• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.1021-1026
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• 2012

The transient mass transfer in a single droplet system consisting of 1-octanol (continuous phase)/aqueous succinic acid solution (dispersed phase) was investigated in the presence of chemical reaction, which is acid/anion exchange reaction of succinic acid and tri-n-octylamine (TOA). This succinic acid extraction by TOA can be considered to occur at the interface between organic and aqueous phase, that is, heterogeneous reaction system. The basic properties of the system such as viscosity, density, distribution coefficient, terminal velocity of droplet, and diffusion coefficient were measured experimentally or calculated theoretically, and used for theoretical calculation of characteristic parameters of mass transfer later. The effects of succinic acid concentration on the terminal velocity was negligible in the existence of TOA, although the terminal velocity increases with succinic acid concentration in the absence of TOA. On the contrary, the terminal velocity decreases with TOA concentration. While droplets falls through organic phase, the trajectory of droplets is observed to oscillate around its vertical path. A mass trnasfer cell was prepared to monitor the mass transfer behavior in a single droplet and used to measure the mean concentration of succinic acid inside droplet. The results are expressed with dimensionless parameters. Under 50 g/L succinic acid condition, the system with 0.1 mol/kg TOA showed that the molar flux decreases in proportion to the decrease of concentration gradient, while in the case of 0.5 mol/kg TOA Sh increases rapidly with time indicating the molar flux of succinic acid decreases relatively slowly compared to the decrease in concentration gradient.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.387-395
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• 2003

Model tests were conducted to study the behavior of the piled raft foundation system on sands. Especially in this study, the method using the triaxial compression apparatus was devised and used to apply the confining pressure which is considered difficult in the existing model test on the soil. Steel rods (6mm dia.) and aluminum plates (8mm thickness, 50mm dia.) were used to simulate piles and rafts respectively. Jumunjin standard sands were used to ensure the homogeneity of the sample. After the sample with the piled raft model was laid inside the triaxial cell, the confining pressure was applied and then the compressive force was applied. The increase and/or decrease ratio of the bearing capacity, the load distribution ratio between raft and piles and the effect of settlements decrease depending on the confining pressure, the number of piles and the length of piles were analyzed and the bearing capacity and skin friction of the pile was calculated. By the results of these experiments, the bearing capacity increased and the settlement decreased with this piled raft foundation system. Especially the effect was larger with the increase of the number of piles than with the increase of length of piles. Hereafter, the study of the load transfer mechanism of piles under confining pressure would be made possible using these small model tester like triaxial compression apparatus.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.96-106
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• 2014

Previous academic research on FPGA tools has relied on simple imaginary models for the targeting architecture. As the first step to overcome such restriction, the issues on analytic placement and legalization which are applied to commercial FPGAs have been brought up, and several techniques to remedy them are presented, and evaluated. First of all, the center of gravity of the placed cells may be far displaced from the center of the chip during analytic placement. A function is proposed to be added to the objective function for minimizing this displacement. And then, the density map is expanded into multiple layers to accurately calculate the density distribution for each of the cell types. Early fixation is also proposed for the memory blocks which can be placed at limited sites in small numbers. Since two flip-flops share control pins in a slice, a compatibility constraint is introduced during legalization. Pre-packing compatible flip-flops is proposed as a proactive step. The proposed techniques are implemented on the K-FPGA fabric evaluation framework in which commercial architectures can be precisely modeled, and modified for enhancement, and validated on twelve industrial strength examples. The placement results show that the proposed techniques have reduced the wire length by 22%, and the slice usage by 5% on average. This research is expected to be a development basis of the optimization CAD tools for new as well as the state-of-the-art FPGA architectures.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.153-164
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• 2002

This used a new method to capture the neighbouring relationship among parcels. To define the neighbouring relationship, all the surrounding parcels in the study area can be identified as neighbours of the current parcel as long as they touch each other even at a point. To examine neighbouring parcels on all polygons of the study area, this study used ArcViews avenue programming which visited each polygon in turn and produced an outfile containing the parcel record ID and the contents of each of the adjacent parcels. The second thing is to translate the record IDs of neighbouring parcels into land use. For this, this study used the Lookup function in Excel to obtain neighbouring land use. To deal with how to calculate the ratio of each land use to neighbouring land uses, this study used Visual Basic. finally, this study considered a term of neighbour land use as the ratio of the number of urban use adjacent parcels to the total number of adjacent parcels. This study shows that GIS and spatial analysis can be applied to land use change in the urban fringe area at a very detailed level using municipal parcel data which occupies about 80% of administrative affairs, especially at the local government level in Korea. The results of analysis can be useful for local government to understand its situation and to manage land use efficiently in the urban fringe. The methodology developed in this study is especially useful for an empirical approach.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.95-106
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• 2011

