• Electrical & Electronic Materials
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.152-158
• /
• 1996

Optical absorption and photoconductivity spectra of undoped and Co-doped Cd$_{4}$GeSe$_{6}$ single crystals, grown by the chemical transport reaction using iodine as a transporting agent, were investigated. At 20K, the optical energy gaps of the single crystals are 1.934eV for Cd$_{4}$GeSe$_{6}$ and 1.815eV for Cd$_{4}$GeSe$_{6}$ :Co$^{2+}$. The photoconductivity spectra of these single crystals were closely investigated over the temperature range 20-290K. At 20K, the photoconductivity peaks were located at 1.797eV, 1.347eV for Cd$_{4}$GeSe$_{6}$ and 1.815eV, I,.57eV, 1.46eV and 1.38eV for Cd$_{4}$GeSe$_{6}$ :Co$^{2+}$, respectively.ely.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.74-80
• /
• 2008

Heavy metals, Cd and Pb, in soil were extracted by using anionic surfactants such as AOS (alpha olefin sulfonate), SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), and LAS (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid). Metal extractability from soil was affected by the carbon number and solution pH of surfactants. LAS showed higher metal extractability due to the acidic solution condition. Although SDS has a fewer carbon number than AOS, it would produce smaller micelles and resulted in more efficient extraction of metals by increased soil contact. Cd extractability of surfactant was twice enhanced by adding NaI as a ligand. However, Pb extractability of surfactant was sometimes reduced by adding NaI. Those ligand effects were dependent on solubility of metal-ligand. The column experiment also showed that SDS having smaller micelles resulted in higher metal extractability than AOS.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.39-78
• /
• 2000

Introduction: In order to investigate the effects of partial Cervus elaphus Linne' extract on antitumoral immunological, a group of mice are melanoma-induced and observed reponses in terms of the number of lymphocyte, CD4+ count, CD8+ count, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in blood and spleen, change in body weight, melanoma weight, spleen index, NK cell activity and productivity of IL-2 in each mouse Methodology: Male C57BL/6 mice were chosen as an experimental object and were divided into 5 groups randomly selection. The normal group did not receive any induction. The control group was treated with normal saline in melanoma-induced' mice. Sample I group induced the upper part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract in melanoma-induced mice. Sample II group was induced the middle part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract in melanoma-induced mice. Sample III group was induced the lower part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract in melanoma-induced mice. The dosage of medication was 0.2cc daily for 14days. Results: 1. There was a significant difference in the number of lymphocyte in spleen in the sample I (upper part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract induced) and the sample II (middle part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract induced) compared to the control group and the sample III (lower part of Cervus elaphus Linne' extract induced). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in the number of lymphocyte in blood in the control group and all sample groups. 2. In the CD4+ T cell ratio in blood, all three sample groups showed differences compared to the control group, though there was no significant difference between sample groups. In the CD4+ T cell ratio in spleen, there was a difference between the sample I and the control group, while the sample II and the sample III had significant difference to the control group. And also, it has been observed there were differences between the sample I and the other samples. 3. In the CD8+ T cell ratio in spleen, all three sample groups showed significant differences compared to the control group, while there was no difference between groups in the ratio in blood. 4. In the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in blood, the sample I showed a significant difference compared to the control group, while the sample 1I and sample III showed differences compared to the control group. In the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in spleen, all three samples showed a significant difference compared to the control group, when the sample I had a difference to the other sample groups. 5. The spleen index of the sample I and the sample II showed a significant difference compared to the sample III and the control group. In comparison between the sample groups, the sample I and the sample II showed a significant difference to the sample III. 6. In terms of the change in body weight and melanoma weight, all three sample groups showed a significant difference compared to the control group, while the comparison between the sample groups showed the sample and the sample II had a significant difference to the sample Ⅲ. 7. In comparison of NK cell activity, the sample I had a difference compared to the other groups when the effector to target cell ratio was 2.5:1. With the ratio of 5:1, the sample I and sample II showed significant differences compared to the control group, while the sample Ⅲ showed a difference. When the effector to target cell ratio was 10:1, there was no difference between groups. 8. In the productivity of IL-2, all three sample groups showed significant differences compared to the control group. In comparison between sample groups, there were significant differences between each sample groups in order of the sample I , the sample II and the sample Ⅲ. Conclusion: As one can witness from the above results, administration of partial Cervus elaphus Linne extract played important role in antitumoral immune response in melanoma-induced mice, and it could be suggested that sample I and sample II groups have prominent antitumoral immune effect.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.115-122
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the metallothionein of acute cadmium poisoning mice as a Cadmium index. Forty male ICR mice were injected with cadmium chloride solution from 1/8LD50 to 1/2LD50 dose. At 24 hours after exposed Cd, I examined Cd and metallothionein (MT) intissues(liver and kidney) and fluids(whole blood and urine) and also measured low molecular proteins, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase(NAG) and 2- microglobuline (2-MG) in urine. The concentration of Cd and MT of liver kidney whole blood and urine were increased with dose dependent manner. Urinary Cd and urinary MT and very good significance (p<0.01) and urinary MT had good significance with kidney Cd and NAG but not 2-MG Conclusionally MT in urine was very correlated with kidney Cd and urine Cd, So MT maybe useful as a Cd poisoning index.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.406-411
• /
• 2011

