• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.803-809
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• 1998

Heavy metal ions in water were removed using algal biomass as adsorbents. Absorbents were dried for 3 days, ground them by 40~60 mesh and then were swelled in a buffer solution for 1hr. After being packed in the column, commercially available standard solution of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions were diluted to get the suitable concentration and then it was eluted with the rate of 1mι/min. Heavy metals on the adsorbents were recovered with nitric acid. More amounts of Cd(II) or Pb(II) ions in green algae, Ulva pertusa, than in brown algae, Sargassum horneri, were adsorbed. Pb(II) ion was adsorbed more than Cd(II) ion in both algae. The pH effect of adsorbed amounts of Cd(II), Pb(II) ions on the biomass was shown the following order ; pH 10.5 ＞ 8.5 ＞ 7.0 ＞ 5.5 ＞ 3.5. Recovery ratio of metal ions front algae is shown higher in acidic or neutral conditions than it in alkalic ones. Pb(II) ion is recovered relatively more than Cd(II) ion in our system.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2011

Cadmium is considered one of the most toxic, non biodegradable heavy metal for the human and animals. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes in biochemical parameters of blood and accumulation of cadmium in various tissue caused by various levels of dietary cadmium chloride ($CdCl_2$) in broiler chicks. $CdCl_2$ was administered through drinking water to broiler chicks. In spectral analysis, $CdCl_2$ treatment caused a significant increase in Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), creatinine and uric acid levels in all treated groups. Intriguingly, the GPT, creatinine, and uric acid levels were significantly higher at 75 mg/kg as compared to the groups treated with high doses (100, 125 and 150 mg/kg) of $CdCl_2$. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for the determination of Cd accumulation in kidney, liver and Breast muscles. AAS analysis revealed that Cd accumulation is increased in breast muscles as compared to liver and kidney at higher doses of Cd than 75 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.615-624
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• 2011

last few decades. In this study, the lyophilized cells of Pleurotus eryngii (mushroom) were used as an inexpensive biosorbent for Cd(II) and Pb(II) removal from aqueous solutions. The effect of various physicochemical factors on Cd(II) and Pb(II) biosorption such as pH (2.0-7.0), initial metal concentration ($0.0-300mg\;L^{-1}$), temperature, fungal biomass and contact time (0-120 min) were studied. Optimum pH for removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) was 6.0, and the contact time was 45 min at room temperature. The nature of biosorbent and metal ion interaction was evaluated by Infrared (IR) spectroscopic technique. IR analysis of mushroom biomass revealed the presence of amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and methyl groups, which are responsible for biosorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II). The maximum adsorption capacities of P. eryngii for Pb(II) and Cd(II) calculated using Langmuir adsorption isotherm were 82.0 and $16.13mg\;g^{-1}$, respectively. The adsorption isotherms for two biosorbed heavy metals were fitted well with Freundlich isotherm as well as Langmuir model with correlation coefficient ($r^2$>0.99). Thus, this study indicated that the P. eryngii is an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate effect of heavy metals (i.e., $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$) to toxicity of Triclosan as binary mixture. The individual toxicity and combined toxic effects of Triclosan with heavy metals were evaluated by Vibrio fischeri assay. In individual toxicity, the $Hg^{2+}$ was found to be most toxic followed by Triclosan, $Pb^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$, respectively. To evaluate combined toxic effect, correlation analysis of 'predicted value' calculated by Concentration addition (CA) model and Independent action (IA) model with 'experimental value' were performed based on the toxicity of individual compound. As a result, all of the combinations showed that IA model were more correlated with experimental value than CA model. On the basis of the median effect concentration of combination ($EC_{50mix}$) predicted by IA model, experimental $EC_{50mix}$ of Triclosan + Cu, Triclosan + Zn, Triclosan + Pb, Triclosan + Hg, Triclosan + Cd, and Triclosan + Cr were 191%, 226%, 138%, 137%, 209%, and 138% of $EC_{50mix}$ predicted by IA model, respectively, indicating that all of the combinations produced antagonistic effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.196-201
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• 1983

This experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of several levels of cadmium on growth and some mineral concentrations in the serum, tibia and teeth of rats. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Growth rate was significantly decreased as the feeding level of cadmium increased, especially body weight in the 40 ppm level was greatly reduced than that of initial body weight. The weight of liver was increased in 40 ppm group as a result of edema. But the weight of kidney, heart, spleen, lung and testis was not affected. The cadmium concentration of serum was higher in rats receiving 40 ppm than that of other levels, and the concentrations of iron, zinc, copper, magnesium and calcium were decreased as the cadmium content of drinking water increased. The cadmium and phosphorus contents of tibia were greatly high in the 40 ppm level, but the content of iron copper, zinc, magnesium, calcium and ash tended to be decreased with increasing level of cadmium. The cadmium concentration of teeth was predominantly high compared with that of the serum and tibia. Also, the concentration of iron, copper and zinc tended to be dedrased with increasing cadmium level, but the contents of magnesium, calcium and ash tended to be increased.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.8-14
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• 2004

To investigate the optimal operation factors in appling Soil Flushing Process, which use EDTA and boric acid composite as a flushing reagent, to the Cd(cadmium) and Cr(chromium) contaminated sites, Cd and Cr emediation rate was investigated at various experimental conditions; as EDTA concentration was increased from 0.001M to 0.1M, Cd remediation rate was increased from $73.2\%\;to\;98.5\%$; as boric acid concentration was increased from 0.001M to 0.1M, Cr remediation rate was increased from $59.2\%\;to\;99.0\%$. In the experiments using 0.005M of EDTA and 0.005M of boric acid composite as a flushing reagent at different pH regimes, Cd remediation rate was decreased from $92.4\%\;to;80.9\%$ as the pH was increased from 3 to 7. But Cr remediation rate was more effective ($70.4\%$) at pH 5 compared to the other pHs. Furthermore, at pH 5, Cd and Cr remediation rate was investigated at different molecular ratio of [EDTA]/[Boric aicd]; the optimized [EDTA]/[Boric acid] ratio was 0.01M/0.1M for Cd contaminated site and, as the concentration of boric acid was increased over 0.1M, Cr remediation rate was also increased. So the similar results were shown in the experiments using real contaminated soils which were sampled from a mining and a industrial area.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.1B
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• pp.101-105
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• 2010

Sunflower (Sunking4505) and Rape (Sunmang) are oil-seeds containing high oleic acid, and these are used for the production materials of bio-diesel and applying for phytoremediation. The effect of cadmium on germination rate and the growth of the plants is evaluated. Object seeds were placed in Cd (0, 1.5, 4, 12, 30, 60, 100, 150, 300, 500 mg/L) solutions for seven days, and germination rate, root length, shoot length, seedling length, and dry weight were observed. $IC_{50}$, seedling vigor index, and tolerance indices were computed, and data were statistically analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Germination rate as well as root, shoot, and seedling length decreased as the cadmium concentration increased except dry weight. The $IC_{50}$ of sunflower and rape are 112 and 10 mg-Cd/L, respectively. Only one of the sunflower seeds is germinated at 500 mg-Cd/L whereas rape seeds are not germinated more than 150 mg-Cd/L solution. Root has higher cadmium sensitivity than shoot, and sunflower has higher germination rate, growth, and seedling vigor index than rape. In case of tolerance indices, sunflower has lower value than rape at relatively low concentration, but has higher value at high concentration.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.181-189
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• 2007

