• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.864-871
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• 2010

At the current situation of continuous utilization of heavy metal contaminated upland for agricultural purpose in Korea, minimizing transport of heavy metals from soil to crops is important for securing safety of human health. The present study (in field scale) examined the efficiency of several soil amendments (dolomite, steel slag, lime, zeolite, and compost) on reduction of phytoavailable heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in soil through comparison with no amendment treatment and clean soil cover treatment. For determination of the phytoavailability, 1 M $NH_4NO_3$ extraction and red pepper cultivation were introduced. Among the amendments, in general, dolomite and steel slag were the most effective in reduction of metal (Cd, Pb, and Zn) phytoavailability resulting in less accumulation of these metals in shoot and fruit of red pepper. However, dolomite and steel slag treatment was not as effective as clean soil cover treatment which showed the least metal accumulation in red pepper fruit. Nevertheless, with taking into account the cost, treatment of dolomite or steel slag can be competitive method because the current study showed that dolomite or steel slag treatment reduced accumulated heavy metal concentration effectively in both shoot and fruit of red pepper compared to those from control soil and the concentration in fruit was within the standard value (<0.2 mg $kg^{-1}$ for both Cd and Pb).

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.391-405
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• 2020

Leaching chracteristics of Andong-dam sediment was conducted for heavy metal and nutrients. Five mixed sediment samples were prepared and leaching was conducted under aerobic and anaerobic condition for 60 days. Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Hg, As, Fe, Mn, phosphorus, and nitrogen were analyzed at each sampling time. The leaching rate of phosphorus was higher in anaerobic condition comparing with that of under aerobic condition. Some samples showed higher than the water-quality level IV. In case of As and Cd which showed highest contamination level in the sediment, leached concentration were 0.028 mg/L and 0.003 mg/L in maximum, respectively. The leached concentration is below than the lake water quality standard of Korea. Other heavy metals including Cu, Pb, and Cr also showed similar trend. Five step sequential extraction showed that easily extractable 1-2 step portion such as ion-exchangeable and adsorbed one was less than 10% and the most of the portion was residual. For As and Cd, the residual portion were 80% and 95% respectively indicating the risk by the heavy metal leaching into the lake for a short period was not high in comparing with the contamination levels.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2024

Background: There are concerns about the health effects of various environmental pollution exposures among residents living near coal-fired power plants (CFPP). Objectives: This study attempted to compare the concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine and those of urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) metabolites according to the residential separation distance. Methods: Participants in the study totaled 334 people who have lived for more than 10 years in areas within 10 km of a CFPP. The separation distance was analyzed in quartiles by dividing it into Q1 (88 people), Q2 (89 people), Q3 (89 people), and Q4 (68 people). We explained the purpose of this study to the participants and collected blood and urine after obtaining signatures on a participation agreement. Results: The study participants were 102 males (30.5%) and 232 females (69.5%), with an average age of 71. The average length of residence and distance were 43.8 years and 4,800 meters. The geometric mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Hg in blood and As and Cd in urine were respective 1.35 ㎍/dL, 1.43 ㎍/L, 3.16 ㎍/L. They were 167.88 ㎍/g for creatinine and 1.58 ㎍/g creatinine. The metabolite concentrations of VOCs were 50.67 ㎍/g creatinine in t, t-muconic acid (t, t-MA), 10.73 ㎍/g creatinine in benzyl mercapturic acid, 317.05 ㎍/g creatinine in phenylglyoxylic acid, 123.55 ㎍/g creatinine in methylhippuric acid, and 190.82 ㎍/g creatinine in mandelic acid. The concentration of Pb in the blood and Cd and t, t-MA in the urine of residents within affected area of the CFPP showed statistically significant differences among distance groups. Conclusions: The concentration of urinary VOCs metabolites, especially t, t-MA, differed according to the distance groups of residents within the affected area of CFPP (p<0.05).

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.205-212
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• 2005

The study was conducted to investigate the removal of heavy metals by using Hydroxyapatite(HAp) made from waste oyster shells and wastewater with high concentration of phosphorus. The maximum calcium concentration for the production of HAp in this study was released up to 361 mg/L at pH of 3 by elution experiments. When the pH was at adjusted 6, the maximum calcium released concentration was 41 mg/L. During the elution experiment, most of the calcium was released within 60 minutes. This reaction occurred at both pH levels of 3 and 6. The result of the XRD analysis for the HAp product used in this study shows the main constituent was HAp, as well as OCP. The pH was 8.6. As the temperature increased, the main constituent did not vary, however its structure was crystallized. When the pH was maintained at 3, the removal efficiency decreased as the heavy metal concentration increased. The order of removal efficiency was as follows: $Fe^{2+}$(92%), $Pb^{2+}$(92%) > $Cu^{2+}$(20%) > $Cd^{2+}$(0%). Most of these products were dissolved and did not produce sludge in the course of heavy metals removal. As the heavy metal concentration increased at pH of 6, the removal efficiency increased. The removal efficiencies in all heavy metals were over 80%. From the analysis of the sludge after reaction with heavy metals, the HAp was detected and the OCP peak was not observed. Moreover, lead ion was observed at the peaks of lead-Apatite and lead oxidant. In the case of cadmium, copper and iron ions, hydroxide forms of each ion were also detected.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1992

