• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2012

The fire event occurred in fire proof zone often causes serious electrical problems such as shorts, ground faults, or open circuits in nuclear power plants. These would be directed to the loss of safe shutdown capabilities performed by safety related systems and equipments. The fire event can treat the basic design principle that safety systems should keep their functions with redundancy and independency. In case of a cable fire, operators can not perform their mission properly and can misjudge the situation because of spurious operation, wrong indication or instrument. These would deteriorate the plant capabilities of safety shutdown and make disastrous conditions. In this paper, investigation and cause analysis of cable fire in Nuclear Power Plant, we described the cable fire temperature and functional failure criteria and the cable functional failure temperature evaluation by exposed fire is studied.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.72-77
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• 2009

In the recycling procedure of the refrigerator, the fire frequently breaks out. In this study, to clarify the exact cause of the fire, the components and concentration of the materials produced in the process are analysed as well as the problems in the process system, and the protective measure to prevent the fire and the explosion fundamentally is proposed. In this procedure, the preventive measures of fire by removing the combustible materials such as polyurethane and inflammable gases, by removing the ignition sources and by reducing the oxygen concentration to the minimum are proposed along with the protective measures to reduce the damage in the fire. In the crushing procedure where the fire or explosion can break out in diverse ways, the forced ventilation or exhaust system applied to the small partial ventilation facility are installed to reduce the concentration of inflammable gas mixture to lower than the inflammable limit by injecting and exhausting the air forcibly.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.116-120
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• 2008

According to the Fire Services Act revised in 2005, it has been required to set up sprinkler systems to all floors to the newly builded apartments having above 11 floors. But, according to the Fire Services Act before 2005, it had been required to set up sprinkler systems from 16 floors to the top floors to the apartments having above 16 floors. This case is the accident that a victim was dead by the fire which is inferred as an accidental fire by a cigarette butt in a 17th floor apartment unit in an apartment having 17th floors and that the bereaved family called in question why the sprinklers non worked at the fire. Through the field investigation, we checked that the sprinklers worked well when the fire detectors at the 16th floor of the apartment were operated and that the sprinklers non worked when the fire detectors at the 17th floor of the apartment were operated. We made clear that the cause of the sprinkler non-working at the 17th floor is the programming error of the sprinkler controller.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.15-21
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• 2019

A rack-type warehouse has the advantage of storing a large amount in a small area by loading goods vertically. But in terms of fire risk, the fire load is very high, which can cause massive damage in the event of a fire. In the United States, research has been actively conducted to minimize the spread of vertical fires, and relevant standards have been established and operated. In Korea, research and related standards are insufficient to prevent the vertical spread of rack-type warehouse fires. In this study, an experimental study was conducted to prevent the vertical spread of a rack-type warehouse fire using a horizontal barrier and in-rack sprinklers. As a result of the test, the horizontal barrier considering the continuous flame prevented the vertical spread of the flame for a certain time. However, the horizontal barrier with continuous flame did not show the effect of preventing continuous flame. The combination of the horizontal barrier and the in-rack sprinkler prevented the vertical spread of fire effectively. In addition, the heat collecting effect through the horizontal barrier was shown and helped the early operation of the in-rack sprinklers.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

'Heaundae Woosin Building' fire was the case that a fire breaking out on the $4^{th}$ floor spread out the $38^{th}$ floor which is a top story and the penthouse was destroyed by fire. After this fire, the fire safety for high rise buildings has been on the rise and several new laws and regulations related in the buildings were created. The study is to analyze Heaundae officetel building case using FDS which is one of the CFD programs for fire. The methodology of this study is to analyze the case comparing with fire spread and route from a virtual fire simulation and related articles and a video clip of actual scene fire. This study shows that a fire spreading on top of levels spent approximately 30 minutes and, which is similar to the actual fire case. Also the pattern of spread has similarity with the case. However, even if the actual fire case shows the fire pattern was "V shape", the smoke-view presents the fire dose not spread horizontally as much as the real fire case. The result shows uncertainty of the modeling based on many grids and a limitation of putting interior finish input sources and the direction of the wind might cause the difference. Also, to analyze factors influencing on a vertical fire, another fire modeling is performed by in condition of modeling environment considering concrete interior finish between buildings and no wind. The result presents the fire spread in smoke-view does not spread vertically as much as the actual case.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.511-517
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• 2014

Recently, the fire by sheath heater has been occurred frequently on winter season. The sheath heater has simple internal structure and boils water simply. Therefore, the use of sheath heater has been increased. In this study, found the fire hazard property of sheath heater from understanding the fire mechanism through the experiment to get the measure for decreasing the occurrence of fire. For the analysis of the fire hazard property of the sheath heater, performed the test of temperature change and ignition temperature by using current product. On the result of test, the sheath heaters are the most dangerous appliance to arise fire. Water temperature controller attached to sheath heater is not sufficient to prevent overheating it. The sheath heater should have level switch of water and temperature controller for heater itself to shut off the power supply. Because the cause of fire by sheath heater is overheating itself in the situation of lack water.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1968