To examine the effects of HHCP on atopic dermatitis and its various immunopathologic parameters was induced by DNCB in NC/Nga mice and the animals were orally administrated with HHCP. We summarized the results obtained from serum levels of IgE and the numbers of various immune cells as follow. HHCP has no cytotoxic effects at the range of concentration (1-400 ${\mu}g$/ml) on fibroblast isolated from lung of BALB/c mice. HHCP significantly lowered the serum levels of IgE compared with control at 16 and 20 week. HHCP significantly reduced the number of CD19$^+$ cell in spleen and DLN, as well as the number of B220$^+$ /IgE$^+$ cell in DLN compared with control. HHCP significantly reduced the number of ${\alpha}$${\beta}$ TCR$^+$ in spleen and DLN, the number of CD8$^+$ in spleen compared with control, and also significantly reduced the number of CD3$^+$, CCR3, CD3$^+$/CD69$^+$, CD3/ CCR3, CD4$^+$, CD3$^+$/ CD4$^+$/CD45$^+$ cell in DLN. HHCP increased the number of NK$^+$ cells in spleen compared with control, in contrast significantly decreased the number of CD11c$^+$/ Classll$^+$ cell and CD11b$^+$/Gr-1$^+$ cell in DLN. Taken together, these results suggested that HHCP has suppressive effects on atopic dermatitis through the inhibition of IgE production and modulation of immune cell population in NC/Nga mice.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.266-272
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• 2013

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-level exposure to toluene on T lymphocytes subpopulations.s. Methods: The study lasted from April to October 2010. The subjects were 390 male workers, among whom 137 were chronically exposed to toluene in video-tape manufacturing factories and 253 were controls had never been occupationally exposed to hazardous chemicals. The subpoupulations of CD4+, CD8+, CD16+ (natural killer cells) and total (CD3+) T lymphocytes were examined by two-color staining using monoclonal antibodies. The general and job characteristics of subjects were assessed through a self-administered questionnaire. Results: There was no significant difference in general and job characteristics between both groups. No significant difference in lipid peroxide level was observed between the control and exposed workers, but the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was significantly higher in the exposed workers. The numbers of CD16+ T lymphocytes in controls were significantly higher than those in exposed workers, but no significant differences were found in CD4+, CD8+ and CD3+ T lymphocytes. Hydrogen peroxide levels showed a significantly negative correlation with CD8+ (r = -0.29, p < 0.01), CD16+ (r = -0.56, p < 0.01) and CD3+(r = -0.22. p < 0.01), and toluene levels was significantly negative correlated with CD3+ (r = -0.29, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that chronic low-level exposure to toluene affects cell-mediated immunity and the effects might mediate through ROSs (Reactive Oxygen Species) such as hydrogen peroxide.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1995.05a
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• pp.62-65
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• 1995

CdTe crystals were grown by the vertical Bridgman method. P-type DcTe crystals were grown with Cd:Te= 1:1.001 wt. % ratio, while n-type CdTe crystals were 1:1 Also, CdTe:In crystals were investigated, Lattic constants were 6.489${\AA}$ for p-type 6.480${\AA}$for n=type and 6.483${\AA}$ for CdTe:In EPD was 10$\^$-3/-10$\^$4/cm$\^$-2/ for n-, p-type CdTd, 10$\^$4/-10$\^$5/cm$\^$-2 for Cd:Te:In using by E-Ag solution for (111) plane The carrier concentration, the resistivity and the Hall carrier mobility measured by the van der Pauw method were p=5.78${\times}$10$\^$15/cm$\^$-3/, $\rho$=20.2$\Omega$cm, ${\mu}$$\sub$p/=75.6cm$\^$-2/ V$\^$-1/ sec$\^$-1/ for p-typem n=2.98${\times}$10$\^$16/cm$\^$-3/, $\rho$=0.214$\Omega$cm, ${\mu}$$\sub$p/=978.9cm$\^$-2/ V$\^$-1/ sec$\^$-1/ for n-type and n=7.45${\times}$10$\^$16/cm$\^$-3/, $\rho$=1.54 ${\times}$10$\^$3/$\Omega$cm, ${\mu}$$\sub$p/=658.4 cm$\^$-2/ V$\^$-1/ sec$\^$-1/ for CdTe:In crystals, Transmittance of p-type CdTe was 61% that of n-type was 65%, Cd:Te:In showed 60% IR transmittance.