• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.646-656
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• 2004

Background : The aim of this study was to elucidate the mediastinal lymphatic drainage of nonsmall- cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the frequency of enlarged mediastinal lymph node (LN) in 256 NSCLC patients with N2 or N3 diseases on CT scan, especially with respect to the location of primary tumor. Results : In 57 patients with right upper lobe (RUL) tumors, right lower paratracheal LN (89.5%) was the most commonly enlarged, followed by subcarinal LN (54.4%). In 61 patients with left upper lobe (LUL) tumors, left lower paratracheal (70.5%) and subaortic LNs (52.5%) were commonly enlarged. Subcarinal LN enlargement without ipsilateral superior mediastinal LN enlargement was rarely found in both upper lobe tumors; RUL 8.8%, LUL 6.6%. In patients with right or left lower lobe (RLL or LLL) tumors, the most commonly enlarged LN was subcarinal; 88.2%, 65.7%, respectively. In RLL tumors with both subcarinal and superior mediastinal LN enlargements, the frequency of ipsilateral superior mediastinal LN involvement was similar to that of bilateral superior mediastinal involvement. In LLL tumors with both subcarinal and superior mediastinal LN enlargements, bilateral superior mediastinal involvement was more frequent than ipsilateral superior mediastinal involvement. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that both upper lobe tumors are mainly drained directly to ipsilateral superior mediastinal LNs, and that both lower lobe lesions are drained to superior mediastinal LN via subcarinal LNs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.61-96
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• 1965

Observations were made on the blood picture of total 196 heads of healthy Korean cattles, including 98 males and 98 females in the purpose of determination of hematological values and its sex difference, and seasonal variations during one year period from December 1963 to November 1964. The blood sampling were scheduled by random in four different seasons and the sample size of both sex included in each season were designated to be same size. The ranges, averages or mean values of the erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total white blood cell count and differential count were determined in this studies and their respective standard deviation, standard error of means, sex defferences and seasonal variations were as follows; 1. The erythrocyte count of male showed a range of $5.0{\times}10^6/c.mm$ to $8.75{\times}10^6/c.mm$ with a mean of $6.5{\pm}0.096{\times}10^6/c.mm$. Female showed a range of $5.0{\times}10^6/c.mm$ to $8.30{\times}10^6/c.mm$, with a mean of 6. $131{\pm}0.078{\times}10^6/c.mm$. There was a highly significant sex difference and seasomal variation was not found to be significant. 2. The hemoglobin value of male showed a range of 9.0g/100cc. to 14.5g/100cc. with a mean of $11.074{\pm}0.143g/100cc$. Female showed a range of 9.0g/100cc to 13.0g/100cc. with a mean of $10.745{\pm}0.034g/100cc$. There was a highly significant sex difference and seasonal variation was not found to be significant. 3. The hematocrit value of male showed a range of 28% to 45% and with a mean of $34.867{\pm}0.468%$. Female showed a range of 28% to 42% with a mean of $32.888{\pm}0.322%$. There was a highly significant sex difference and seasonal variation was not found to be significant. 4. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin of male showed a range of 14.4rr. to 19.6rr. with a mean of $17.1{\pm}0.112rr$. Female showed a range of 14.7rr. to 19.5rr. with a mean of $17.6{\pm}0.113rr$. 5. The mean corpusular volume of male showed a range of $42.5{\mu}^3$ to $62.2{\mu}^3$ with a mean of $53.9{\pm}0.419{\mu}^3$, Female showed a range of $44.2{\mu}^3$ to $60.0{\mu}^3$ with a mean of $53.8{\pm}0.375{\mu}^3$. 6. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of male showed a range of 28.1 % to 34.9% with a mean of $31.4{\pm}0.161%$. Female showed a range of 28.0% to 34.9% with a mean of $30.9{\pm}0.169%$. 7. The total leucocyte count of male showed a range of 4,000/c.mm to 13,100/c.mm. with a mean of $9,338{\pm}218.23/c.mm$. Female showed a range of 4,000/c.mm. to 14,000/c.mm. with a mean of $9,338{\pm}235.90/c.mm$. Six difference was not found to be significant and there was a highly significant seasonal variation. 