• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.293-301
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• 2009

As a basic research for development of the domestic field-portable XRF spectrometer, we discussed the analytical results of bench-top ED-XRF and field-portable XRF method for polluted heavy metals such as Cr, As, Se, Hg, Pb, Cd in soil samples. To obtain the best performance of the XRF spectrometer, the instrumental parameters of X-ray tube-voltage and measurement time were optimized for 6 heavy-metal elements in soil using certified reference material. The quantitative analysis of Cr, As, Se, Hg, Pb, Cd concentration in certified reference materials and soil samples were compared by empirical method and fundamental parameter method.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of heavy metal concentrations in the blood and urine of the general population. This research had been conducted from April to December 2008, studying 545 residents of Daejeon and Chungcheong Province. Through the concentrations of heavy metals(Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Mn) in the biota samples and questionnaires, the residents heavy metal exposure level and the influential factors according to personal characteristics or lifestyle were evaluated. As to the heavy metal concentration in the blood and urine of the comparing region, were As and Mn statistically significant(p<0.01, p<0.05). Blood lead and urinary mercury concentrations were higher in males than females. The heavy metal concentration for each age group increased blood mercury. The concentration of all heavy metals were higher in the drinkers than in the non-drinkers. Blood lead and mercury concentrations were higher in the smokers than in the non-smokers, but the urinary cadmium, arsenic and blood manganese was higher in the non-smokers than in the smokers. As to the blood lead and urinary cadmium concentration according to the food preference fish showed high concentration. To clarify the factors affecting the heavy metal concentration in biota among subjects multiple regression analysis was conducted. As a results, it turned out that as to lead content in blood, sex, age and smoking have influence on the subjects with explanatory adequacy of 14.0 %. These results demonstrated that the factors affected the concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine. The results of this study could be used as the foundational data for setting the health risk assessment.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

The analyzed results of the heavy metal concentration of air and soil at the D iron-manufacturing company area were as follows; The concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ in the case area exceeded the air standard level in 3 seasons except summer. The $PM_{10}$ level was similar to the standard level, which was similar to the standard level, which was $50{\mu}g/m^3$. The Pb concentration of air in the case area was $0.13{\mu}g/m^3$, which was slightly higher than $0.11{\mu}g/m^3$ in the control area. The concentration of Cd and Cr were higher in the control area. The heavy metal (Pb) concentration of soil in the case area was $10.7{\mu}g/m^3$, which was higher than that of the control area. For these results, it is necessary for the D iron-manufacturing company area to consider a counter plan for dusts and are duction plan for the heavy metal (Pb).

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2015

This study investigated concentration of trace metals, intersexuality and histopathology of digestive gland in Ruditapes philippinarum. Samples were collected from three areas of Gamak Bay in May, 2010. The concentration of trace metals showed that Al was highest, Zn was second high concentration and the lowest concentration was Cd. The intersexuality was 18.5% and female was higher than the male. Intersex type was observed one type. Destruction of digestive tubule epithelium was highest among other biomarkers in digestive gland. Distribution of basophilic cell was 5.8% and lipofuscin was 1.8%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Heavy metals discharged from various sources contaminate the soil and water and the residuals can persistently be accumulated. In this study, the concentration of soil heavy metals was assessed over the whole regions of Korea based on the contamination factor and the geoaccumulation index. METHODS AND RESULTS: The data of averaged concentrations of heavy metals and fluorine were collected from the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) and the research papers published. In order to classify the levels of heavy metal concentration, the contamination index, including the contamination factor and the geoaccumulation index, based on the relative ratio of the actual concentration of heavy metals in the soil to the background concentration was calculated. In addition, the distribution of heavy metals in soils was visualized by using the geographic information system (GIS). As a result, the Cd contamination in the soils was the most concerned. CONCLUSION(S): This study very roughly indicated the outline of heavy metal concentration over the whole regions of Korea. The change in heavy metals' concentration over the time should further be monitored and the larger data of heavy metal contamination are needed for better understanding in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 1999

