• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.210-215
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• 2011

It is already known that high concentration of vitamin C induces apoptosis on tumor cells. However, there is no report regarding the function of vitamin C on the modulation of immune susceptibility of cancer. Therefore, we investigated whether vitamin C can modulate immune susceptibility of tumor cells, especially on the induction of Fas-mediated apoptosis. First, the optimal concentration of vitamin C, which cannot induce damages on tumor cells for 36 hrs. We found that 2 mM of vitamin C did not show harmful effect. In addition, the optimal concentration of agonistic anti-Fas Abs for 18 hrs was examined. As a result, 400 ng/ml of agonistic anti-Fas Abs did not induce apoptosis on tumor cells. Next, we tried to find the effect of 2 mM of vitamin C on the modulation of the susceptibility to agonistic anti-Fas Abs. When tumor cells were cultured with 400 ng/ml of agonistic anti-Fas Abs for 18 hrs, after pre-treatment with 2 mM of vitamin C for 24 hrs, viability of cells was decreased. Interestingly, we found that the expression of Fas (CD95) and MHC class I was increased by the treatment of vitamin C. Taken together, vitamin C increases the susceptibility of tumor cells to anti-Fas Abs and the expression of Fas (CD95) and MHC class I on tumor cells.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.459-464
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• 2021

The detector performance is important role in acquiring the gamma rays from patients. Among parameters of detector performances, there is density, which relates to respond to gamma rays. Therefore, we confirm the detection efficiency according to various detector materials based on the density parameter using GATE (geant4 application for emission tomography) simulation tool. The NaI (density: 3.67 g/cm³), CZT (Cadimium Zinc Telluride) (density: 5.80 g/cm³), CdTe (Cadmium Telluride) (5.85 g/cm³), and GAGG (Gadoinium Aluminum Gallium Garnet) (density g/cm³) were used as detector materials. In addition, the point source and quadrant bar phantom, which is modeled for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm thicknesses, were modeled to confirm the quatitative analysis using sensitivity (cps/MBq) and the full width at half maximum (FWHM, mm) at the 2.0 mm bar thickness containing visual evaluation. Based on the results, the sensitivity for NaI, CZT, CdTe, and GAGG detector materials were 0.12, 0.15, 0.16, and 0.18 cps/MBq. In addition, the FWHM for quadrant bar phantom in the 2.0 mm bar thickness is 3.72, 3.69, 3.70, and 3.73 mm for NaI, CZT, CdTe, and GAGG materials, respectively. Compared with performance of detector materials according to density, the high density can improve detection efficiency in terms of sensitivity and mean count. Among these detector materials, the GAGG material is efficient for detection of gamma rays.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.31-37
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• 1987

Mulberry leaf sprayed on at the various concentrations of cadmium (Cd) was fed on the just molted fifth instar through the 6th day of the fifth instar and content of cadmium and zinc in the feces, organs and tissues involved were analyzed by spectrophotometer. Along with the effect of those heavy metals on development of the relevant organs and tissues sexwise. 1. The residual content of cadmium on mulberry leaf was about 50% of the total cadmium and the weight of feces disposed from the cadmium fed larvae was less than the control. There was distinctive differences in female-wise disposal of feces between cadmium treatment and control ; cadmium treatment female larvae disposed less feces than female of control. 2. Fourteen percent of the total dry weight of the anterior plus the middle silkgland and of the posterior silkgland in cadmium 100ppm treatment was decreased in female but only 9% of the anterior plus middle silkgland in male was made, showing no decrease the weight of the posterior silkgland in male. 3. Decrease of the dry weight of the silkgland, fat body and hindgut was made in cadmium 100ppm treatment and contrarily the weight of midgut and malphihian tube were increased. The total larval weight of the female and male were decreasd in cadmium 100ppm treatment and the decreasing ratio was higher in famale. 4. There wasa no detection of cadmium in all of the organs and tissues of the control and in those of the cadmium treatment the high residual content was in order of the midgut, hindgut, malphighian tube and head. A slight accumulation of cadmium was shown in fat body and silkgland. 5. Cadmium accumulation in the midgut was higher than in female but in the fat body, malphighian tube, trachea and integument was contrarily high in the female than male. 6. The total zinc content of the larvae was below 60ppm in the control and 80ppm in cadmium 100ppm treantment. The increase of zinc content in cadmium treatment was made on silkgland, malphigian tube and midgut but contrarily the decrease of zinc content in fat body was resulted. 7. In cadmium treatment, much more cadmium accumulation took place in the female and zinc accumulation was made much more in the male.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.229-235
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• 2016