Recently as efficient processing of aggregate queries for fetching desired data from sensors has been recognized as a crucial part, in-network aggregate query processing techniques are studied intensively in wireless sensor networks. Existing representative in-network aggregate query processing techniques propose routing algorithms and data structures for processing aggregate queries. However, these aggregate query processing techniques have problems such as high energy consumption in sensor nodes, low accuracy of query processing results, and long query processing time. In order to solve these problems and to enhance the efficiency of aggregate query processing in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposes Bucket-based Parallel Aggregation(BPA). BPA divides a query region into several cells according to the distribution of sensor nodes and builds a Quad-tree, and then processes aggregate queries in parallel for each cell region according to routing. And it sends data in duplicate by removing redundant data, which, in turn, enhances the accuracy of query processing results. Also, BPA uses a bucket-based data structure in aggregate query processing, and divides and conquers the bucket data structure adaptively according to the number of data in the bucket. In addition, BPA compresses data in order to reduce the size of data in the bucket and performs data transmission filtering when each sensor node sends data. Finally, in this paper, we prove its superiority through various experiments using sensor data.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.660-668
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• 2007

We investigated 248 patients who were diagnosed as malignant tumor in the department of Oral and maxillofacial Surgery of Kyungpook National University from 1999 to 2006, and following results were obtained. 1. Among 248 patients who have malignant tumor, 164 were men and 84 were women, which made the ratio of male to female 1.95:1. 2. The average age of oral cancer patients was 58.3. 3. As of the primary origin site, lower alveolus and gingiva were the greatest with 70 cases(28.2%), followed by tongue(l6.9%), upper alveolus and gingiva(14.9%), palate(13.7%), mouth floor(9.7%), buccal mucosa(4.8%), retromolar trigone(4.4%), Mx. & Mn. bone(3.2%) and lip(2.8%). 4. As of histologic distribution, squamous cell carcinoma was the greatest with 170 cases(68.6%), followed by sarcoma with 17 cases(6.9%), adenoid cystic carcinoma with 17 cases(6.9%), malignant lymphoma with 15 cases(6.0%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma with 13 cases(5.2%), metastatic carcinoma with 6 cases(2.4%) and malignant melanoma with 4 cases(1.6%). 5. Period between recognition of the symptom and the first visit to hospital was less than 3 months for 58.9% of the patients, and more than 3 months for 41% of the patients. 6. Investigation of whether the patients drink or smoke revealed that the number of non-smoking and non-drinking patients was 63 among 170 patients(37.0%) that were able to investigate. The number of patients who smoke only was 29(17.1%) and both drinking and smoking patients were 78(45.9%). 7. In clinical stage order, Stage IV(61.7%) was found th be the largest, followed by stage I(17.2%), stage II(13%) and stage III(7.8%). 8. The 5-year survival rate of the entire oral cancer patients appeared to be 57.7%. The survival rate was higher in younger group and women had higher survival rate but there was no statistical significance to this. In the aspect of stage, the survival rate was Stage I, Stage II, Stage IV and Stage III in decreasing order. The order according to T classification was the same. In N classification, patients with N0 had the highest survival rate and the survival rate decreased in the order of N1 and N2. Survival rate was especially low in patients with N2.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.79.2-79.2
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• 2017

To dynamically and chemically understand how filaments, dense cores, and stars form under different environments, we are conducting a systematic mapping survey of nearby molecular clouds using the TRAO 14 m telescope with high ($N_2H^+$ 1-0, $HCO^+$ 1-0, SO 32-21, and $NH_2D$ v=1-0) and low ($^{13}CO$ 1-0, $C^{18}O$ 1-0) density tracers. The goals of this survey are to obtain the velocity distribution of low dense filaments and their dense cores for the study of their origin of the formation, to understand whether the dense cores form from any radial accretion or inward motions toward dense cores from their surrounding filaments, and to study the chemical differentiation of the filaments and the dense cores. Until the 2017A season, the real OTF observation time is ~760 hours. We have almost completed mapping observation with four molecular lines ($^{13}CO$ 1-0, $C^{18}O$ 1-0, $N_2H^+$ 1-0, and $HCO^+$ 1-0) on the six regions of molecular clouds (L1251 of Cepheus, Perseus West, Polaris South, BISTRO region of Serpens, California, and Orion B). The cube data for $^3CO$ and $C^{18}O$ lines were obtained for a total of 6 targets, 57 tiles, 676 maps, and $7.1deg^2$. And $N_2H^+$ and $HCO^+$ data were added for $2.2deg^2$ of dense regions. All OTF data were regridded to a cell size of 44 by 44 arcseconds. The $^{13}CO$ and $C^{18}O$ data show the RMS noise level of about (0.1-0.2) K and $N_2H^+$ and $HCO^+$ data show about (0.07-0.2) K at the velocity resolution of 0.06 km/s. Additional observations will be made on some regions that have not reached the noise level for analysis. To identify filaments, we are using and testing programs (DisPerSE, Dendrogram, FIVE) and visual inspection for 3D image of cube data. A basic analysis of the physical and chemical properties of each filament is underway.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.126-144
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• 2012

