• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2010년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.11-11
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• 2010

Thin-film-transistors (TFTs) that can be deposited at low temperature have recently attracted lots of applications such as sensors, solar cell and displays, because of the great flexible electronics and transparent. Transparent and flexible transistors are being required that high mobility and large-area uniformity at low temperature [1]. But, unfortunately most of TFT structures are used to be $SiO_2$ as gate dielectric layer. The $SiO_2$ has disadvantaged that it is required to high driving voltage to achieve the same operating efficiency compared with other high-k materials and its thickness is thicker than high-k materials [2]. To solve this problem, we find lots of high-k materials as $HfO_2$, $ZrO_2$, $SiN_x$, $TiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$. Among the High-k materials, $Al_2O_3$ is one of the outstanding materials due to its properties are high dielectric constant ( ~9 ), relatively low leakage current, wide bandgap ( 8.7 eV ) and good device stability. For the realization of flexible displays, all processes should be performed at very low temperatures, but low temperature $Al_2O_3$ grown by sputtering showed deteriorated electrical performance. Further decrease in growth temperature induces a high density of charge traps in the gate oxide/channel. This study investigated the effect of growth temperatures of ALD grown $Al_2O_3$ layers on the TFT device performance. The ALD deposition showed high conformal and defect-free dielectric layers at low temperature compared with other deposition equipments [2]. After ITO was wet-chemically etched with HCl : $HNO_3$ = 3:1, $Al_2O_3$ layer was deposited by ALD at various growth temperatures or lift-off process. Amorphous InGaZnO channel layers were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering at a working pressure of 3 mTorr and $O_2$/Ar (1/29 sccm). The electrodes were formed with electron-beam evaporated Ti (30 nm) and Au (70 nm) bilayer. The TFT devices were heat-treated in a furnace at $300^{\circ}C$ and nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour by rapid thermal treatment. The electrical properties of the oxide TFTs were measured using semiconductor parameter analyzer (4145B), and LCR meter.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.236-261
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• 2009

'Jeom-hyeol-gigong(點穴氣功)' gives a drill, Gi(氣) as a place to jam. This pathogen(邪氣) is removed. Given the low places and supplement it energy to flow up the well is the cure. This is an internal organ and muscular Gi allows a natural flow. Blood, one that moves and guides Gi is Gi I still feel that it makes any blood, making you feel good in life is flowing with vitality. Gi driving our whole body, while supplying vital energy and blood circulation, helping to defend the body is functioning. 'Jeom-hyeol-gigong' principle of Gi where the blockages to flow naturally energy is to let the flow. Aura of the voluntary and proactive action will be to have healthy bodies. Gi as a whole-body blood circulation leading to the cells in each tissue to supply energy and nutrients to every cell as the original principles of free activities that will maximize your life. Gi to prevent the three causes Internal causes: 5 greed and 7 emotions External causes: climate, food, pathogens, stress, etc. The internal nor the external causes: internal and external factors that cause the complex elements, incorrect position of the bone caused by an imbalance Heart disease will be police officers and raise their resistance to disease than the body, what jung-gi(正氣) have to develop. Beneficial to human body's resistance to raise the jung-gi people young-gi(營氣) and wi-gi(衛氣) should be enhanced. If the form is perfectly possible, Gi cycle itself should not have to breathe. Abdominal diagnosis 'bok-su-ap-an-beop(伏手壓按法)', 'sam-ji-tam-an-beop(三指探按法)' hands are like this, which outlined five viscera in order to understand the problem, the lower side of the clavicle (lung), the pit of stomach (Heart), both the lower ribs (liver), navel below (kidney) can be diagnosed at such areas. In each area of the skin, abdominal muscle tension, aching, or pressing a fuss about, beating the ruling of the state and the problem is a clue. And mo-hyeol(募穴) and certain Acupressure group, the chest, back, belly, so that scattered around each' book 'of the problem can be found. This is also the target of such a diagnosis, such as shape, color of skin, muscle Mostly the scope of the pitch in the cervical spine is broad across the hips. sugi(手氣) method that 'an method(按法) and 'ma method(摩法), bak method(拍法) is.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2009

