• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.35-44
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• 2019

Purpose - This study examines the changes in the mobile MMORPG market in recent years and the factors affecting the performance of mobile games through flow experience according to the characteristics of game content. Research design, data, and methodology - This study focuses on the fact that the cause of game use behavior changes is the flow experience which influences the duration of mobile game continuation. The flow experience and the influencing factors are divided into the relationship between first, second-leading factors, and lagged factors. Results - The user's sense of challenge, skillfulness, concentration, and reality influenced the flow experience as a leading factor influencing the performance of MMORPG games. On the other hand, fun and preference were found to be the outcomes of the flow experience. This is because the game content is experienced not through passive enjoyment but by intentionally enjoying the game content. The flow experience has a positive effect on the intention of continuous use as in the previous study. Conclusions - This study found that the flow experience of game users is necessary for continuous use by organizing relationships of flow experience in mobile MMORPG users' gaming behavior.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.69-75
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• 2020

We study the photometric phase curves for the planets of our solar system which can be considered as a prototypical non-compact planetary system. We focus on modeling the small variations caused by three effects: reflection, ellipsoidal, and Doppler beaming. Theoretical predictions for these photometric variations are proposed, considering a hypothetical external observer. Unlike similar studies of multi-planetary systems, the physical and geometrical parameters for each planet of the solar system are well-known. Therefore, we can accurately evaluate the relationships that shape the planetary light curves for a fictitious external observer. Our results suggest that, for all planets, the ellipsoidal effect is very weak while the Doppler beaming effect (DBE) is, in general, dominant. In fact, the DBE seems to be the principal cause of variations of the light curves for the planets of the solar system. However, for Mercury and Venus the Doppler beaming and reflection effects have similar amplitudes. The phase curves obtained for the planets of the solar system show new interesting features of interest for the study of other non-compact planetary systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.139-151
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the empirical cause-effect relationships among business ethical values and person-organization fit, job satisfaction, turnover intent, and organizational performance within family restaurants and feeding facilities. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 459 restaurant employees. The SPSS and Amos programs were then applied to the data to perform frequency, factor, reliability, correlation and SEM analyses. The primary results are as follows. First, business ethical values had a significant positive effect on person-organization fit. Second, person-organization fit had a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, and a significant negative effect on turnover intent. Third, job satisfaction had a significant positive effect, and turnover intent had a significant negative effect, on organizational performance. Finally, upon verifying the possible direct and indirect effects of business ethical values within family restaurants and feeding facilities, it was determined that the ethical values had significant direct and indirect effects on person-organization fit, job satisfaction, turnover intent, and organizational performance. These findings have various implications. For example, an improved in-house ethical working environment leads to greaterperson-organization fit, and having employees that feel there is better in-house ethical reliability leads to greater consistency between personal and organizational values, resulting in higher job satisfaction and ultimately organizational performance.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.87-115
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• 2021

Purpose - Brand equity has emerged as an indispensable marketing tool for firms engaging their business in developing nations. This study proposes that the country of origin image and advertising will affect the Korean brand equity formation, which leads to repurchase intention of Korean brands. In the study, attitude factors are applied in brand equity theory to predict repurchase intention of Korean brands. Cognitive brand equity, such as brand awareness, brand association, brand image and attitudinal brand equity, such as perceived quality and brand loyalty are considered with regards to their attitude towards the Korean brand. Design/methodology - A total of 178 Myanmar consumers out of 200 participants who have used Korean brands answered the survey and data were analyzed through SmartPLS 3.3.2 version. PLS-SEM is considered a more suitable analysis to pin down and evaluate the cause-effect relationship among all of the constructs with relatively complex models. Findings - Our results substantiate that the country of origin image positively affects brand awareness, brand associations, and brand image and advertising awareness positively affects brand awareness. Brand awareness gives positive effect only on brand association, which sustains a positive effect on brand image and brand loyalty. Brand image only has a positive effect on perceived quality, which again affects repurchase intention and brand loyalty. Brand loyalty also shows a positive effect on repurchase intention. Originality/value - Brand equity dimensions were viewed as cognitive and attitudinal outcomes of brand equity which affects repurchase intention. The drivers of brand equity were considered from the perspective of country of origin image that firms cannot control or mange, and advertising awareness which firms can control and manage. The findings also explored the relationships between cognitive and attitudinal brand equity.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.165-184
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• 2020

In this study, the factors affecting opportunism in the relationship between suppliers and key accounts were analyzed from the viewpoint of transaction cost theory, market power theory, and relationship marketing theory. As a result of the hypothesis test, Hypothesis 1 stating that demand volatility will have a positive effect on opportunism and Hypothesis 2 that transaction-specific investment will have a positive effect on opportunism were also supported. In addition, Hypothesis 3 stating that channel power will have a positive effect on opportunism was also supported. Lastly, Hypothesis 4 stating that relational commitment will have a negative effect on opportunism was not supported, along with Hypothesis 5 stating that transaction satisfaction will have a negative effect on opportunism. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are as follows. This study has identified the antecedents of opportunism by comprehensively applying the transaction cost theory, market power theory, and relationship marketing theory. In addition, this study can identify what a company should manage specifically to lower opportunism by identifying the antecedents of opportunism. The limitations of this study and the directions for future studies are as follows. First, not all of the antecedents of opportunism of key accounts have been extensively investigated from the viewpoint of the transaction cost theory, market power theory, and relationship marketing theory. In the future, it is necessary to identify additional factors. Second, the study was conducted only in the supplier's viewpoint. In future studies, it is expected that more accurate research results can be obtained by simultaneously examining not only the supplier's point of view but also the buyer's point of view.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.374-379
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• 2017

