a traditional medicine without any experimental evidence to support the rational basis for its clinical use. This study was carried out to evaluate. the possible therapeutic or antitumoral effects of Paljintanggagmbang extract against tumor, and to carry out some mechanisms responsible for its effect. Experimental studis were performed for measurement of Humoral and Cellular Immune Response and Phagocytosis in Mice treated with mitomytion C(MMC) and Paljintanggagmbang alone and combination. The results obtained in this study were as follows 1. The adminstration of Paljintanggagmbang extract decresed size of tumors cell which MCA induced. 2. The adminstration of Paljintanggagmbang extract decresed growth of the tumors which S 180 transplant. 3. The adminstration of Paljintanggagmbang extract decresed reproduction of A549, Hep3b, 3LL cell and S 180 in vivo. 4. The adminstration of Paljintanggagmbang extract incresed activity of the NK cell. These results also suggested that effect of Paljintanggagmbang might be chiefly due to nonspecific enhancement of Humoral and Cellular Immune Response and Phagocytosis in Mice treated with MMC and Paljintanggagmbang alone and combination.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 1985

This study was undertaken to assess the susceptibility of pigmented and nonpigmented strains of Serratia marcescens to antibiotics and human sera, and the effect of culture filtrates from pigmented and nonpigmented of Serratia marcescens on humoral and cellular immune responses in mice to thymus-dependent and indepependent antigens. Humoral immune response was measured by hemagglutinin (HA) and hemolysin (HE) to sheep red blood cell (SRBC), and Arthus or antibody response to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The cellular immune response was measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) determined by footpad swelling reactin to SRBC. The resistance of pigmented strains of Serratia marcescens to the bactericidal action of heat inactivated human serum was insignificantly greater than that of nonpigmented strains. However, the pigmented strains were significantly more resistant to the bactericidal action of heat-untreated human serum than that of nonpigmented strains. The clinical isolates of Serratia marcestens was also tested for their resistance to several antibiotics. There was no difference between the pigmented and non-pigmented strains in the resistance to carbenicillin. However, nonpigmented strains were more resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin and tobramycin than the pigmented strains. The intraperitoneal administration of culture filtrates from the pigmented or nonpigmented strains into mice caused enhancemented of antibody response to SRBC or PVP, and of DTH to SRBC. Besides, their enhancement of immune responses was more prominent when culture filtrate from the pigmented strains was administered.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2018

Silymarin is a flavonoid complex extracted from the Silybum marianum plant with a wide range of pharmacological and biochemical effects. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effects of silymarin were investigated in BALB/c mice. Silymarin was administered daily by intraperitoneal injection at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. Following the exposure, host hematological parameters, spleen cellularity and histopathological examination, as well as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, hemagglutination titers (HA), splenocyte cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation assay were studied in all of the test groups of animals. The results showed that the low dose of silymarin (50 mg/kg) could stimulate both cellular and humoral immune functions in the treated hosts. In addition, silymarin at 100 mg/kg appeared to impact on DTH responses and lymphoproliferation. Based on the finding here, it would seem that silymarin has efficient immunostimulant properties. As a recommendation, the application of silymarin along with acupuncture technique (herbal acupuncture) can be thought as a good plan to modulate and enhance the immune system for the management of several immunodeficiency disorders. However, further studies are required to demonstrate this hypothesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.220-223
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• 2003

In this paper, we optimize distributed autonomous robotic system based on artificial immune system. Immune system has B-cell and T-cell that are two major types of lymphocytes. B-cells take part in humoral responses that secrete antibodies and T-cells take part in cellular responses that stimulate or suppress cells connected to the immune system. They have communicating network equation, which have many parameters. The distributed autonomous robotics system based on this artificial immune system is modeled on the B-cells and T-cells system. So performance of system is influenced by parameters of immune network equation. We can improve performance of Distributed autonomous robotics system based on artificial immune system.