The need for radio spectrum is recently considered as a huge hurdle towards the rapid development of wireless networks. Large parts of the spectrum are allocated to licensed radio services in proprietary way. However, enormous success of the wireless services and technologies in the unlicensed bands has brought new ideas and innovations. In recent years cognitive radio has gained much attention for solving the spectrum scarcity problem. It changes the way spectrum is regulated so that more efficient spectrum utilization is possible. Multi-hop relay technology on the other hand has intensively been studied in the area of ad hoc and peer-to-peer networks. But in cellular network, only recently the integration of multi-hop capability is considered to enhance the performance significantly. Multi-hop relaying can extend the coverage of the cell to provide high data rate service to a greater distance and in the shadowed regions. Very few papers still exist that combine these methods to maximize the spectrum utilization. Thus we propose a network architecture combining these two technologies in a way to maximize the system throughput. We present the throughput capacity equations for the proposed system model considering various system parameters like utilization factor by the primary users and primary users' transmission radius and through extensive numerical simulations we analyze the significance of work.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2013

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are powerful error-correcting codes used in diverse applications. Recently, algebraic soft-decision decoding algorithm for RS codes that can correct the errors beyond the error correcting bound has been proposed. The algorithm requires very intensive computations for interpolation, therefore an efficient VLSI architecture, which is realizable in hardware with a moderate hardware complexity, is mandatory for various applications. In this paper, we propose an efficient architecture with low hardware complexity for interpolation in soft-decision list decoding of Reed-Solomon codes. The proposed architecture processes the candidate polynomial in such a way that the terms of X degrees are processed in serial and the terms of Y degrees are processed in parallel. The processing order of candidate polynomials adaptively changes to increase the efficiency of memory access for coefficients; this minimizes the internal registers and the number of memory accesses and simplifies the memory structure by combining and storing data in memory. Also, the proposed architecture shows high hardware efficiency, since each module is balanced in terms of latency and the modules are maximally overlapped in schedule. The proposed interpolation architecture for the (255, 239) RS list decoder is designed and synthesized using the DongbuHitek $0.18{\mu}m$ standard cell library, the number of gate counts is 25.1K and the maximum operating frequency is 200 MHz.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.603-613
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• 1995

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate on the biodegradability, biocompatibility and tissue regenerative capacity of synthetic bioabsorbable membranes in beagle dogs. For animal study, 9 adult beagle dogs were used to examination, on the surgical implantation of membranes and histological analysis. In each animal, the 3rd and 4th premolars of the both sides of the mandible were selected as test teeth. Two types of bioresorbable membranes including "Guidor membrane", "S-membranes" were used to examining for biological activity, and also Gore-tex membranes was used for positive control. Surgically created defects were made in 2 premolars of both sides of the mandible at $3{\times}4mm^2$ in size and tested membranes were implanted in the defected area. A plaque control regimen was instituted with daily tooth brushing with a 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate during experimental periods. All the experimental animals were sacrificed after 2, 4, and 8 weeks from surgery and undecalcified slides were prepared using the "sawing and grinding" technique described by Donath and Breuner". In biodegradability, all the membranes were started their biodegradation from two weeks after implantation and gradually demolished of their frame morphology from eight weeks. However, demolition of membranes in 8 weeks after implantation was highest in Guidor membranes and followed by S-membranes. Biocompatibilityof two kinds of biodegradable membranes including Guidor and S-mambrane were shown to be well tolerated to the surrounding tissue, and were minimal accumulation of inflammatory cell infiltration around the implanted membranes to compare with Gore-tex membrane. Regeneration of defected alveolar bone was initiated from two weeks of membrane implantation and new bone formation was gradually increased from that time. However, pattern of new bone formation on the defected areas of two kinds of biodegrable membranes was almost similar and quite competitive comparing with Gore-tex membrane. These results implicate that bioresorbable membranes should be highly useful tool for guided tissue regeneration of periodontal defects.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.125-136
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• 2007