Hair loss affects interpersonal relationships and causes psychological stress. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity of Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix (CWR) and its effects on dermal papilla (DP) cells. Antioxidant efficacy was examined by ABTS assay. To confirm the effect on cell activity, MTS assay was performed and cell count was directly measured by hemocytometer. The mRNA expression of genes involved in hair formation and hair loss formation was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. CWR has a strong antioxidant activity. Cell viability of DP cells was increased to 118.5% by treatment of 0.5 mg/ml CWR for 24 hours, but the effect on the cell number was insignificant. These results suggest that CWR increases mitochondrial activity without promoting cell proliferation. Treatment of DP cells with 0.5 mg/ml CWR resulted in 48.5% reduction of mRNA expression of type 2 $5{\alpha}$-reductase, a major cause of male hair loss. In addition, mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic pretein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)7, and FGF10, which are closely related to hair growth, was also decreased. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) acts as a cause of hair loss. The excellent antioxidant efficacy of CWR is thought to be able to effectively remove ROS. The dihydrotestosterone produced by type 2 $5{\alpha}$-reductase in DP cells is a potent inducer of male pattern hair loss. The inhibitory effect of type 2 $5{\alpha}$-reductase mRNA on DP cells induced by CWR may induce a positive therapeutic effect of male pattern hair loss.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.385-397
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• 2021

This study examined service failure and recovery of domestic ethnic food restaurants based on a model of the repercussions of service failure dealing with seriousness and control and the cause-and-effect relationships among the variables relevant to the quality of relationships -trust, satisfaction, and loyalty. This study provides valuable information for Korean restaurant managers regarding food service failure and response plans by collecting data from actual Japanese tourists visiting ethnic food restaurants. The results suggested that it is important to develop a strategy to present the distributional fairness to customers who recognize the seriousness of service failure to control the situation promptly. These results can be used to establish more systematic business plans, improving customer management and firm performance. The advantage of this research is that it is time for substantial research data on the booming domestic restaurant industry and service quality to overcome the current recession and grow and solidify the current restaurant market.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2014

Background: Previous studies showed that the characteristics of population and regions were related to the suicide rates. This study purposed to analyze the relationships between regional factors and suicide rates with spatial analysis model. Methods: This is a cross sectional study based on the statistics of 2011 which was extracted from the 229 City Gun Gu administrative districts in Korea. Cause of death statistics on each district was used to produce the age-, sex-adjusted mortality rates resulting from suicide. Regional characteristics were measured by the number of doctors engaged in medical institutions per 1,000 population, divorced people's rate per 1,000 population, number of marriages per 1,000 population, and percent of welfare budget in general accounting. Statistical analysis was performed by using SAS ver. 9.3 and ArcGIS ver. 10.2 was used for geographically weighted regression (GWR). Results: In ordinary least square (OLS) regression, divorced people's rate per 1,000 population had a significant positive relationship with the standardized mortality rate per 100,000 population. Marriages per 1,000 population and the proportion of welfare budget in the general accounting had significant negative relationships with the mortality rates. Meanwhile, GWR provided that the directions of variable, divorced people's rate per 1,000 population, were varied depending on regions. The adjusted $R^2$ was improved from the 0.32 in OLS to the 0.46 in GWR. Conclusion: Results of GWR showed that regional factors had different effects on the suicide rates depending on locations. It suggested that policy interventions for reducing the suicide rate should consider the regional characteristics in obtaining policy objectives.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.39-52
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• 2016

Objective: This paper investigates gait changes according to different heel heights and speeds, and the interaction between the effects of the heel height and the speed during walking on stride parameters and joint angles. Furthermore, the relationship among heel height, speed and gait variables is investigated using linear regression. Background: Gait changes by heel height or speed have been studied respectively, but has not been reported whether there is an interaction effect between heel height and speed. It would be necessary to understand how gait changes when a person wears heels in different heights at various speeds, for example, high-heeled walking at fast speed, since it may cause unusual gait patterns and musculoskeletal disorders. Method: Ten females were asked to walk at five fixed cadences (94, 106, 118, 130 and 142 steps/min.) wearing three shoes with different heel heights (1, 5.4 and 9.8cm). Nineteen gait variables were analyzed for stride parameters and joint angles using two-way repeated measure analysis of variance and regression analysis. Results: Both heel height and speed affect movement of ankle, knee, spine and elbow joint, as well as stride length and Double/Single support time ratio. However, there is no significant interaction effect between heel height and speed. The regression result shows linear relationships of gait variables with heel height and speed. Conclusion: Heel height and speed independently affect stride parameters and joint angles without a significant interaction, so the gait variables are linearly amplified or diminished by the two factors. Application: Walking in high heels at fast speed should be careful for musculoskeletal disorders, since the amplified movement of knee and spine joint can lead to increased moment. Also, the result might give insight for animators or engineers to generate walking motion with high heels at various speeds.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 1972

In order to verify the contribution of scattered photons in a restricted gamma-cell as a cause of the“before glow”on a thermoluminescent glow curve of natural quartz, the ratio of the scattered to primary radiation contributions (S/P) in the cell is measured and the relationship between the effective“before glow”height ( $h_{b}$) and S/P ratio is quantitatively investigated. The result shows quite good linear relationship between them with a correlation coefficient of ＋0.9, which possibly suggests that the electrons originally released by the photons of reduced energy are trapped in the shallower traps. Moreover, the ratios of $h_{b}$ to total glow area (At) and of effective “before glow”area (Ab) to At are also examined to see the relationships between S/P and each of them, respectively. The relationships are represented by exponential functions in the region of S/P greater than 0.035. Finally, the exposure limit for re-use of the natural quartz as a TLD was found to be approximately 10$^{5}$ R by analyzing total thermoluminescent output and corresponding exposure dose.ose.