8. The differential count of male, the means of neutrophil, stab, segmented cell, Iymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil were $31.173{\pm}0.570%$, 0.3%. $30.867{\pm}0.564%$, $55.112{\pm}0.603%$, $3.745{\pm}0.082%$, $9.867{\pm}0.422%$ and 0.14% rspectively. Female showed means of $31.010{\pm}0.572%$, 0.2%, $30.806{\pm}0.569%$, $53.929{\pm}0.634%$, $4.082{\pm}0.109%$, $10.908{\pm}0.503%$ and 0.12% respectively. There were significant sex differences in monocyte and highly significant sex difference in eosinophil, and seasonal variation were found to be highly significant in neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil. 9. Hematological comparison made between cattles infested with so called "small type piroplasma" and non-infested group. The result of investigation showed no significant difference upon the red blood cell, hemoglobin and hematocrit values between lighty infested group and non-infested group. 10. Age distribution of test group in this study ranged from 2 years to 6 years in both sex and their average age were $4.45{\pm}0.114$(male) and $4.50{\pm}0.116$(female). There found to be no significant sex difference and seasonal variations in the age of test group.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

Telomeres consisting of (TTAGGG)n tandem repeat DNA sequences and associated proteins are essential for chromosome stability and related with cell senescence, apoptosis and cancer. The telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein which act as a template for the synthesis of telomeric DNA. This study was carried out to identify the distribution of telomeres on mouse chromosomes and also to analyze the amount of telomeres and telomerase activity of mouse embryos at early embryonic stages. Germ cells and early embryos from 1 cell to blastocyst stage were analyzed. The amount of telomeres was analyzed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization technique(Q-FISH) using a human telomeric DNA probe, and telomerase activity was measured by telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay(TRAP). In results, the telomeres on mouse chromosomes were distributed at the ends of all autosomes and sex chromosomes. Although the quantity of telomeres varied among chromosomes, most of chromosomes had higher amount in q-arm telomeres than in p-arm telomeres. The results of Q-FISH indicated that the relative amount of telomeres of mouse embryos in each embryonic stage was approximately the same except the higher amount in blastocysts. Using TRAP assay on mouse embryos, telomerase activity was detected in all preimplantation stages from mature oocytes to blastocysts. Especially the telomerase activity was significantly increased at the morula and blastocyst stage. In conclusion, there may be a close association between the amount of telomeres and telomerase activity in early embryonic stages, and analysis of telomere quantity and telomerase activity on early development will be helpful for the investigation of embryogenesis and embryonic cell differentiation in mice.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-54
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• 1967

The changes in histopathology of various organs and growth inhibition of the chick embryos incubated with radioactive sulfur ($^{35}S$) were experimentally studied. The various doses of $^{35}S$ were injected into the yolk sac at different intervals and the weight changes of the embryos were evaluated to determine the growth inhibition rates. The embryos sacrified on various incubation days were used for the study of histopathological changes in organs such as the bone, liver, kidney, gonad, and eye. Following were the results: 1) The weight changes of the $^{35}S$ treated groups were as follows: i. Embryos treated on the 5 th incubation day: No weight changes were noted on the 8th incubation day, however, the growth inhibition rate of 32.1% was noted in the group treated with $50{\mu}C$ and of 38.2% in the group treated with $150{\mu}C$ on the 12th incubation day. The rates were 9.1 and 12.1% on the 15th incubation day, and 6.5 and 10.6% on the 18th incubation day respectively. ii. Embryos treated on the 8th incubation day: The growth inhibition rates on the 12th, 15th and 18th incubation days in the groups treated with $50{\mu}C$ were 20.9, 25.9 and 18.8% and in those treated with $150{\mu}C$ were 20.0, 14.9 and 16.9% respectively. iii. Embryos treated on the 12th incubation day: The growth inhibition rates on the 15th and 18th in the groups treated with $50{\mu}C$ were 13.6 and 21.1% and in those treated with $150{\mu}C$ were 26.7 and 6.5% and in those treated with $250{\mu}C$ were 10.6 and 12.6% respectively. iv. Embryos treated on the 15th incubation day: The growth inhibition rates on the 18th in the groups treated with $50{\mu}C$ were 6.5% and in those treated with $150{\mu}C$ were 10.1% and in those treated with $250{\mu}C$ were 8.5% respectively. In summary, the longer the incubation days, the less the growth inhibition rates. II) The histopathological changes in the various organs were as follows: i. Bone: Hyperplasia and edematous changes of the bone cavity, irregular distribution of immature