• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.380-387
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (ADR) extract on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. COPD was induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS and CSC 5 times for 12 days; this increased airway hyperresoponsiveness (AHR) and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). ADR extract was administered orally at a dose of 50 and 200 mg/kg. The concentration of imperatorin, a major component of ADR and therefore used as a measure of quality control, was $0.098%{\pm}0.018%$. Treatment of the mice with ADR extract (50 and 200 mg/kg) alleviated AHR and reduced inflammatory cell counts. Treatment with cyclosporin A (CSA; 10 mg/kg) also modulated AHR and reduced inflammatory cells effectively. Compared with CSA treatment, treatment with ADR (50 mg/kg) extract reduced neutrophil and $CD4^+/CD3^+$ cell counts by 22.67% and 44.92%, respectively. In addition, compared with CSA treatment, treatment ADR 200 mg/kg reduced neutrophils, $CD4^+/CD3^+$ cells and $CD8^+/CD3^+$ cells, by 32.10%, 83.17% and 82.11%, respectively. These results indicate that ADR extract may have an inhibitory effect on COPD induced by LPS and CSC in mice.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.140-144
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• 2012

Compared with bulk material, quantum dots have received increasing attention due to their fascinating physical properties, including optical and electronic properties, which are due to the quantum confinement effect. Especially, Luminescent CdSe quantum dots have been highly investigated due to their tunable size-dependent photoluminescence across the visible spectrum. They are of great interest for technical applications such as light-emitting devices, lasers, and fluorescent labels. In particular, quantum dot-based light-emitting diodes emit high luminance. Quantum dots have very high luminescence properties because of their absorption coefficient and quantum efficiency, which are higher than those of typical dyes. CdSe quantum dots were synthesized as a function of the synthesis time and synthesis temperature. The photoluminescence properties were found strongly to depend on the reaction time and the temperature due to the core size changing. It was also observed that the photoluminescence intensity is decreased with the synthesis time due to the temperature dependence of the band gap. The wavelength of the synthesized quantum dots was about 550-700 nm and the intensity of the photoluminescence increased about 22~70%. After the CdSe quantum dots were synthesized, the particles were found to have grown until reaching a saturated concentration as time increased. Red shift occurred because of the particle growth. The microstructure and phase developments were measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), respectively.

• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.73-83
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• 2017

The ability of dead cells of endophytic Drechslera hawaiiensis of Morus alba L. grown in heavy metals habitats for bioremoval of cadmium ($Cd^{2+}$), copper ($Cu^{2+}$), and lead ($Pb^{2+}$) in aqueous solution was evaluated under different conditions. Whereas the highest extent of $Cd^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ removal and uptake occurred at pH 8 as well as $Pb^{2+}$ occurred at neutral pH (6-7) after equilibrium time 10 min. Initial concentration 30 mg/L of $Cd^{+2}$ for 10 min contact time and 50 to 90 mg/L of $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ supported the highest biosorption after optimal contact time of 30 min achieved with biomass dose equal to 5 mg of dried died biomass of D. hawaiiensis. The maximum removal of $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$ equal to 100%, 100%, and 99.6% with uptake capacity estimated to be 0.28, 2.33, and 9.63 mg/g from real industrial wastewater, respectively were achieved within 3 hr contact time at pH 7.0, 7.0, and 6.0, respectively by using the dead biomass of D. hawaiiensis compared to 94.7%, 98%, and 99.26% removal with uptake equal to 0.264, 2.3, and 9.58 mg/g of $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$, respectively with the living cells of the strain under the same conditions. The biosorbent was analyzed by Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis to identify the various functional groups contributing in the sorption process. From FT-IR spectra analysis, hydroxyl and amides were the major functional groups contributed in biosorption process. It was concluded that endophytic D. hawaiiensis biomass can be used potentially as biosorbent for removing $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$ in aqueous solutions.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.23-30
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• 2011

