• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2003

Experiments were carried out to investigate the elimination of cadmium in tissues (gill, intestine, liver, kidney and muscle) of flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, after sub-lethal Cd exposure (5, 50, 100 ${\mu}g/L$). During the depuration phase, Cd concentration in the gill decreased immediately following the end of the exposure period. The elimination rates at the end of depuration periods were $18\%$ for 50 ${\mu}g/L$ exposure and $70\%$ for 100 ${\mu}g/L$ exposure. Intestine showed fastest elimination rates of Cd at all concentration. At the end of the depuration period, the Cd concentration was similar to that in the control, Cd elimination in liver significantly decreased after 10 days of depuration period. After 20 days of depuration, the elimination rate was $66.20\%$ in the fish exposed to 50 ${\mu}g/L$ and $86.22\%$ in the fish exposed to 100${\mu}g/L$. The order of cadmium elimination in tissues were decreased intestine>liver${\geq}$gill>>kidney during depuration periods. In this study the gill, intestine and liver showed faster elimination rate of Cd in 50, 100 ${\mu}g/L$-Cd exposure concentration. After the end of the Cd exposure, the Cd concentration in the kidney slowly decreased or remained constant and the Cd concentration in the muscle slowly increased or remained constant.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.71-77
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• 2002

This research was carried out from 2001. 4 until 2001. 5 in order to examine the level of soil contamination in the vicinity of Nanjido. The sampling was done at near the Nanjido soil. At the each sampling site we did the sampling at different depth- surface(0~15cm deep), 1m deep, 2m deep, 3m deep. The contamination of Cd, Cu, Pb, As, $Cr^{+6}$, and Hg were tasted and analysed by spectra AA. The examination showed that the average concentration level of the entire sampled soil was Cd, 0.229mg/kg, Cu 8.349mg/kg, Pb : 11.083mg/kg, As : 0.298mg/kg, $Cr^{+6}$ : 0.124mg/kg, and Hg : 0.134mg/kg. The concentration level of at the depth of 0-l5cm, came out to be Cd : 0.305mg/kg, Cu : 8.464mg/kg, Pb : 11 383mg/kg, As : 0.128mg/kg, $Cr^{+6}$ : 0.153mg/kg, and Hg : 0.092mg/kg. It shows that in the cases of Cd and C $r^{+6}$ the average concentration level of the whole sampled soil was about 80% of that of 0-l5cm depth. And as for Hg and As. the average concentration level of the entire sampled soil came out to be approximately twice as high as the sample soil from the depth surface, As for Cu and Pb, there was not much difference between the entire samples average concentration level and the concentration level of surface. It was hard to find much relationship between the depth of each site where sampling was done and the level of concentration, the concentration level of Pb and Cu at the sampling site C and E was quite high, which suggests that it has been affected by the polluted the hyang-dong stream and fill random up waste.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.235-240
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• 2004

This study is to study accumulation of the heavy metals by riparian vegetation throughout analysis of the heavy metal concentration in riparian vegetation, water, and sediment near mine drainage. According to analyzing concentration of the heavy metals in riparian vegetation, water, and sediment, the heavy metal was indicated at the leaf significantly. Compared with the concentration of sediment soil, the maximum concentration of the As, Cd, CN, Pb, Zn was higher 2.6, 2.6, 2.5, non-detect, and 1.5 times in leaf, Also those concentration have 9.6, 16.6, 2.5, 1.6, and 2.5 times in root. As the results, the author can know the sediment has a very relative to vegetation in mine drainage, because the increasing of concentration of heavy metal in sediment gives the more accumulative concentration of heavy metal in vegetation. Compared with the concentration of contaminated site and non-contaminated site. As, Cd, CN, Pb, Zn the maximum concentration in sediment soil was higher 5.7, 258.1, 10.9, 370.0, and 298.3 times respectively. In case of vegetation, the maximum concentration of the As, Cd, CN, Pb, Zn was higher 5.6, 62.3, 5.0, non-detect, and 30.6 times in leaf. Also those concentration have 8.5, 63.3, 2.6, 60.7, and 62.1 times in root. In this study, the author can surmise that there indicated a lot of adsorption with the heavy metal concentration in contaminated mine drainage.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.176-186
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• 1982