granular cells and increased number of the myeloblast, megakaryocyte and reticuloendothelial cells were noted. ii. Liver: The embryos treated with $150{\mu}C\;of\;^{35}S$ on the 8th incubation day showed necrosis and nucleolysis of the liver cell and abnormal enlargement of sinusoid on the 12th incubation day. The longer the incubation days, the more severe the changes such as the pyknotic artophy of the liver cells and heterochromatism. The embryos treated on the 5th incubation day with 50 and $150{\mu}C\;of\;^{35}S$ showed little changes, but sight enlargement and accumulation of serous fluid in the sinusoid on the 8th incubation day. iii. Kidney: No particular changes except atrophic changes of epithelium were noted in early stage, however, the infiltration of the granular cell and monocyte into the cortex and pyknotic changes of vascular glomeruli were noted in later stage. These changes were not closely related to the doses of $^{35}S$ given. iv. Gonad: The degenerative changes such as destruction of the immature germ cells, hyperplasia and vacuolization of the stroma were noted in testis and ovary. v. Eye: A slight distortion of the cornea and sclera was noted. The hypertrophy of inner layer and blood cell infiltration into the vascular layer of the choroid membrane were noted in embryo groups on the 12, 15 and 18th incubation days.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.247-258
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• 2004

Climatological, hydrological and planktonical research studies, measurements of primary production and photosynthetic efficiency from December 1976 to December 1978 have been carried out in two brackish lakes: Lake Etang de Berre and Lake Etang de Vaine located in the French Mediterranean coast, in the region of Carry-le-Rouet located on the north-west Mediterranean near Marseilles, and in fresh water inflows from 4 Rivers (Touloubre, Durance, Arc, Durancole) to Lake Etang de Berre. Physico-chemical parameters were measured for this study: water temperature, salinity, density, pH, alcalinity, dissolved oxygen (% saturation), phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, silicate etc. Diverse biological parameters were also studied: photosynthetic pigments, phaeopigments, specific composition and biomass of phytoplankton, primary pelagic production etc. Climatical factors were studied: air-temperature, solar-radiation, evaporation, direction (including strength) of winds, precipitation and freshwater volume of the four rivers. The changes in Lake ‘Etang de Berre’ ecosystem depend on the quality of the water in the Durance River, and on the effects of seawater near the entrance of the Caronte Canal. The water quality of the lake varies horizontally and vertically as a result of atmospheric phenomena, maritime currents and tides. The distribution of water temperatures is generally heterogeneous. Southeasterly winds and the Northeasterly Mistral wind are important in the origins of circulated and mixed water masses. These winds are both frequent and strong. They have, as a result, a great effect on the water environment of Lake Etang de Berre. In theory, the annual precipitation in this region is well over eight times the water mass of the lake. The water of the Durance River flows into Lake Etang de Berre through the EDF Canal, amounting to 90% of the precipitation. However, reduction of rainfall in dry seasons has a serious effect on the hydrological characteristics of the lake. The temperature in the winter is partially caused by the low temperature of fresh water, particularly that of the Durance River. The hydrological season of fresh and brackish water is about one month ahead of the hydrological season of sea water in its vicinity. The salinity of Lake Etang de Berre runs approximately 3$\textperthousand$, except at lower levels and near the entrance to the Caronte Canal. However, when the volume of the Durance River water is reduced in the summer and fall, the salinity rises to 15$\textperthousand$. In the lake, the ratio of fresh water to sea water is six to one (6:1). The large quantities of seston conveyed by rivers, particularly the Durance diversion, strongly reduce the transparency in the brackish waters. Although the amount of sunshine is also notable, transparency is slight because of the large amount of seston, carried chiefly by Tripton in the fresh water of the Durance River. Therefore, photosynthesis generally occurs only in the surface layer. The transparency progressively increases from freshwater to open seawater, as mineral particles sink to the bottom (about 1.7kg $m^{-2}a^{-1}$ on the average in brackish lakes). The concentration of dissolved oxygen and the rate of oxygen saturation in seawater (Carry-le-Rouet) ranged from 5.0 to 6.0 $m\ell$ㆍ.