To find out an effective way of treating the toxicity of cadmium, concentrations of $K^+,\;Ca^{2+}$ and c-AMP, and activities of GOT and GPT in blood of rats were determined at definite time intervals after administration of cadmium to rats. Cadmium caused more decrease of $Ca^{2+}$ concentration than $K^+$ concentration but increases of GOT and GPT activities and of c-AMP concentrations. The decreased concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ was not recovered by selenium or metallothionein. However, the increased activities of GOT and GPT, and the c-AMP concentration were down regulated remarkably by selenium but not by metallothionein. These results suggested that selenium might have the compensate effects concerning toxic index against cadmium such as increases of GOT and GPT activities, and of c-AMP concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.17-25
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• 2008

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) technology can be applied to contaminated groundwater remediation. It is necessary to select adequate reactive material according to contaminant characterization. In groundwater. In this research, the reaction between reactive material and heavy metal contaminants was estimated through batch test. Reactive material was slag, which has been produced in Gwangyang power plant, and heavy metal contaminants were cadmium, lead and copper. Batch test consisted of two testes: 1) sorption equilibrium test and 2) sorption kinetic test. Sorption equilibrium test was performed for estimating slag sorption capacity against contaminants. And sorption kinetic test was performed for slag sorption rate with contaminants species, contaminants initial concentration and sulfate. Sorption capacity and sorption rate were affected by contaminant species. Sorption rate increased with increasing initial concentration in lead and copper but decreased with increasing initial concentration in cadmium. Sorption rate increased in existing sulfate. In low concentration, film diffusion was domain mechanism, and in high concentration, particle diffusion was domain mechanism.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.380-391
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess airborne particulate matter pollution and its effect on health of residents living near Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and its vicinities. Also, this study measured and analyzed the concentration of TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metals which influences on the environmental and respiratory disease in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex, Daegu, Korea. Methods: In this study, we analyzed various environmental pollutants such as particulate matter and heavy metals from Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex that adversely affected local residents's health. In particular, we verified the concentration distribution and characteristics of exposure for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ among particulate matters, and heavy metals(Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Mg). In that regard, the official test method on air pollution in Korea for analysis of particulate matter and heavy metal in atmosphere were conducted. The large capacity air sampling method by the official test method on air pollution in Korea were applied for sampling of heavy metals in atmosphere. In addition, we evaluated the concentration of seasonal environmental pollutants for each point of residence in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and surrounding area. The sampling measured periods for air pollutants were from August 11, 2013 to February 21, 2014. Furthermore, we measured and analyzed the seasonal concentrations(summer, autumn and winter). Results: The average concentration for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ by direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were 1.7, 1.4 and 1.9 times higher than reference region. In analysis results of seasonal concentrations for particulate matter in four direct influence and reference area, concentration levels for winter were generally somewhat higher than concentrations for summer and autumn. The average concentrations for Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Zn in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were $0.0008{\pm}0.0004{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0141{\pm}0.0163{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0248{\pm}0.0059{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0026{\pm}0.0011{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0272{\pm}0.0084{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.4855{\pm}0.1862{\mu}g/Sm^3$, and $0.3068{\pm}0.0631{\mu}g/Sm^3$, respectively. In particularly, the average concentrations for Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Zn in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were 1.9, 3.6, 2.1, 1.9, 1.4, 2.6, and 1.2 times higher than reference area, respectively. The continuous monitoring and management were required for some heavy metals such as Cr and Ni. Moreover, the average concentration in winter for particulate matter in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were generally higher than concentrations in summer and autumn. Also, average concentrations for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ were from 1.5 to 2.0 times, 1.2 to 1.8 times, and 1.1 to 2.3 times higher than reference area, respectively. In results for seasonal atmospheric environment, TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metal concentrations in direct influence area were higher than reference area. Especially, the concentrations in C station were a high level in comparison with other area. Conclusions: In the results, some particulate matters and heavy metals were relatively high concentration, in order to understand the environmental pollution level and health effect in surrounding area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex. The concentration of some heavy metals emitted from direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were relatively higher than reference area. In particular, average concentration for heavy metals in this study were higher than average concentrations in air quality monitoring station for heavy metal for 7 years in Deagu metropolitan region. Especially, the residents near Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex may be exposed to the pollutants(TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metals, etc) emitted from the factories in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.502-513
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• 2016