Uptake and effects of treated Cd and Pb in rose moss and tomato were studied in pot cultures. Three horticulural plants on the roadside were tested to determine the contents of heavy metals in plant parts. Yields of rose moss were increased by the increase Pb concentrations in soil. Yields of rose moss by Cd treatment were decreased in 1, 000 ppm group, but increased in 500 ppm group. Portulaca grandiflora Hook. proved to be tolerent of Pb and Cd added in soil. Yields of tomato were decreased by an incrase of Pb concentration in soil, and tomato proved to be weak for Pb added in soil. Pb contents in root, stem, leaf, and flower and seed of rose moss were increased by an in crease of Pb concentration in soil Pb content in root was the highest among them. Pb content was the highest in root of tomato, but the lowest in the stem. Among the heavy metal contents metal contents of three horticultural plants collected by roadside, it was the Chrysanthemum which had the highest contents of heavy metal among them. The heavy metal contents in stem were less than in the other plnat parts in all three plants. The number of flowers in rose moss was decreased by an increase of Pb, and Cd concentration in soil, but in tomato it was increased by an increase of Pb concentration in soil. Amount of rose moss seeds which were collected after cultivation was decreased by Pb, and Cd treatment in soil.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2014

This study attempted to utilize various groundcover plants in phytoremediation, using shade plants, which often have a high shade tolerance for shade urban space. Liriope platyphylla was grown in soil containing three of heavy metals, Zn, Cd, and Pb under four different concentrations (0, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) to determine the heavy metal accumulation characteristics and removing from soil. Total amounts of accumulated Zn in L. platyphylla were increased in accordance with increasing elevated Zn concentrations in soil, but the difference was not significant between Zn250 and Zn500. Cd accumulation, sharply increased in Cd100 and Cd250, but was reduced in Cd500. Increased Pb concentration in soil resulted a continuous increase in the total amounts of Pb accumulated in L. platyphylla. The total content of Zn in soil decreased by almost 50% in Zn100, almost 33% in Zn250 and 20% in Zn500 through growth of L. platyphylla over a period of 7 months. In the case of Cd, the concentration in soil, was decreased with 10% in Cd100, 10% in Cd250 and 33% in Cd500 through growth of L. platyphylla over a period of 7 months. This results indicate that more Cd was removed by planting L. platyphylla, compared to Zn or Pb.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.997-1012
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of whole grape, grape pomace and grape juice intake on cadmium (Cd) metabolism during aging in thirteen-month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats. One hundred and twenty rats weighing 548.8 $\pm$ 4.3 g were assigned to eight groups according to body weight and were raised for 3, 5 or 7 months on diets containing 2 ％ (w/w) dried powders of three different parts of the grape (Campbell Early) and 0.02 ％ (w/w) CdC12. Food intake tended to decrease with aging, and body weight and epididymal fat pad (EFP) weights of Cd-exposed groups were lower than those of Cd-free groups. Cadmium accumulated in the blood and tissues and Cd concentration was the lowest in the pomace group among Cd-exposed animals. Metallothionein (MT) concentration in the tissues increased through Cd administration. Grape diets, especially grape pomace diets, were effective in decreasing Cd absorption in the tissues by increasing Cd excretion through feces. The intake of grape pomace alleviated the decrease in bone density caused by Cd administration and prevented a decrease in glomerular filtration rates (GFR) with aging. Among the parts of grape, grape pomace, which had highest content of dietary fiber and flavonoids, was the most effective. The results of this study suggest the possibility of using grape pomace as a functional food material, a prospect that previously has been discarded.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.231-236
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• 1994

The effect of $Cd^{2+}$ on the electron transport rate of PSI and PSII was investigated in isolated spinach chloroplasts. In photosystem II, the rate of electron transport was decreased as the concentration of $Cd^{2+}$ was increased from 1 to $100\;\mu\textrm{M}$. The inhibitory effect of $Cd^{2+}$ was reduced when diphenylcarbazide was added to the reaction medium, indicating that $Cd^{2+}$ affects primarily psn oxygen evolving complexes of thylakoid membrane. The inhibitory effect of $Cd^{2+}$ was reduced when $Mn^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ were added to the reaction medium, but the inhibitory effect was not fully relieved. Although the activity of psn was decreased significantly by the treatment of $50\;\mu\textrm{M}\;Cd^{2+}$, Fv/Fm was decreased slightly. However, the treatment of $100\;\mu\textrm{M}\;Cd^{2+}$ resulted in the marked decrease of Fv/Fm. In photosystem I, the rate of electron transport decreased as the concentration of $Cd^{2+}$ was increased from 0.2 to 3.2 mM. The inhibitory effect of $Cd^{2+}$ was decreased when the chloroplast treated with $Cd^{2+}$ was washed by centrifugation.gation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2007

The cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) contamination of soils and cultivated crop plants by zinc smelting activities was studied. In the study area of the vicinity of ${\triangle}{\triangle}$ zinc smelting factory in Korea, soils and corn plants were sampled at corn harvesting stage and analyzed Cd and Zn concentration as well as Cd and Zn fraction and chemical properties in soils. At 600 m radius of studied area, Cd and Zn were highly accumulated in the surface soils (0 - 20 cm) showed greater than the Korean warning criteria (Cd 1.5, Zn 300 mg $kg^{-1}$) with corresponding values 1.7 and 407 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The leaf part gave higher Cd concentration with the corresponding value of 9.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ as compared to the stem and grains pare (1.6 and 0.18 mg $kg^{-1}$), respectively. Higher Zn concentration was also obtained from the leaf part of the corn plant which gave the value of 1,733 mg $kg^{-1}$. The stem and grain part gave corresponding values of 547 and 61 mg $kg^{-1}$. The order of the mean Cd concentration in fractions is F3 (oxidizable fraction) > F2 (reducible fraction) > F4 (residual fraction) > F1 (exchangeable + acidic fraction). A highly positive correlation is observed between F2 and concentration of Cd and Zn in both plant pare, leaf and grain. Highly positive correlations are shown in the pH exchangeable Ca and Mg, and CEC when correlated with Cd and Zn bound to F4 fractions. To reduce Cd and Zn uptake by corn plant in an arable land heavily contaminated with Cd and Zn as affected by smelting factory, an efficient and effective soil management to increase soil pH and CEC is thus recommended.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.433-449
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• 1992

Three horticultural herbaceous plants and a natural herbaceous plant were tested to determine the growth responses, biomass and uptake of cadmium(cd), lead(pb) by application of cd and pb soil treatment in pot culture. The ecological effects on the growth of the plants were investigated to determine the tolerance for the heavy metal pollutants cd and pb. the marginal concentrain of cd treatment on the growth of the each plant was below the 1, 000 ppm treatment of cd. The marginal concentration of pb treatment was below the 1, 000ppm treatment of pb in cultivation of salvia splendens ker., celosia cristata l. and below the 3, 000ppm treatment of pb in cultivation of portulaca grandiflora hook., sedum saramentosum bunge. the resistance for cd of sedum saramentosum bunge, celosia criastata l., portulaca grandiflora hook. and salvia splendens ker. was in the listed order. The resistence for pb was in order of sedum saramentosum bunge, portulaca grandiflora hook. Salvia splendens ker.and celosia criastata l.stems. The flowering of portulaca grandiflora hook. was sustained in the pb 1, 000ppm treated group only. The higher the concentration of pb in the soil cultivated the plants was, the less the content of leaf chlorophy11 in each plant was. The number of stomata per unit leaf area was the highest in salvia splendens ker. and in order of celosia l., sedum saramentosum bunge., portulaca grandiflora hook., the higher the cd and pb concentration of cd and pb treatment was, the more the concent of cd and pb in the part of each plant increased. the content of cd and pb in the stems of salvia spiendens ker. was the highest in the 1, 000ppm-treated ground and in order of the roots, the leaves and the flowers.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 1991

Production of cyclodextrin (CD) directly from raw corn starch without liquefaction using cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) was carried out in an agitated bead reaction system. Similar CD yield and production rate comparable with those of conventional method using liquefied starch were obtained. Especially high purity-CD in the reaction mixture without accumulation of malto-oligosaccharides was obtained. The maximum 54g/l of CD was obtained at raw starch concentration of 200g/l. CD yield was inversely proportional to raw starch concentration, and conversion yield was 0.48 at substrate concentration of 100g/l. The optimal amount of enzyme (CGTase unit/g raw starch) was found to be around 6.0. Granular structure of raw starch degraded by CGTase was observed by SEM in order to investigate the enhancing mechanism, along with those of acid or alkali pretreated raw starch, amylose, and amylopectin. Kinetic constants of CGTase on raw starch in an agitated bead reaction system were evaluated, and CGTase was competitively inhibited by CD.