$1^{-1}$, and from 95 to 105%, respectively. The amount of dissolved oxygen in Etang de Berre oscillated between 2.9 and 268.3%. The monographs of phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicate were published as a part of a study on the ecology of phytoplankton in these environments. Horizontal and vertical distributions of these nutriments were studied in detail. The recent diversion of the Durance River into Lake Etang de Berre has effected a fundamental change in this formerly marine environment, which has had a great impact in its plankton populations. A total of 182 taxa were identified, including 111 Bacillariophyceae, 44 Chlorophyceae, and 15 Cyanophyceae. The most abundant species are small freshwater algae, mainly Chlorophyceae. The average density is about $10^{8}$ cells $1^{-1}$ in Lake Etang de Berre, and about double that amount in Lake Etang de Vaine. Differences in phytoplankton abundance and composition at the various stations or at various depths are slight. Cell biovolume V (equivalent to true biomass), plasma volume VP (‘useful’ biomass) and, simultaneously. the cell surface area S and S/V ratio through the measurement of cell dimensions were computed as the parameters of phytoplankton productivity and metabolism. Pigment concentrations are generally very high on account of phytoplankton blooms by Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Cryptophyceae. On the other hand, in freshwaters and marine waters, pigment concentrations are comparatively low and stable, showing slight annual variation. The variations of ATP concentration were closely related to those of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton blooms only in marine waters. The carbon uptake rates ranged between 38 and 1091 mg$Cm^{-2}d^{-1}$, with an average surface value of 256 mg; water-column carbon-uptake rates ranged between 240 and 2310 mg$Cm^{-2}d^{-1}$, with an average of 810, representing 290 mg$Cm^{-2}$, per year 45 000 tons per year of photosynthetized carbon for the whole lake. Gross photosynthetic production measured by the method of Ryther was studied over a 2-year period. The values obtained from marine water(Carry-le-Rouet) ranged from 23 to 2 337 mg$Cm^{-2}d^{-1}$, with a weighted average of 319, representing about 110 gCm$^{-2}$ per year. The values in brakish water (Etang de Berre) ranged from 14 to 1778 mg$Cm^{-2}d^{-1}$, with a weighted average of 682, representing 250 mg$Cm^{-2}$ per year and 38 400 tons per year of photosynthesized carbon for the whole lake.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.295-302
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• 2014

This study demonstrates a double-path CDI as an alternative of advanced wastewater treatment process. While the CDI typically consists of many pairs of electrodes connected in parallel, the new double-path CDI is designed to have series flow path by dividing the module into two stages. The CFD model showed that the double-path had uniform flow distribution with higher velocity and less dead zone compared with the single-path. However, the double-path was predicted to have higher pressure drop(0.7 bar) compared the single-path (0.4 bar). From the unit cell test, the highest TDS removal efficiencies of single- and double-path were up to 88% and 91%, respectively. The rate of increase in pressure drop with an increase of flow rate was higher in double-path than single-path. At 70 mL/min of flow rate, the pressure drop of double-path was 1.67 bar, which was two times higher than single-path. When the electrode spacing was increased from 100 to $200{\mu}m$, the pressure drop of double-path decreased from 1.67 to 0.87 bar, while there was little difference in TDS removal. When proto type double-path CDI was operated using sewage water, TDS, $NH_4{^+}$-N, $NO_3{^-}$-N and $PO_4{^{3-}}$-P removal efficiencies were up to 78%, 50%, 93% and 50%, respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.158-165
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• 1999

Purpose : To investigate the percentage of colonies wi1h16or more cells distribution of human skin fibroblast according to in vitro aging, and to evaluate the relationship between percentage of colonies with 10 or more cells and in vivo donor age in human skin fibroblast culture. Material and Method : C1, C2, C3a, and C3b human skin fibroblast samples from three breast cancer patients were used as subjects. The C1, C2, and C3a donor were 44, 54, and 55 years old, respectively. C3a and C3b cells were isolated from the same person. Single cell suspension of skin fibroblasts was prepared with primary explant technique. One hundred cells are plated into 100m1 tissue culture flask and cultured for two weeks. The colony size was defined as colonies with 16 or more cells. The cultured cell was stained with crystal violet, and number of cells in each