Background: Invariant Natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a distinct subset of CD1d-restricted T cells with invariant $V{\alpha}{\beta}$ TCR, functionally bridge innate and adaptive immunity. While iNKT cells share features with conventional T cells in some functional aspects, they simultaneously produce large amount of Th1 and Th2 cytokines upon T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation. However, gene expression pattern in two types of cells has not been well characterized. Methods: we performed comparative microarray analyses of gene expression in murine iNKT cells and conventional $CD4^+CD25^-$ ${\gamma}{\delta}TCR^-$ T cells by using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) method. Results: Here, we describe profound differences in gene expression pattern between iNKT cells and conventional $CD4^+CD25^-$ ${\gamma}{\delta}TCR^-$ T cells. Conclusion: Our results provide new insights into the functional competence of iNKT cells and a better understanding of their various roles during immune responses.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.111-121
• /
• 2008

Objectives : The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Astragali radix on the asthma treatment. EAR-I is an extract of astragali radix cultured for one year and EAR-III is an extract of astragali radix cultured for three years. Methods : Two asthma-induced groups mice group was treated respectively with EAR- I and EAR- III. The other group was not. Each group was analyzed in vivo and in vitro experiments. Results : In asthma-induced mice by OVA treatment, the weight of lung, total cell number of leukocyte and eosinophil in BALF, both EAR- I and EAR- III treated groups were significantly decreased compared to control group. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, histamine, IgE in BLAF of group treated with both EAR-I and EM-III were significantly decreased compared to control group. In FACS analyzing, granulocytes, $CD3e^-$/$CCR3^+$, $CD3^+$/$CD19^$, $CD3e^+$/$CD69^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$ and $GR-1^+$/$CD11b^+$ were significantly increased in asthma induced mice group by OVA treatment compared to control group, and decreased in group treated with both EAR- I and EAR-III. Conclusions : The present data proves that extract of astragali radix has an effect on the inhibiting asthma. Moreover, astragali radix cultured for three years was proved to be superior to the one cultured for one year.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 2006

This study compared cell expansion and colony forming ability in human cord blood stem cells cultured ex vivo with two kinds of cytokine combinations, two kinds of media, presence or absence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and two or three dimensional (2D or 3D) culture environments. Purified $CD34^+$ cells were cultured in the IMDM (Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium) and SFM (Serum Free Medium) containing a cytokine cocktail-I (coc-I) (EPO, GMCSF, SCF, and IL-3) or a cytokine cocktail-II (coc-II) (TPO, G-CSF, SCF, IL-6, and Flt3/Flk-2 ligand) with or without FBS. Generally, higher cellular and clonogenic expansion were observed in the coc-I cytokine condition, compared to coc-II cytokine condition. 3D (Methocult) and 2D (IMDM + coc-I + FBS) conditions gave the greatest cell ($2,258{\pm}456$ fold) and CFU (BFU-E: $652{\pm}19$, CFU-GM: $520{\pm}58$, CFU-GEMM: $339{\pm}100$ fold) expansions, respectively. In aspect of medium, IMDM was better than SFM, except for coc-II condition without FBS. In conclusion, 'IMDM + coc-I + FBS' and 'IMDM + coc-I' were the best CFU expansions on the occasion of all culture conditions. FBS and 2D conditions had affirmative effect on CFU expansion, generally. These data might provide a variety of notions about ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.18 no.12
• /
• pp.1361-1368
• /
• 2009

