• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1252-1262
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• 2023

Objective: Microencapsulation technologies have been developed and successfully applied to protect the probiotic bacterial cells damaged by environmental exposure. This study aimed to investigate the effects of microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum MB001 on the growth performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, jejunal histomorphology and cecal microbiome of broiler chickens in a tropical climate. Methods: A total of 288 one-day-old female broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allocated into 4 groups (6 replicates of 12 birds). Treatments included, i) a basal diet (NC), ii) NC + avilamycin (10 mg/kg) (PC), iii) NC + non-encapsulated L. plantarum MB001 (1×10⁸ colony-forming unit [CFU]/kg of diet) (N-LP), iv) NC + microencapsulated L. plantarum MB001 (1×10⁸ CFU/kg of diet) (ME-LP). Results: Dietary supplementation of ME-LP improved average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio of broilers throughout the 42-d trial period (p<0.05), whereas ME-LP did not affect average daily feed intake compared with NC group. Both N-LP and ME-LP improved apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein and ether extract compared with NC group (p<0.05). The broilers fed ME-LP supplemented diet exhibited a beneficial effect on jejunal histomorphology of villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) of broilers compared to NC group (p<0.05). At the phylum level, Firmicutes was enriched (p<0.05) and Proteobacteria was decreased (p<0.05) only in the ME-LP group. At the genus level, the ME-LP diets increased (p<0.05) the number of both Lactobacillus and Enterococcus compared to NC, PC, and N-LP groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Microencapsulation assists the efficient functioning of probiotics. ME-LP could be potentially used as a feed additive for improvement of cecal microbiota, gut integrity and nutrient utilization, leading to better performance of broilers.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2024

육계의 장내 미생물 균총은 전반적인 건강을 유지하고 사육 생산성에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소이다. 하지만 한국의 여름철 고온 환경과 밀집 사육 시스템은 육계에게 스트레스를 유발하여 장내 미생물 균총의 불균형을 유발할 수 있다. 이러한 배경으로 본 연구는 한국의 복지형 농가와 일반 농가에서 봄과 여름철 육계의 장내 미생물 균총을 비교분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 19일령 육계 총 31수를 공시하였으며, 봄철 일반농가(n = 8); 여름철 일반농가(n = 8); 봄철 복지농가(n = 7); 여름철 복지농가(n = 8)에 각각 할당되었다. 계절 간 일반 농가와 복지 농가 육계의 맹장내 미생물 조성 차이를 분석하기 위해 Beta diversity 분석을 수행하였으며, 일반 농가와 복지 농가 모두 맹장내 미생물 구성이 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 일반 농가에서 맹장내 미생물 균총 분포를 문 수준에서 분석한 결과, Bacteroidetes의 비율은 봄철이 여름철과 비교해 높은 풍부도를 보였다. 속 수준에서 분석한 결과, 봄철 육계는 Bacteroides와 Alistipes의 비율이 여름철과 비교해 높은 풍부도를 보였다. 복지 농가에서 맹장내 미생물 균총 분포를 문 수준에서 분석한 결과, 봄철과 여름철 모두에서 Firmicutes와 Bacteroidota가 우점하였다. 하지만, LEfSe 분석 결과, 미생물 균총 구성의 차이는 일반 농가와 비교해 상대적으로 적었다. 결론적으로 우리의 결과는 고온 스트레스가 육계의 맹장내 미생물 균총에 악영향을 줄 수 있지만, 주거 환경의 개선이 고온 스트레스의 영향을 완화시켜줄 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.399-405
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• 2021

비만은 우리 건강에 악영향을 미치며, 비만율은 전 세계적으로 증가하고 있어 그에 따라 비만을 예방하기 위한 많은 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 최근, 비만과 장내미생물 간의 상관관계가 많이 보고되고 있다. 장내미생물생태를 조사하기 위한 샘플은 분변 또는 맹장을 선택하고 있는데, 샘플 유형(분변 및 맹장)에 따라 미생물생태 결과에 미치는 영향에 대한 일반적인 이해가 없는 실정이다. 본 연구에서 마우스를 고지방 식이 섭취로 비만을 유발하여 식이 조절에 따른 분변 및 맹장의 장내미생물생태를 비교했다. 일반 식단(ND) 및 고지방 식단(HFD)은 6주령 ICR 마우스가 12주 간 섭취하도록 하였으며, 분변 및 맹장 샘플로부터 추출한 DNA에서 16S rRNA 유전자를 증폭하여 MiSeq으로 시퀀싱했다. 𝛼-diversity 결과는 식이 조절과 샘플 종류에 따라 장내미생물생태가 크게 영향을 받는다는 것을 보여준다. 분변과 맹장의 장내미생물생태의 taxonomic composition의 차이는 Family, Genus 수준에서 명확하게 확인되었다. Genus 수준에서 Faecalibaculum과 Lactobacillus는 맹장과 분변 샘플에서 각각 많은 것으로 나타났다. 일반적으로, 식단의 종류는 식이 조절을 적용한 연구 모델에서 샘플의 출처보다 미생물생태 변화에 더 상당한 영향을 미친다. 그러나, 장내미생물생태 분석 결과는 식단과 샘플의 종류(분변/맹장)를 모두 고려하여 신중하게 해석되어야 한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권5호
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• pp.971-988
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• 2023