Risk based pollution level of Pb and Cd in metal contaminated soils depending on physicochemical properties of soil in a target site was assessed using biotic ligand model. Heavy metal activity in soil solution defined as exposure activity (EA) was assumed to be toxic to Vibrio fischeri and soil organisms. Predicted effective activity (PEA) determined by biotic ligand model was compared to EA value to calculate risk quotient. Field contaminated soils (n = 10) were collected from a formes area and their risk based pollution levels were assessed in the present study using the calculated risk quotient. Concentrations of Pb determined by aqua regia were 295, 258, and 268 mg/kg in B, H and J points and concentrations of Cd were 4.73 and 6.36 mg/kg in G and I points, respectively. These points exceeded the current soil conservation standards. However, risk based pollution levels of the ten points were not able to be calculated because concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil solution were smaller than detection limits or one (i.e., non toxic). It was because heavy metal activity in soil solution was dominant toxicological form to organisms, not a total heavy metal concentration in soil. In addition, heavy metal toxicity was decreased by competition effect of major cations and formation of complex with dissolved organic carbon in soil solution. Therefore, it is essential to consider site-specific factors affecting bioavailability and toxicity for estimating reliable risk of Pb and Cd.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.580-585
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• 2004

BJYGC is often clinically used as a treatment of allergic rhinitis. This study was aimed to find out the effect BJYGC would have on the helper T cell, and how it can promote the subsets of helper T cells to regain their balance that they lost due to immunological diseases. Splenocytes were prepared from BALB/c mice was cultured without stimulation in the presence of BJYGC for 48 hr. The viability of CD4 T cells from Balb/c mouse were measured at various concentrations of BJYGC using the MTS assay. It was somewhat increased up to concentration of 400 ㎍/ml, but did not show any significant difference. Proliferation was measured using the MTS assay, CD4 Th cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/28 in the presence of BJYGC for 48 hr. As evidence for rapid T cell activation, CD25 expression by flow cytometry was evaluated at 10, 50, 100 and 200 ㎍/㎖ of BJYGC. Th cell differentiation experiments were performed to examine whether BJYGC can affect the Th polarization process. CD4 T cells were activated in culture under neutral, Th1-polarized or Th2-polarized conditions in the presence of BJYGC at 10, 100 and 200 ㎍/㎖. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA. This experiment proved that BJYGC could inhibit the secretion of both IL-4 and IFN-γ in neutral condition and polarized condition, too. Considering that BJYGC shows an excellent effect on treating allergies, the author can conclude that its pharmacological action may be associated with decreased IL-4 and, it may also regulate IFN-γ depending the host's need. Also, it was discovered that Th1 cell was pathologic in chronic inflammatory tissue specific diseases, such as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, RA, and uveitis. We are counting on the BJYGC to be able to control the tendency of Th1 cell predominancy in an immune reaction.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.226-234
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• 2017

In order to reduce the accumulation of toxic metals (As, Cd and Pb) in the chives, various immobilizing agents such as a soil pH change-inducing immobilizing agent (lime), sorption agent (compost, spent mushroom compost), soil pH change and sorption agent (biochar) and, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) coagulator (gypsum) and uncontaminated soil were applied to the contaminated soils in isolation and in combination. Then chives were grown and determined for As, Cd and Pb concentrations accumulated in the edible part at harvest. The Cd and Pb concentrations of the chive plant grown in the contaminated soil (no treatment) exceeded the legislated Korean guideline values (Cd: $0.05mg\;kg^{-1}$, Pb $0.1mg\;kg^{-1}$) and As concentration ($21mg\;kg^{-1}$) was 1,000 times higher than chives plant grown in uncontaminated environment in Korea. Application of lime and gypsum significantly reduced As, Cd and Pb concentrations in all chives examined, due to the increased soil pH and decreased soil DOC. Also, application of combination treatments involving DOC coagulator such as gypsum together with lime decreased As, Cd and Pb concentrations from 21, 1.3 and $9.7mg\;kg^{-1}$ to 2.1, 0.1 and $1.1mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Consequently, it was concluded that pH change-inducing immobilizing agent (lime) which was already well known and DOC coagulator such as gypsum could be used as a promising immobilizing agent for safer chives plant production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1994.02a
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• pp.43-43
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• 1994