Purpose: To study whether breastfeeding and breastfeeding status during gluten introduction influences the age at diagnosis of celiac disease (CD). In addition to study, whether the timing of gluten introduction influences the age at diagnosis of CD. Methods: It was a hospital based observational study. Total 198 patients diagnosed with CD as per modified European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (2012) criteria, aged between 6 months to 6 years were included. Detail history taken with special emphasis on breastfeeding and age of gluten introduction. Standard statistical methods used to analyze the data. Results: $Mean{\pm}standard$ deviation age of onset and diagnosis of CD in breastfed cases was $2.81{\pm}1.42$ years and $3.68{\pm}1.55$ years respectively as compared to $1.84{\pm}1.36$ years and $2.70{\pm}1.65$ years respectively in not breastfed cases (p<0.05). Those who had continued breastfeeding during gluten introduction and of longer duration had significantly delayed onset of disease. The age at onset of CD was under one year in 40.42% of the cases, who had started gluten before 6 months of age compared to only 12.58% of those who had started gluten later (p<0.001). The proposed statistical model showed that two variables, i.e., breast feeding status during gluten introduction and age at gluten introduction positively influencing the age at diagnosis of CD. Conclusion: Delayed gluten introduction to infant's diet along with continuing breastfeeding, delays symptomatic CD. However, it is not clear from our study that these infant feeding practices provide permanent protection against the disease or merely delays the symptoms.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.188-192
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• 2000

Recombinant protein G has been utilized in the purification of antibodies from various mammalian species based on the interaction of antibodies with protein G. The interaction between immunoglobulin and protein G may not be restricted to the Fc protion of antibodies, as many different $F(ab)_2$ or Fab fragments can also bind to protein G. I found both FAb $F(ab)_2$ of 145-2C11, a hamster anti-mouse $CD3{\varepsilon}$ antibody, bound to the protein G-sepharose. Interestingly, Fab and $F(ab)_2$ of 145-2C11 did not bind to the protein A-sepharose. The binding of Fab and $F(ab)_2$ of 145-2C11 to protein G provided a useful method to remove proteases, chopped fragments of the Fc region, and other contaminating proteins. The remaining intact antibody in the protease reaction mixture can be removed by using a protein A-sepharose, because the Fab and $F(ab)_2$ portions of 145-2C11 did not bind to protein A-sepharose. The specific binding of Fab and $F(ab)_2$ portions of 145-sC11 to a protein G-sepharose (though not to a protein A-sepharose) and binding of intact 145-2C11 to both protein A- and G-sepharose will be useful in developing an effective purification protocol for Fab and $F(ab)_2$ portions of 145-2C11.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.70-80
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived non-saponin fraction (NSF) on inflammatory responses and monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in RAW264.7 and THP-1. NSF effectively inhibited inflammatory responses by downregulating nitric oxide (NO) production and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). NSF ($2000{\mu}g/mL$) decreased the levels of NO, iNOS, and COX-2 by 33, 83, and 64%, respectively. NSF inhibited the differentiation of monocyte-to-macrophage by decreasing cell adherence along with downregulation of the cluster of differentiation molecule $11{\beta}$ ($CD11{\beta}$) and CD36. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), were significantly reduced with NSF treatment. The NSF-mediated inhibition of inflammatory responses was due to the regulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). NSF effectively suppressed the translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ into the nucleus, while nuclear Nrf2 and its target protein, heme oxygenase-1, levels were significantly increased.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2022

Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is a prominent technique for the separation of heavy metal ions from wastewater due to the fast extraction and is a single-stage operation of stripping-extraction. The selection of the components (Surfactant and Carrier) of ELM is a very significant step for its preparation. In the ELM technique, the primary water- in-oil (W/O) emulsion is emulsified in water to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion. The water in oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the membrane phase and internal phase. To prepare the membrane phase, the extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) was used as a mobile carrier, Span-80 as a surfactant, and Paraffin as a diluent. Moreover, the internal (receiving) phase was prepared by dissolving sulphuric acid in water. Di-(2- ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid such as surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, sulphuric acid concentration in the receiving (internal) phase, agitation time (emulsion phase and feed phase), the volume ratio of the membrane phase to the receiving phase, the volume ratio of the external feed phase to the primary water-in-oil emulsion and pH of feed were studied on the percentage extraction of metal ions at 20℃. The results show that it is possible to remove 78% for As(V), 98% for Cd(II), and 99% for Pb(II). Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) is a well-known technique for separating heavy metal ions from wastewater due to the fast extraction and is a single-stage operation of stripping-extraction. The selection of ELM components (Surfactant and Carrier) is a very significant step in its preparation. In the ELM technique, the primary water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is emulsified to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion. The water in the oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the membrane and internal phases. The extractant D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) was used as a mobile carrier, Span-80 as a surfactant, and Paraffin as a diluent. Moreover, the internal (receiving) phase was prepared by dissolving sulphuric acid in water. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid such as surfactant concentration, carrier concentration, sulphuric acid concentration in the receiving (internal) phase, agitation time (emulsion phase and feed phase), the volume ratio of the membrane phase to the receiving phase, the volume ratio of the external feed phase to the primary water-in-oil emulsion and pH of feed were studied on the percentage extraction of metal ions at 20℃. The results show that it is possible to remove 78% for As(V), 98% for Cd(II), and 99% for Pb(II).

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.355-360
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• 2007

The title complex, $(C_3H_{12}N_2)[\{Cd(H_2O)(C_6H_5O_7)\}_2]{\cdot}6H_2O$, I, has been prepared and its structure characterized by FT-IR, EDS, elemental analysis, ICP-AES, and X-ray single crystallography. It is triclinic system, $P{\bar{1}}$ space group with a = 10.236(2), b = 11.318(2), c = $13.198(2){\AA}$, ${\alpha}=77.95(1)^{\circ}$, ${\beta}=68.10(1)^{\circ}$, ${\gamma}=78.12(1)^{\circ}$, V = $1373.5(3){\AA}^3$, Z = 2. Complex I has constituted by protonated 1,3-diaminopropane cations, citrate coordinated cadmium(II) anions, and free water molecules. The central cadmium atoms have a capped trigonal prism geometry by seven coordination with six oxygen atoms of three different citrate ligands and one water molecule. Citrate ligands are bridged to three different cadmium atoms. Each cadmium atom is linked by carboxylate and hydroxyl groups of citrate ligand to construct an one-dimensional ladder-type assembly structure. The polymeric crystal structure is stabilized by three-dimensional networks of the intermolecular O-H${\cdots}$O and N-H${\cdots}$O hydrogen-bonding interaction.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 2005

We report on the improvement of critical dimension (CD) linearity on a photomask by applying the concept of process proximity correction to a laser lithographic process used for the fabrication of photomasks. Rule-based laser process proximity correction (LPC) was performed using an automated optical proximity correction tool and we obtained dramatic improvement of CD linearity on a photomask. A study on model-based LPC was executed using a two-Gaussian kernel function and we extracted model parameters for the laser lithographic process by fitting the model-predicted CD linearity data with measured ones. Model-predicted bias values of isolated space (I/S), arrayed contact (A/C) and isolated contact (I/C) were in good agreement with those obtained by the nonlinear curve-fitting method used for the rule-based LPC.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.515-517
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• 2003

In order to assess the risk of adverse health effects on human exposure to arsenic and heavy metals influenced by past mining activities, environmental geochemical surveys were undertaken in the abandoned metal mine areas (Dongil Au-Ag-Cu-Zn, Okdong Cu-Pb-Zn, Songcheon Au-Ag, Dongjung Au-Ag-Pb-Zn, Dokok Au-Ag-Cu and Hwacheon Au-Ag-Pb-Zn mines). Arsenic and other heavy metals were highly elevated in the tailings from the Dongil, the Songcheon and the Dongjung mines. High concentrations of heavy metals except As were also found in tailings from the Okdong, the Dokok and the Hwacheon mines. These significant concentrations can impact on soils and waters around the tailing dumps. Risk compounds deriving from mine sites either constitute a toxic risk or a carcinogenic risk. The hazard index (H.I.) of As in the Dongil, the Okdong, the Songcheon and the Hwacheon mine areas was higher value more than 1.0. In the Okdong and the Songcheon mine areas, H.I. value of Cd exceeded 1.0. These values of As and Cd were the highest in the Songcheon mine area. Therefore, toxic risks for As and Cd exist via exposure (ingestion) of contaminated soil, groundwater and rice grain in these mine areas. The cancer risk for As in stream or ground water used for drinking water from the Songcheon, the Dongil, the Okdong, the Dongjung and the Hwacheon mine areas was 3E-3, 8E-4, 7E-4, 2E-4 and 1E-4, respectively.