Background : Peripheral nerves more rapidly recover than central nerves. However, it has been known that the degree of reaction of axons of peripheral nerves is affected by distinctive characteristics of axons and environmental factors near the axons. Taxol is a widely used medicine as for ovarian, breast, lung and gastric cancer. However it causes patients difficulties under treatment due to its toxic and side effects, which include persistent pain. Objectives : This study reviewed how SJT extract in vitro and in vivo affects nerve tissues of a sciatic nerve damaged by Taxol. It also studied how SJT extract in vivo affects axons of the sciatic nerve after the sciatic nerve was damaged by pressing. Methods : After vehicle, Taxol, and Taxol plus SJT were treated respectively for tissue of the sciatic nerve in vitro and then tissues were observed using Neurofilament 200, Hoechst, ${\beta}$-tubulin, $S100{\beta}$, caspase-3 and anti-cdc2. SJT was also oral medicated by injecting Taxol into the sciatic nerve of in vivo rats. Tissues of the sciatic nerve and axons of DRG sensory nerves were then observed using Neurofilament 200, Hoechst, ${\beta}$-tubulin, $S100{\beta}$, caspase-3 and p-Erk1/2. After inflicting pressing damage to the sciatic nerve of in vivo rats, tissues of the sciatic nerve and DRG sensory nerve were observed using Neurofilament 200, Hoechst, $S100{\beta}$, caspase-3, anti-cdc2, phospho-vimentin, ${\beta}1$-integrin, Dil reverse tracking and p-Erk1/2. Results : The group of in vitro Taxol plus SJT treatment had meaningful effects after sciatic nerve tissue was damaged by Taxol. The group of in vivo SJT treatment had effects of regenerating Schwann cells and axons which were damaged by Taxol treatment. The group of in vivo SJT had effects of regenerating axons in damaged areas after the sciatic nerve was damaged by pressing, and also had variations of distribution in Schwann cells at DRG sensory nerves and axons. Conclusions : This study confirmed that SJT treatment is effective for growth of axons in the sciatic nerve tissues and improvement of Schwann cells after axons of the sciatic nerve tissues was damaged. After tissues of sciatic nerve was damaged by pressing in vivo, SJT treatment had effects on promoting regeneration of axon in the damaged area and reactional capabilities in axons of DRG sensory nerves.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1223-1229
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• 2015

Oryzalin is a dinitroaniline herbicide, which disrupts the arrangement of microtubules. Microtubules and microfilaments are cytoskeletal components that are thought to play a role in the sedimentation of statoliths and the formation of cell walls. Statoliths regulate the perception of gravity by columella cells in the root tip. To determine the effect of oryzalin on the gravitropic response, ethylene production in primary roots of maize was investigated. Treatment with 10^-4 M oryzalin to the root tip inhibited the growth and gravitropic response of the roots. However, the treatment had no effect on the elongation zone of the roots. An application of 10^-4 M oryzalin for 15 hr to the root tip caused root tip swelling. The application of 1-aminocycopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a precursor of ethylene, to the root tip also inhibited the gravitropic response. To understand the role of oryzalin in the regulation of the growth and gravitropic response of roots, ethylene production in the primary roots of maize was measured following treatment with oryzalin. Oryzalin stimulated ethylene production via the activation of ACC oxidase (ACO) and ACC synthase (ACS), and it increased the expression of ACO and ACS genes. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) played a key role in the asymmetric elongation rates observed during gravitropism. The results suggest that oryzalin alters the gravitropic response of maize roots through modification of the arrangement of microtubules. This might reduce the distribution of IAA in the upper and lower sides of the elongation zone and increase ethylene production, thereby inhibiting growth and gravitropic responses.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2009

The Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, has been considered as a sentinel species due to dominant distribution along the coast of Korea and well developed regulatory system. In order to develop and understand immune responses of the Manila clams, clams were exposed to $50\;{\mu}g/L$ of cadmium chloride (Cd) for 8 days and monitored the cellular immune parameters of the hemocytes including blast cell composition, DNA damage, necrosis, apoptosis and hemocyte mortality using a flow cytometer. The results showed that all immune parameters analyzed in the present study increased remarkably compared to the controls and the increases were statistically significant. Apoptosis rate was higher than necrosis rate in the clams exposed to Cd suggesting that apoptosis was preferably induced by the concentration of Cd used in the present study. Our study indicates that the measurement of cellular immune responses of the Manila clam using flow cytometer will be a useful technique for assessment of heavy metal contamination in marine environment.