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing solubles from shredded, steam-exploded pine particles (SSPP) on growth performances, plasma biochemicals, and microbial composition in broilers. The birds were reared for 28 days and fed basal diets with or without the inclusion of SSPP from 8 days old. There were a total of three dietary treatments supplemented with 0% (0% SSPP), 0.1% (0.1% SSPP) and 0.4% (0.4% SSPP) SSPP in basal diets. Supplementation of SSPP did not significantly affect growth or plasma biochemicals, but there was a clear indication of diet-induced microbial shifts. Beta-diversity analysis revealed SSPP supplementation-related clustering (ANOSIM: r = 0.31, p < 0.01), with an overall lower (PERMDISP: p < 0.05) individual dispersion in comparison to the control group. In addition, the proportions of the Bacteroides were increased, and the relative abundances of the families Vallitaleaceae, Defluviitaleaceae, Clostridiaceae, and the genera Butyricicoccus and Anaerofilum (p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the 0.4% SSPP group than in the control group. Furthermore, the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) also showed that beneficial bacteria such as Ruminococcus albus and Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum were identified as microbial biomarkers of dietary SSPP inclusion (p < 0.05; | LDA effect size | > 2.0). Finally, network analysis showed that strong positive correlations were established among microbial species belonging to the class Clostridia, whereas Erysipelotrichia and Bacteroidia were mostly negatively correlated with Clostridia. Taken together, the results suggested that SSPP supplementation modulates the cecal microbial composition of broilers toward a "healthier" profile.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.96-111
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to look for pathological mechanism of disease development caused by Taedok, by studying whether stress and diet in pregnant ICR mice affect the intestinal flora and IgA (Immunoglobulin A) concentration. Methods The mice were divided into 4 groups (n=5 per group) based on the concept of Taedok: the control group (G1), stress group (G2), capsaicin diet group (G3), high fat diet group (G4). We collected and analyzed intestinal flora from maternal feces and cecal flora from neonatal mice by group. Then, IgA concentration in the maternal feces and sIgA (secretory Immunoglobulin A) concentration in the cecal contents of newborn mice were analyzed. In addition, serum corticosterone was analyzed before and after stress application. Results Changes in maternal intestinal flora and neonatal mice cecal flora by stress and diet were observed. There were no significant changes in the IgA concentration in maternal feces and the sIgA concentration in the cecal contents of neonatal mice. No significant changes compared to the control group were observed between groups before and after applying stress. However, when comparing within one subject, a significant increase was confirmed after stress application in the stress group (G2). Conclusions Based on the results, we observed stress and diet in pregnant mice affect the intestinal flora of maternal and neonatal. We were able to interpret the pathological mechanism of Taedok based on the principle of interaction between mother and newborn intestinal flora.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.575-583
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• 2021

Composition of the gut microbiota changes with aging and plays an important role in age-associated disease such as metabolic syndrome, cancer, and neurodegeneration. The gut microbiota composition oscillates through the day, and the disruption of their diurnal rhythm results in gut dysbiosis leading to metabolic and immune dysfunctions. It is well documented that circadian rhythm changes with age in several biological functions such as sleep, body temperature, and hormone secretion. However, it is not defined whether the diurnal pattern of gut microbial composition is affected by aging. To evaluate aging effects on the diurnal pattern of the gut microbiome, we evaluated the taxa profiles of cecal contents obtained from young and aged mice of both sexes at daytime and nighttime points by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At the phylum level, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and the relative abundances of Verrucomicrobia and Cyanobacteria were increased in aged male mice at night compared with that of young male mice. Meanwhile, the relative abundances of Sutterellaceae, Alloprevotella, Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, and Parasutterella increased in aged female mice at night compared with that of young female mice. The Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group relative abundance increased in aged mice of both sexes but at opposite time points. These results showed the changes in diurnal patterns of gut microbial composition with aging, which varied depending on the sex of the host. We suggest that disturbed diurnal patterns of the gut microbiome can be a factor for the underlying mechanism of age-associated gut dysbiosis.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.171-185
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• 2023