The effects of $Cd^{2+}$ ions on the Chl a fluorescence of 5 hydrophytes (e.g. Lemna, Salvinia, Ricciocarp, Nymph, Typha plants) were investigated in order to select $Cd^{2+}$-sensitive plant species and to get informations on physiological responses of plants to $Cd^{2+}$ stress. Lemna plants were most sensitive to cadmium stress, while Nymph plants were tolerant. However, in all $Cd^{2+}$-treated plants, Fv/Fm, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS II, decreased in proportion to the increase of $Cd^{2+}$ concentration and treatment time. The Chl a fluorescence transient O-J-I-P was also considerably affected by $Cd^{2+}$ ions; the fluorescence yield decreased consid- erably in steps J, I and P in $Cd^{2+}$ treated plants, although it followed a typical polyphasic rise in non-treated plants. In Lemna plants, the functional parameters, ABS/CS, TRo/CS와 ETo/CS and RC/CS, decreased in proportion to the increase of $Cd^{2+}$ concentration, while N, Mo and Kn increased. The structural parameters, ${\Phi}po$, ${\Phi}po$/($1-{\Phi}po$), Plabs, SFlabs, Kp and RC/ABS, also decreased according to the increase of $Cd^{2+}$ concentration. Consequently, Lemna plants will be useful as a experimental model system to investigate responses of plants. And several functional or structural parameters could be applied to determine quantitatively the physiological states of plants under stresses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.20-25
• /
• 2009

Xenotransplantation of pig organs into humans is a potential solution for the shortage of donor organs for transplantation. However, multiple immune barriers preclude its clinical application. In particular, the initial type of rejection in xenotransplantation is an acute cellular rejection by host $CD8^+$ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells that react to donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein Unique Short (US) 2 specifically targets MHC class I heavy chains to relocate them from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to the cytosol, where they are degraded by the proteasome. In this study we transfected the US2 gene into minipig fetal fibroblasts and established four US2 clonal cell lines. The integration of US2 into transgenic fetal cells was confirmed using PCR and Southern blot assay. The reduction of Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA)-I by US2 was also detected using Flow cytometry assay (FACS). The FACS analysis of the US2 clonal cell lines demonstrated a substantial reduction in SLA-I surface expression. The level (44% to 76%) of SLA-I expression in US2 clonal cell lines was decreased relative to the control. In cytotoxicity assay the rate of $CD8^+$ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly reduced to 23.8${\pm}$15.1% compared to the control (59.8${\pm}$8.4%, p<0.05). In conclusion, US2 can directly protect against $CD8^+$-mediated cell lysis. These results indicate that the expression of US2 in pig cells may provide a new approach to overcome the CTL-mediated immune rejection in xenotransplantation.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.349-354
• /
• 1999

The temperature dependences of the Hall coefficient, carrier mobility, electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and figure-of-merit of the undoped and $CdI_2$-doped 90% $Bi_2Te_3-10% Bi_2Se_3$, single crystals, grown by the Bridgman method, have been characterized at temperatures ranging from 77K to 600K. The saturated carrier concentration and degenerate temperature of the undoped 90% $Bi_2Te_3-10% Bi_2Se_3$ single crystal are $5.85\times10_{18}cm^{-3}$ and 127K, respectively. The scattering parameter of the 90% $Bi_2Te_3-10% Bi_2Se_3$ single crystal is determined to b -0.23, and the electron mobility to hole mobility ratio ($\mu_e/\mu_h)$ is 1.45. The bandgap energy at 0K of the 90% <$Bi_2Te_3-10% Bi_2Se_3$ single crystal is 0.200 eV. Adding $CdI_2$as a donor dopant, a maximum figure-of-merit of $3.2\times10^{-3}/K$$CdI_2$-doped specimen.