Periodontal regenerative therapy and tissue engineering on defects destructed by severe periodontitis need maintaining of space, which provides the environment for cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. Application of bone grafts may offer this environment in periodontal defects. This study evaluated bone graft materials, $MBCP^{(R)}$ and $Algipore^{(R)}$ , in surgically created i-wall periodontal intrabony defects of minipigs by histological analysis. Critical sized($4mm{\times}4mm$), one wall periodontal intrabony defects were surgically produced at the proximal aspect of mandibular premolars in either right and left jaw quadrants in four minipigs. The control group was treated with debridement alone, and experimental group was treated with debridement and $MBCP^{(R)}$ and $Algipore^{(R)}$ application. The healing processes were histologically observed after 8 weeks and the results were as follows. 1. In the control group, limited new bone formation was observed. 2. In MBCP group, more new bone formation was observed compared to other groups. 3. Histologically, dispersed mixture of new bone, biomaterial particles and connective tissue were shown and osteoblasts, osteoclasts and new vessels were present in this area. 4. Defects with Algipore showed limited new bone formation and biomaterial particles capsulated by connective tissue. 5. Histologically, lots of osteoclasts were observed around the biomaterial but relatively small numbers of osteblasts were shown. Within the limitation to this study protocol, $MBCP^{(R)}$ application in 1-wall intrabony defect enhanced new bone formation rather than $Algipore^{(R)}$ application.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1996

Fumonisin B$_1$ is hepatotoxic in all species, but liver carcinogenic and nephrotoxic in rat. Our objective was to investigate the effects of multiple iv dose of FB$_1$. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously (iv) with FB$_1$ at 1 mg/kg singly (T1), or daily for 2 (T2) or 3 (T3). T1 rats did not show any cytotoxicity in both liver and kidney. However, the most dramatic change occurred in this group was mitotic figures in liver, which increased 5.5-fold to that of control. Hepatotoxic effects were shown in T3, based on histopathology and serum chemistry. A few scattered single cell deaths occurred primarily in the centrilobular area of the liver in T2. Similar but more lesions in liver and a small number of degenerating cells with hypereosinophilic cytoplasm in outer stripe of medulla of kideny were found in T3 rats. Serum chemical profiles included liver enzymes increased, in which cholesterol was very sensitive. This study suggests that multiple exposure of low dose FB$_1$ cause cytotoxic in the liver earlier time point than kideny. FB$_1$$ also stimulates mitosis in liver that may be associated with carcinogenesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess the antioxidant activity of vegetable extracts (pumpkin, aloe, and artichoke) containing Protaetia brevitarsis (PB) and the clinical and pathological changes in ICR mice after a single oral administration. The total polyphenol (TP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, total radical trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), oxygen radical absorbance activity (ORAC), and single cell gel electrophoresis assay were done to measure their antioxidant activities. The effect of vegetable extracts containing PB in TP and the ORAC value was significantly higher than those without PB. In addition, all extracts had effective $DPPH{\cdot}$ scavenging and $ABTS{\cdot}+$ scavenging activities. The protective effect of vegetable extracts with/without PB on $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage was found. In a single-dose toxicity study, mortality, body weight, physiological signs, and biochemical analysis were analyzed. Seventy mice were randomly assigned to 7 experimental groups and were administered three vegetable extracts with and without PB (2 g/kg). A full 14 days after administration, no mice mortality was observed in any group. Body weight, physiological signs, and biochemical analysis were never significantly different from those of the control group. Taken together, these findings indicate that vegetable extracts containing PB with antioxidant activities and safety could be applied as medicinal and edible resources in an industrial area.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.126-144
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• 2012