본 연구는 부화 후 10일부터 28일까지 사료내 삼채뿌리분말 첨가가 장내 미생물 균총, 장관면역, 및 장건강에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 수행하였다. 10일령 Ross 308 육계 총 60수를 공시하여 체중을 측정한 후 난괴법을 이용하여 6반복으로 2처리구에 할당하였다. 실험사료는 옥수수-대두박 기반의 대조사료와 대조사료에서 옥수수 0.3% 대신 삼채뿌리분말 0.3%를 첨가한 처리사료로 구성하였고, 18일간 사료와 물을 무제한 급이하였다. 부화 후 28일째에 각 케이지마다 체중 중앙값에 근접한 2수를 선발하여 맹장내 분변 및 장관조직 샘플을 수집하였다. 사료내 삼채뿌리분말 첨가가 Enterococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Limosilactobacillus, Cuneatibacter 및 Ruminococcoides와 같은 생균제 후보 미생물을 증가시킴을 확인하였다. 장관면역의 경우, 삼채뿌리분말 첨가가 helper T cell의 한 종류인 CD3+CD4+ T cell의 유의미한 감소(P=0.049)를 야기하였다. 또한 삼채뿌리분말 첨가가 사이토카인 및 항산화기능 관련 유전자 발현 분석에서 IL1b, IL6, 및 IL10과 같은 사이토카인에는 유의미한 차이가 관찰되지 않았으나 항산화기능 관련 유전자 GPX2 발현이 증가하는 경향이 확인되었다 (P=0.060). 따라서 본 연구의 결과를 종합해보면, 삼채뿌리분말을 첨가한 육계사료를 부화 후 10일부터 28일까지 급이 시 육계 장내미생물에 긍정적인 영향을 주고, 장건강을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1610-1616
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• 2020

Objective: This study was to evaluate the effect of husbandry systems and strains on cecum microbial diversity of Jingyang chickens under the same dietary conditions. Methods: A total of 320 laying hens (body weight, 1.70±0.15 kg; 47 weeks old) were randomly allocated to one of the four treatments: i) Silver-feathered hens in enrichment cages (SEC) with an individual cage (70×60×75 cm), ii) Silver-feathered hens in free range (SFR) with the stocking density of 1.5 chickens per ten square meters, iii) Gold-feathered hens in enrichment cages (GEC), iv) Gold-feathered hens in free range (GFR). The experiment lasted 8 weeks and the cecum fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA high throughput sequencing at the end of experiment. Results: i) The core microbiota was composed of Bacteroidetes (49% to 60%), Firmicutes (21% to 32%) and Proteobacteria (2% to 4%) at the phylum level. ii) The core bacteria were Bacteroides (26% to 31%), Rikenellaceae (9% to 16%), Parabacteroides (2% to 5%) and Lachnoclostridium (2% to 6%) at the genus level. iii) The indexes of operational taxonomic unit, Shannon, Simpson and observed species were all higher in SFR group than in SEC group while in GEC group than in GFR group, with SFR group showing the greatest diversity of cecum microorganisms among the four groups. iv) The clustering result was consistent with the strain classification, with a similar composition of cecum bacteria in the two strains of laying hens. Conclusion: The core microbiota were not altered by husbandry systems or strains. The free-range system increased the diversity of cecal microbes only for silver feathered hens. However, the cecum microbial composition was similar in two strain treatments under the same dietary conditions.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.125-137
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• 2022

This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary microalgae (Tetradesmus sp. (TO)) on intestinal immunity and microbiota of pre-starter broilers. One hundred and twenty 1-day-old birds (Ross 308) were allocated to two dietary treatment groups with six blocks in a randomized complete block design. The two experimental diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and a diet with 0.5% TO powder instead of cornstarch in the basal diet. After feeding the experimental diets for ten days, all birds' body weight and feed intake were measured, and representative eight birds were selected from each treatment group. Small intestinal lamina propria cells were isolated using flow cytometry to examine the frequency of immune cells. Cecal feces were harvested for 16s rRNA gut microbiota analysis and fecal IgA levels. Here, we found that 0.5% TO supplementation increased CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells in the small intestine, but decreased CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells in the small intestine. Gut microbial analysis showed that TO supplementation significantly increased the alpha diversity of the gut microbiome. Taxonomic analysis showed that TO treatment increased the abundance of Firmicutes and decreased that of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level. The distribution of Enterobacteriaceae containing many harmful bacteria at the family level, was lower in the TO group. In the LEfSe analysis, the TO group had a significantly enriched abundance of Agathobaculum at the genus level. Overall, results show that Tetradesmus sp. supplementation influences intestinal T-cell immunity and induces the expansion of beneficial gut microbes in pre-starter broiler chickens.