Epidemiological and statistical observations were made of fire hazards that occurred during the past 18 years, 1948 to 1965. Injury and mortality rates for all ages were computed chronologically. For the years of 1955, 1961 and 1965, all fire accidents were epidemiologically analysed to draw characteristic patterns in relation to the seasonal and 24 hour distribution, causes and sites of accidents etc.. Fire hazards observed herein are the categorys E 916 of the International Classification of Causes of Death, 1955, and includes all accidents caused by fire and explosion of combustible materials. The following conclusion was made: 1. The average number of annual deaths due to fire was 183 and the number of the in jured due to the same cause was 335. The mortality rate per 100,000 population was 0.8 and the ratio of injuries per death was 1.83. 2. The casually rate including both the dead and injured was 5.0 per 100,000 in Seoul, the highest among the provinces and followed by 3.4 in Cheju -Do, 2.1 in Kangwon-Do, 1.7 in Kyunggi-Do accordingly. The other provinces had a range of 0.6 to 1.2. 3. The monthly distribution of fro accidents showed that the winter months, December through February, had more frequent accidents, while the summer season, June through August had less. The 24 hour distribution of accidents showed more cases from 12:00 to 18:00 and less from 4:00 to 10:00 hours. 4. The per cent distribution of causes of accidents showed; 90.0% for careless, 10.0% for arson. The cause of carelessness was further breakdown into; 15.0% for kitchen fire places, 13.8% for fire playing, 9,4% for electrical heating and wires, 8.3% for fuels, 6.3% for matches, 5.2% for ash dumps and the remaining for others. 5. The accidents as classified by place revealed that 56.8% of the total occurred at the common dwelling houses, 11.3 at various industrial workshops, 9.3% at the street shops and the remaining at the miscellaneous places.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2024

Recent years have seen a notable increase in fire incidents in university cafeterias, yet the social attention to these occurrences remains limited. Despite quick responses to these incidents preventing loss of life, the need for large-scale evacuation in such high foot traffic areas can cause significant disruptions, economic losses, and panic among students. The potential for stampedes and unpredictable damage during inadequate evacuations underscores the importance of fire safety and evacuation research in these settings. Previous studies have explored evacuation models in various university environments, emphasizing the influence of environmental conditions, personal characteristics, and behavioral patterns on evacuation efficiency. However, research specifically focusing on university cafeterias is scarce. This paper addresses this gap by employing Pathfinder software to analyze fire spread and evacuation safety in a university cafeteria. Pathfinder, an advanced emergency evacuation assessment system, offers realistic 3D simulations, crucial for intuitive and scientific evacuation analysis. The studied cafeteria, encompassing three floors and various functional areas, often exceeds a capacity of 1500 people, primarily students, during peak times. The study includes constructing a model of the cafeteria in Pathfinder and analyzing evacuation scenarios under different fire outbreak conditions on each floor. The paper sets standard safe evacuation criteria (ASET > RSET) and formulates three distinct evacuation scenarios, considering different fire outbreak locations and initial evacuation times on each floor. The simulation results reveal the impact of the fire's location and the evacuation preparation time on the overall evacuation process, highlighting that fires on higher floors or longer evacuation preparation times tend to reduce overall evacuation time.In conclusion, the study emphasizes a multifaceted approach to improve evacuation safety and efficiency in educational settings. Recommendations include expanding staircase widths, optimizing evacuation routes, conducting regular drills, strengthening command during evacuations, and upgrading emergency facilities. The use of information and communication technology for managing emergencies is also suggested. These measures collectively form a comprehensive framework for ensuring safety in educational institutions during fire emergencies.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.115-126
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• 2019

Recently, in order to solve the traffic congestion in urban areas and to improve the peripheral environment, research on the design and construction technology development of great depth underground double-deck tunnel is under way by using the underground space in the urban area. The network type double-deck tunnel is in the form of an intersection with a small cross section and a steep slope as per construction at the base of a flatland, so that the fire smoke spreads rapidly in case of fire, which is expected to cause damage of human life. Therefore, this study is analyzed the delay effect of fire smoke diffusion according to the installation and non - installation of delay system for fire smoke diffusion at the intersection. Fire fumes were delayed up to 270 seconds when the delay system for fire smoke diffusion was installed at the intersection and it is analyzed that the greater the operating area of the delay system for fire smoke diffusion, the more preventable the damage of human life of the intersection.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.2 s.62
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• pp.54-63
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• 2006

The number of forest fire under various conditions such as year, month, time, day of the week, region, damaged species, cause, and damaged area are checked, and the statistics of the forest fire causing materials in recent 14 years ('91-'04) are analyzed. The result shows that the year majority of forest fires had happened in last 14 year was 2001 and most of forest fire occurred in April, Sunday, around 14:00 to 15:00. The most damaged region is Gyeongsangbuk-Do, followed by Gangwon-Do, Jeollabuk-Do, and Gyeonggi-Do. The most damaged species is pine tree. The main causes of forest fires are accidental fire and incineration of a field boundary; however, recently, incendiarism is increased. The result of analysis on the damaged area shows that small fires under 5 ha occurred most frequently and large fires (over 30 ha) occurred mostly in Kangwon province (44.2%). The result also shows that the large forest fires (1,113 minutes) require 7.5 time more than the small forest fires (148 minutes). Especially, since average damaged area caused by large forest fire was about 470 ha per incident.