We studied chemical reactio of Eu metal on the in situ cleaved CdTe(110) surface by pphotoemission sppectroscoppy using synchrotron radiation. The chamber was maintained with base ppressure $\leq$2${\times}$10-10 mb during the expperiment. The expperiment was carried out in pphoton Factory in Jappan. Core level pphotoemission sppectroscoppy was carried out with Al K${\alpha}$ Line. The CdTe simiconductor was determined to be pp-typpe with low dopping concentration from Hall measurement. We found that there are two reacted pphases of Te with Eu (related to divalent Eu and trivalent Eu, resppectively) from least square fitting of Te 4d sppectra, but three is no indication of Cd reaction. Trivalent Eu exists after roughly one monolayer depposition (600 sec. depposition time is considered as one monolayer), which is also observed at Eu 3d core level sppectra. Overlayer Eu is metallized after roughly 2 monolayers depposition, as can be deduced from the fact that metallic edge near Fermi level begins to appear. The intensity of core-level of Te decreases expponentially at the initial stage (near one monolayer) and after one monolayer depposition it decreases more slowly due to Te out-diffusion. We categorized the growth mode of Eu on CdTe as S-K growth mode (cluster formation after one monolayer deppisition) from the relative intensity pplot of Te 4d normalized to the cleaved surface. At cleaved surface band bending is already established due to surface defects. At first 100 sec. depposition time the shift toward lower binding side by 0.6 eV is found at all core level sppectra of all elements in semiconductor. This shift is considered as the re-adjustment of surface Fermi level to the pposition induced by Eu metal (0.2 eV above the valence band maximum).

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.201-213
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• 2002

Chemical analyzes were carried out the samples from roadsides of the Gwangju city. The purpose of this research is to investigate the concentrations and distribution patterns of heavy metals due to urbanization and industrialization in the Gwangju city This study area is not significantly contaminated based on the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. However, the concentrations of the chemical elements analyzed are locally higher than those of serious contamination level indicated by Ministry of environment. The dust pH is in the rage of 5.60-7.09 and was generally neutral, and there are no difference in pollution area and nonpollution area. Chemical analyses utilized are dilution by 0.1N HCl. In result of analysis by the method using 0.1N HCl, concentrations of Cd and Cu are a little high in Gwangchondong of Seo-Gu. Concentrations of Mn and Pb are a little high in Buk-Gu and Nam-gu, and Concentrations of Zn are generally higher than average of soils. Zn, in the study area, keeps polluting greatly as Zn concentration of average is 150.9ppm. All of P.I values are lower than 1, it means heavy metal pollution is not serious.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.543-549
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• 1996

Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae BZ-pJ containing the gene coding for metallothionein, a metalbinding protein was grown in the medium with high cadmium concentrations to study the characteristics of growth and cadmium uptake. High concentrations of cadmium reduced cell growth and final cell density and increased the lag phase periods of the recombinant yeast. Addition of 10 mg $Cd^{2+}$/L to the growth medium remarkably decreased a lag period and enhanced the specific cadmium uptake to 52.6 mg $Cd^{2+}$/g dry cell. The effect of copper addition was further investigated in the medium of 680 mg Cd2+/L. An increase in copper concentration from 11.0 to 33.3 mg/L enhanced the specific cadmium uptake from 17.0 to 42.0 mg Cd2+/g dry cell.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.104-116
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• 2008

Objective : Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most common cause of adult nephrotic syndrome worldwide. MN has been defined as granular subepithelial deposition of IgG immune complexes along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). We aimed to identify the effects of Chungyeolmaksungbang (CYMSB) treatment on cBSA-induced in MN mouse model. Methods : The effect of Chungyeolmaksungbang treatment was studied on the morphology and protein excretion in the cationized bovine serum albumin (cBSA)induced mouse chronic serum sickness nephritis model. One group of mice was given intra-peritoneal (i.p.) immunizing doses of cBSA and complete Freund's adjuvant. One week later, these animals began a single i.p. injection of cBSA for 4 weeks. A second group followed the same injection protocol, but was given CYMSB p.o. Results : Proteinuria significantly was decreased and serum albumin was increased in the group treated with cBSA and CYMSB extract compared with the control. Serum BUN was significantly decreased on CYMSB compared with control. CD3e+/CD19 cells ratio of peripheral blood was decreased and CD4+/CD8 cells was increased. Level of $IL-1{\beta}$ was significantly decreased, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ was significantly increased. Concentration of IgG and IgM was significantly decreased compared with control. Thickness of GBM was decreased on histological analysis of kidney. Deposition of CD4 and CD8 was decreased on immunohistochemical staining of kidney. Conclusions : We conclude that CYMSB treatment may could be a useful remedy agents for treating the MN with cBSA.