Lead and cadmium were analyzed with different pretreatemnt methods. Paddy soil and wastewater sludge samples were used and the result was compared each other. Pretreatment method affected the concentration obtained from samples significantly. Large difference was illustrated between the results. The concentration by 0.1N HCl extraction method, an official analytical method for soil and solid wastes, was far lower than those by the EPA3050B and mixed-acid digestion methods. The reason might be that metals associated with organics and silicates are not easily extracted by 0.1N HCl, while digestion methods using strong acids and high temperature dissolved all the elements in the samples. It implies that pretreatment method should be specified in addition to concentration on the report of metal analysis for environmental samples. Acid digestion methods are not necessarily good because the concentration obtained does not represent the natural condition which is our concern in many cases. The 0.1N HCl extraction method does not fully represent the natural condition either. The metals associated with organics will be extracted eventually as organics decompose with time. Therefore, proper pretreatment and analytical methods should be developed for specific purpose, and their standardization is recommended.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate the quality of produced compost and to analyse the change of a component during the reduction compost according to the input volume. The volume of pilot scale used in this study was about 300㎥. The pile of 2m width, 20m length and 1.2m height was constructed. Woodchip was used as bulking agent to enhance pore volume of composting bay and to control water content of food waste in starting time. Food waste was turned using a mechanical tumer twice a day. The result are as follows : In these cases of input volume of $2m^3$ and $3.5m^3$, temperature of composting pile was maintained over $60^{\circ}C$ and water content was 43.6% and 47.2%, respectively. It was proved that microorganisms activity was maintained high in each input volume. After operation of step 1 and step 2, pH and organic matter in the final compost were 6.2, 6.6 and 84.3%, 79.6%, respectively. Cation concentration such as $K_2O,$ CaO and NaCl was accumulated in the compost during the composting period. NaCl concentration in the final compost was 4.62%, 4.92%, respectively. Hence, If was recommended that this compost should be applied to others expect agricultural area or mixed with a low concentration other compost. In the steps 1, input volume of $2m^3$, heavy metal concentration of Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni. Cd were 37.82㎎/㎏, 56.87㎎/㎏, 9.8㎎/㎏. 22.21㎎/㎏ and 3.69㎎/㎏, and 44.55㎎/㎏, 95.54㎎/㎏, 12.22㎎/㎏, 24.94㎎/㎏, and 3.86㎎/㎏ in the step 2.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.93-108
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• 2013

This study is aimed to prepare the effective detail survey methods(Phase II) of abandoned metal mines through the contamination assessment for mine types and facilities in the abandoned metal mine areas. The study sites of 12 abandoned mines are located in Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do and those were chosen among 310 sites that the Phase II survey was conducted from 2007 to 2009 after considering the results of Phase I for abandoned mines scattered all over the country. 12 study sites were classified into four types; Type I sites only have pit mouth. Type II sites have pit mouth and mine-waste field. Type III sites have pit mouth and tailing sorting field. Type IV sites have pit mouth, tailing sorting field and concentrator(s). In forest land, paddy soil and farm land of Type I, As and Cd were showed average concentration, and Cu and Pb were high on the pit mouth area in one mines where the pit mouth was developed within 500 m. In the mines of Type II, Cu and Pb were showed average concentration too, but As and Cd were slightly high in pit mouth and mine-waste field. The mines of Type III which had grinding particle process through physical separation milling or hitting showed similar tendency with Type II. However, mines of Type IV pit mouth, mine-waste field and showed various results depending on defining the contamination sources. For example, if contamination source was pit mouth, the mixed results of Type I, II, II were showed. In tailing sorting field which was regarded as the most important source and having high mobility, however, if there were no facilities or it was difficult to access directly, field sampling was missed occasionally during phase I and phase II survey. For that reason, the assessment for tailing sorting field is missed and it leads to completely different results. In the areas of Type I mines, the concentration of heavy metals exceeded precautionary standards of soil contamination or not within 1,000 meters of pit mouth. Nickel(Ni) was the largest factor of the heavy metal contamination in this type. The heavy metals except Arsenic(As) were shown high levels of concentration in Type II areas, where pit mouth and mine-waste field were operated for making powder in upriver region; therefore, to the areas in the vicinity of midstream and downstream, the high content of heavy metals were shown. The tendency of high level of heavy metals and toxic materials contained in flotation agent used during sorting process were found in soil around sorting and tailing field. In the abandoned-pit-mouth area, drygrinding area and tailing sorting field area, the content of Cupper(Cu) and Zinc(Zn) were higher than other areas. Also, the contaminated area were larger than mine reclamation area(2,000 m) and the location of tailing sorting field was one of the important factors to estimate contaminated area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2009