Background : Peripheral nerves more rapidly recover than central nerves. However, it has been known that the degree of reaction of axons of peripheral nerves is affected by distinctive characteristics of axons and environmental factors near the axons. Taxol is a widely used medicine as for ovarian, breast, lung and gastric cancer. However it causes patients difficulties under treatment due to its toxic and side effects, which include persistent pain. Objectives : This study reviewed how SJT extract in vitro and in vivo affects nerve tissues of a sciatic nerve damaged by Taxol. It also studied how SJT extract in vivo affects axons of the sciatic nerve after the sciatic nerve was damaged by pressing. Methods : After vehicle, Taxol, and Taxol plus SJT were treated respectively for tissue of the sciatic nerve in vitro and then tissues were observed using Neurofilament 200, Hoechst, ${\beta}$-tubulin, $S100{\beta}$, caspase-3 and anti-cdc2. SJT was also oral medicated by injecting Taxol into the sciatic nerve of in vivo rats. Tissues of the sciatic nerve and axons of DRG sensory nerves were then observed using Neurofilament 200, Hoechst, ${\beta}$-tubulin, $S100{\beta}$, caspase-3 and p-Erk1/2. After inflicting pressing damage to the sciatic nerve of in vivo rats, tissues of the sciatic nerve and DRG sensory nerve were observed using Neurofilament 200, Hoechst, $S100{\beta}$, caspase-3, anti-cdc2, phospho-vimentin, ${\beta}1$-integrin, Dil reverse tracking and p-Erk1/2. Results : The group of in vitro Taxol plus SJT treatment had meaningful effects after sciatic nerve tissue was damaged by Taxol. The group of in vivo SJT treatment had effects of regenerating Schwann cells and axons which were damaged by Taxol treatment. The group of in vivo SJT had effects of regenerating axons in damaged areas after the sciatic nerve was damaged by pressing, and also had variations of distribution in Schwann cells at DRG sensory nerves and axons. Conclusions : This study confirmed that SJT treatment is effective for growth of axons in the sciatic nerve tissues and improvement of Schwann cells after axons of the sciatic nerve tissues was damaged. After tissues of sciatic nerve was damaged by pressing in vivo, SJT treatment had effects on promoting regeneration of axon in the damaged area and reactional capabilities in axons of DRG sensory nerves.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.105-113
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• 1999

This study was measured environmental factors of flat oyster habitats and biomass of flat oyster to improve the productivity of flat oyster. Water temperature and salinity of the flat oyster habitat ranged from 5.5 to 27.4$^{\circ}C$ and from 31.2 to 33.4 , respectively. Average concentrations of DO, COD, DIN and PO$\_$4/$\^$3/ -P were 7.11 mg/l, 4.55 $\mu\textrm{g}$-at./l and 0.36 $\mu\textrm{g}$-at./l respectively. Surface sediments at the sampling area were composed of coarse sand, sandy silt and silty sand. Average level of IL, COD and AVS in the surface sediments were 2.6%, 13.70 mg/g dry and 0.33 mg/g dry respectively. In each sampling station, total standing crops of phytoplankton showed peaks twice in February and August. Dominant species of phytoplankton occurred in Haechang Bay throughout the year were Skeletonema costatum, Paralia sulcata, Eucampia zodiacus, Chaetoceros curvicetus, C. affinis, C. debilis, C. decipiens, Asterionella glacialis, Pseudonitzschia longissima, Pseudonitzschia seriata, Ceratium furca and C. fusus. Ten species of the bivalves were collected at the flat oyster habitat. Most of bivalves were the eutrophic species Ostrea denselamellosa, Crassostrea gigas, Ruditapes philippinarum, Scaphraca subcrenata, Scapharca broughtonii, Atrina pectinata, Fulvia mutica, Mytilus edulis, Protothaca jedoensis and Megacardita ferruginosa. The mean density of them was 21 inds./㎡ (479.14 g/㎡), while that of the flat oyster was at 0.25 inds./㎡ (231.25 g/㎡).