colony was determined with stereo microscope at $\times$10 magnification. Passage number of C1, C2, C3a and C3b skin fibroblast were 12th, 17th, and 14th, respectively. Results : Percentage of colonies with 16 or more cells of skin fibroblast samples decreased with increasing in vitro passage number. In contrast, cumulative population doublings of skin fibroblast sample increased with increasing in vitro passage number. Percentage of colonies with 16 or more cells also decreased with increasing population doublings in human skin fibroblast culture. There was strong correlation with percentage of colonies with 16 or more cells and population doublings En C3a skin fibroblast sampie. At the same point of population doublings, the percentage of colonies with 16 or more cells of the young C1 donor was higher level than the old C3a donor. Conclusion : The population doublings increased with increasing in vitro passage number but percentage of colonies with 16 or more cells decreased. The results of this study imply that percentage of colonies with 16 or more cell is useful as a indicator of in vitro human skin fibroblast aging and may estimate the in vivo donor age.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2007

[ $\underline{Purpose}$ ]: To compare radiation therapy alone to combined modality therapy about survival rate and tolerance of elderly patients ($70=or{\geq}$) with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: Between 1998 and 2002, 57 patients given radiation therapy due to NSCLC (Stage III) were analysed retrospectively. Radiation therapy alone (RT), concurrent chemoradiation (CRT), and sequential chemoradiation (SCRT) was done to 33, 16 and 8 patients, respectively. Patients' median age was 74 (range $70{\sim}85$). Male and female are 51 patients and 6 patients, respectively. 23 patients were stage IIIa and 34 were stage IIIb. Patients' characteristic distribution of RT and CRT was not significantly different except mass size that RT has a bigger than CRT. The fraction size of radiation therapy was 1.8 Gy in CRT and $1.8{\sim}3\;Gy$ in other groups. Total radiation dose was $51{\sim}63\;Gy$ according to the fraction size. If the prescribed total radiation dose was successfully irradiated, we stated that it was completion of radiation therapy. $\underline{Results}$: 52 patients were dead. Median period of radiation therapy was as follow: RT, 35 days, CRT, 60.5 days and SCRT, 35 days. Overall median survival time (MST) was 10.1 months. The 1 yr- and 2 yr-overall survival rate was 39.8% and 17.6%, respectively. MST of RT, CRT and SCRT was 8.9, 8.2 and 11.7 months, respectively. The 1 yr survival rate of RT, CRT and SCRT was 38.4%, 37.5% and 50% (not significant). Patients given incomplete radiation therapy were 12 (RT, 5 CRT, 6 SCRT, 1). N stage (p=0.081) and the difference of treatment methods (p=0.079) were the factors affecting incompletion of radiation therapy, but it was not significant. In case of combined-agents chemotherapy, 4 of 8 ceased radiation therapy. T stage ($T{\geq}3$), mass size (${\geq}5\;cm$), Karnofsky performance scale (${\leq}70$) and completion of radiation therapy were the prognostic factors in uni- and multi-variate analysis. $\underline{Conclusion}$: In elderly patients with NSCLC, radiation therapy alone was a treatment method with similar survival period compared with other methods. Generally, patients given radiation therapy alone was tolerable to a treatment. Before planning concurrent chemoirradiation in elderly patients with NSCLC, physicians pay attention to a selection of patients and chemotherapy agents considering general condition and toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.261-279
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• 1997

The study for a effect of monitoring on bovine mastitis was conduced for improvement of raw milk from Jan. to Dec. in 1996. Sampling the milk of 367 cows(1, 406 quarters) from 5 herds in Inchon and were carried out California mastitis test(CMT), somatic cell count(SCC), isolation of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The results were summarized as follows, 1. The number of bovine mastitis was 177 cows(48.2%) and 371 quarters(26.4%) : clinical mastitis : 25 cows(6.8%), 32 quarters(2.3%) and subclinicsl mastitis : 152 cows(41.4% ), 339 quarters(24.1%). Incidence rate of mastitis by season were Summer 52.0%, Fall and Winter 48% and Spring 41%. Incidence rate of mastitis by quarters were Summer 30%, Fall 28%, Winter 25% and Spring 21%, respectively. 