In this study, heavy metal distributions in the tissues of feral pigeon (Columba livia) were characterized using samples collected from bio-monitoring sites (Hangang Park and Hampyeong Park) of the NESB (National Environmental Specimen Bank), Korea, in order to evaluate the feasibility of feral pigeons as an indicator for the environmental monitoring. Cadmium (Cd) was analyzed to be accumulated in kidneys at higher concentration than in the other tissues. Such trend can also be found in the reviews on the Cd accumulations of the 34 cases including 17 avian species which showed that 31 cases had the highest Cd concentrations in the kidney among tissues. However, lead (Pb) was found to be richest in the bones in this study. 17 cases out of 30 reviewed cases had the highest Pb concentration in bones, whereas other 10 cases showed the highest concentration in kidneys, and 3 cases in livers. Therefore, kidneys together with bones can be a main target organ to test cadmium exposure to different habitat environments depending on physiological traits of birds. Zinc (Zn) was found to be the highest concentration in the pigeon livers of Hangang Park, but not in the bones. In contrast, the 13 cases of 16 reviewed cases had the highest Zn concentration in bones, and the 3 cases in livers. In addition, the heavy metal distribution patterns in relations to the metal accumulation mechanisms (a competition between Pb and Ca, a function of methallothionein protein, and etc.) were discussed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effects of probiotics supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, occurrence of diarrhea and immune response in weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) NC (basal diet), 2) PC (basal diet + 0.12% avilamycin) and 3) A (basal diet + 0.2% Aspergillus oryzae), 4) B (basal diet + 0.2% Lactobacillus casei), 5) C (basal diet + 0.2% Bacillus subtilis), 6) D (basal diet + 0.2% Lactobacillus crispatus). A total of 120 pigs ($7.16\pm0.01$ kg average body weight, weaned at $23\pm3$days of age) were assigned to 6 treatments, 5 replicates and 4 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. During the whole experimental period, body weight (P<0.01), average daily gain (ADG; P<0.01), and average daily feed intake (ADFI; P<0.05) of treatment PC were higher than other treatments. However, the probiotics treatments tended to increase ADG and G:F ratio compared to treatment NC. The G:F ratio in treatment A (Aspergillus oryzae) was similar to treatment PC during the whole experimental period (P<0.05). The supplementation of probiotics in the diet of weaning pig did not change nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and ash) and nitrogen retention of weaning pigs. In blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, treatment B had lower value than other treatments at 2 and 4 weeks (P<0.05). Treatments PC and C tended to decrease diarrhea score than other treatments (P=0.18). At 3h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, treatments NC and PC had higher count of $CD^{4+}$ T-cells than probiotics treatments, and treatment C showed the lowest value (P<0.01). There were no differences on count of $CD^{8+}$ T-cells and $CD^{4+}:CD^{8+}$ ratio among all treatments (P>0.10). These results suggest that the dietary probiotics are likely able to improve the growth performance, occurrence of diarrhea and immune response although they do not have similar effects like antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.939-947
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• 2008

PCR-DGGE method was applied to analyze changes of microbial community in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) bioreactor with various DO concentrations. In the analysis of eubacterial community, band profiles of DGGE were similar with 2 or 1 mg/L DO concentrations in the reactor. Experimental results led to 16 different bacteria being identified, including 5 dominant strains(3 strains of Uncultured Bacterium, 1 strains of Bacillus, 1 strains of Uncultured Bacteroidetes). DGGE results at 0.5 mg/L DO concentration led to 12 strains being identified, including 7 dominant strains(5 strains of Uncultured Bacterium, 2 strains of Zoogloea sp.). DGGE results at 0.1 mg/L DO concentration led to 11 strains being identified, including 3 dominant strains(1 strains of Uncultured Bacterium, 2 strains of Zoogloea sp.). In DGGE band profiles of $\beta$-AOB($\beta$-Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria), only one band was observed. This band had 97% similarity with Nitrosomonas sp. done DNB Y20. This band was clearly observed at the 2, 1 and 0.5 mg/L DO concentrations, while the brightness of the band at 0.1 mg/L DO concentration was mostly dimmed. In DGGE band profiles of denitrification process, 5 bands(3 strains of Uncultured organism containing nirS, 2 strains of Uncultured organism containing nirK) were observed. Among those bands, the brightness of one band was gradually increased at the lower DO concentrations. This band has 86% identity with Uncultured organism clone eS1 cd1 nirS gene, partial cds. Based on this result, it could be concluded that Uncultured organism clone eS1 cd1 nirS gene, partial cds is a predominant microorganism in the denitrification process.