The metals such as Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, etc are present at very low concentration in seawater and are classified as so-called trace metals. Whiles some of them are used in metabolism of living organism as a micronutrient, they may show toxic effects on organisms in case of a limited threshold concentration of them Plenty of studies on trace metals have been performed bemuse trace metals have a persistent influence and an adverse effect on marine environment and ecosystem. For long years, when the concentration of trace metals in natural waters such as seawater and fresh water are measured with high precision and accuracy, some systematic errors have been recognized to be present in measurements. Since 1975 in US and European countries, the measured concentration of trace metals in seawater have been found to be lower by factors of 10-1,000 than the previous data of trace metals measurements and the vertical profiles of the measurements have been shown to reflect well-known biological, physical and geochemical processes. These results are attributed to great advances in analytical instrumentation and methodology for trace metals measurements. Precautions against the contamination of samples are required to be taken in the process of sampling, storage, and analysis of samples. However, in Korea, erroneous data of trace metals with regard to ocean and marine environment related survey and investigations are reported The lock of exact understanding and information regarding precautions in sampling, storage and analysis of samples lead to the deterioration of data quality, especially in the analysis of trace metals. The major procedures to obtain the accurate data of trace metals in natural waters are introduced for applying to the study and assessment of marine environments.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.371-381
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• 1997

Precipitation sampls were collected in Chonju-city during October 1994 to September 1995 and were analysed for major ions (N $a^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , NO/$_3$, S $O_4$$^{2-}$) and trace metals (Al, Cd, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn) in addition to pH, in order to understand the chemical characteristics of acid rain and to estimate the origin of the determined ions. Most rain showed a neutral or alkaline character, and only 35% had a pH lower than 5.6. S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ are identified as the primary contributors to precipitation acidity in this region. Neutralization of precipitation acidity occurs as a result of the dissolution of alkaline compounds containing $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $K^{+}$. S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ precipitation concentrations exhibit a seasonal pattern in which higher concentrations are observed during spring months and lower concentrations during summer months. However, the seasonal behavior of $H^{+}$ concentrations differs from this pattern, in that the highest concentrations occur during autumn months, owing to the different influence of neutralization processes. In all rain, S $O_4$$^{2-}$ concentration exceeded NO/$_3$$^{[-10]}$ concentration. The contribution of maritime sources to the total S $O_4$$^{2-}$ concentration was very low or negligible. For rain strongly affacted by yellow sand, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $K^{+}$ ions show a sharp increase in concentration, reflecting the increased amount of dust and soil suspended in atmosphere. At the same time, S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ concentrations are at their highest levels while $H^{+}$ values are not comparably elevated, presumably beacause much of the acidity has been neutralized by alkaline substances. The seasonal variance of trace metal concentrations in rainwater is similar to that of major cations. The annual wet flux of acidic pollutants and trace metals wat calculated to be as follows: N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ ; 2.32 g/$m^2$, S $O_4$$^{2-}$, 5.34 g/$m^2$, Al; 6.30 mg/$m^2$, Cd; 0.62 mg/$m^2$, Ni; 4.08 mg/$m^2$, Pb: 9.76 mg/$m^2$, Sr; 5.94 mg/$m^2$, Zn; 111 mg/$m^2$./$m^2$.