2. In the distribution of CMT degree by quarter, CMT positive(CMT$\pm$) of 1, 406 quarters milk were 50.1% (704 quarters). The ratio of CMT positivity by quarter were left front quarter 55.8%, right front quarter 48.9%, right hind quarter 48.6% and left hind quarter 47% The ratio of CMT positivity by season were Summer 54.1%, Fall 49.7%, Spring 48.5% and Winter 48% 3. The highest mean SCC by season among 5 herds was "A" herd. Mean SCC (cell/ml) of A herd were Summer 2, 032, 000cells/ml, Fall 1, 109, 000cells/ml, Winter 782, 000cells/ml and Spring 577, 000cells/ml. The lowest mean SCC by season among 5 herds was "E" herds. Mean SCC of E herd were Summer 1, 064, 000cells/ml, Spring 795, 000cells/m1, Fall 429, 000cells/ml and Winter 400, 000cells/ml. Mean SCC of the other herds by season were little difference. 4. The milk samples of "A" herd were collected from 10 cows. In 3 seasons, mean SCC of No. 2 and 3 cows were than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 6, 7 and 8 cows were than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Summer 4 cows, Winter 3 cows, Spring and Fall 1 cow respectively. The milk samples of "B" herd were collected from 14 cows. In 3 seasons, mean SCC of No. 1 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 5, 9 and 14 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, No. 3, 6 and 7 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Fall and Winter 4 cows respectively, Summer 3 cows and Spring 1 cow. The milk samples of "C" herd were collected from 18 cows. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 16 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 1, 2, 6, 7, 13, 15 and 18 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml respectively. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Summer 5 cows, Fall 3 cows, Spring 2 cows and Winter 1 COW. The milk sampes of "D" herd were collected 24 cows. In 3 season, mean SCC of No. 14 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 14 and 18 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 17, 19, 20 and 21 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows were distributed Fall 15 cows, Spring and Winter 4 cows respectively and Summer 3 cows. The milk samples of "E" herd were collected from 27 cows. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 6, 7 and 21 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16 and 23 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows were distributed Spring and Fall 5 cows respectively, Summer and Winter 2 cows, respectively. 5. The rate of isolated pathogenic microorganisms from bovine mastitis were summarized as follows : Staphylococcus sp 168 strains(45.8%), Streptococcus sp 82 strains(22.3%), Gram(-) sp 45 strains(12.3%), Gram(＋) sp 51 strains and the other sp 21 strains(5.7%). 6. The highest of antibiotic sensitivity test of each microorganism was summarized as follows : Staphyolcoccus sp - cephalosporin 76%, gentamicin 55%, Streptococcus sp - ampicillin 61%, cephalosporin 63%, Gram(-) sp - gentamicin 58%, Gram(＋) sp - cephalosporin 63%, The other sp - cephalosporin 90%. Microorganisms showed the highest sensitivity(68%) to cephalospsorin. Microorganisms showed the highest sensitivity(68%) to cephalospsorin.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.105-118
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• 1985

This study was carried out to investigate the epidermal structure and types of stomata on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves in six species and one variety belonging to Korean Crassulaceae. The shape of epidermal cells was polygonal, isodiametric, or elongated. The cell wall was thick, sinuous or deeply sinuous. The subsidiary cell wall was thin or mostly arched. The cytolith-containing cells were found in Orostachys japonicus. The distribution of stomata was more on the upper surface than on the lower surface in the leaves of O. japonicus and Sedum sarmentosum. The stomata in the other species were less on the upper surface than on the lower surface, and stomatal size was different in each species. The great majority of stomatal types was the helico-eumesogenous type. This type was subdivided into two, parahelico-eumesogenous type and diahelico-eumesogenous type by us on the basis of the angle of division of guard mother cell and the long axis of the last-formed subsidiary cells. Sometimes allelo-eumesogenous type as well as aniso-eumesogenous type was found. The tetra-eumesogenous type with four mesogenous subsidiary cells was rarely observed. It was observed that the varieties of aniso-eumesogenous type with one to three subsidiary cells and one helix of subsidiary cells were developed by the secondary division of subsidiary cells of aniso-eumesogenous stoma. The compound shape of helico-eumesogenous stomata was found. Five new kinds of stomatal types were observed as follows; the helico-tetra-eumesogenous type, the coallelohelico-eumesogenous type, the cohelico-allelo-eumesogenous type, the duplotetra-eumesogenous type, and the aniso-euperigenous type. These types were reported here in the vascular plants for the first time.