• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.287-292
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• 2012

This study was to build the database by collecting the results of legal leak test and self-test conducted by the owners of soil contamination facilities at soil-related specialized agency to grip objective status on soil contamination facilities and evaluate classification results. The results of the study showed that the unsuitable rate of business unit is 53.6%, the business with leak that could cause actual pollution is 25.7%, the unsuitable rate of the voluntary self-test is 57.3%, that of the compulsory inspection is 17.2% depending on the test motivation, that of the direct-test is 58.9%, and that of the indirect-test is 22.5% depending on the test methods. There was a significant difference between the test motivation conducted and the test methods applied. From the results of the unsuitable reasons obtained we could assume that about 20% of the whole target tanks became potential sources with natural defects occurred when such tanks were made, and 2.2% of the whole tankers examined that persisting period was caused by progressing corrosion below the minimum thickness.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.47-63
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• 2011

The rapid spread of the Smartphone usage among the public has brought great changes to the overall society. Aiming to gain their competitiveness with better Smartphone service quality, manufacturers are endeavoring to keep the pace with the popularization of mobile internet and social changes. Researches on the Smartphone service quality are actively undergoing in the academic circles as well. A great many of studies ranging from the past mobile services to the recent Smartphone services have thus far focused on proposing the systematic arrangement and the typology in terms of service quality, which in turn have provided the theoretical foundation and broaden the scope of comprehension. Besides technical aspects of the mobile and Smartphone services, the earlier studies in the behavioral domain, however, only took into considerations the positive aspect of users' satisfaction with the quality of services via new media devices like Smartphone. The rationale behind this mainly comes from the assumption that as the opposite definition of satisfaction is dissatisfaction, the services are not adopted if dissatisfied. However, it is not always true to conclude that service users are satisfied when the service is functionally fulfilled and dissatisfied otherwise. That is because there exist some cases that quality attributes provide satisfaction when achieved fully, but do not cause dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. And there also exist other cases that quality attributes are taken for granted when fulfilled but result in dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. To account this multi-dimensional feature of service quality attributes in relation with user satisfaction, this study took advantage of Kano model following the identification of a set of the Smartphone service quality attributes by investigating the previous studies. Categorizing of the service quality elements reflecting the customers' needs would perhaps help manage Smartphone service quality, enabling business managers to identify which quality attributes more emphasis to put on and what strategy to establish for the future.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.263-274
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• 2017

Objectives: To identify the current status of Korean medical practice pattern, diagnosis and treatment of dementia through recognition survey, and to use it as a preliminary data for various dementia research. Methods: Questionnaires were developed through expert meetings. The disease was defined as dementia and mild cognitive impairment, and areas were designated to practice pattern, diagnosis and treatment. From December 18, 2016-January 18, 2017, 221 respondents, including 36 neuropsychiatrists of Korean Medicine and 185 general physicians (including other medical specialists) were included. Results: 1. In both groups, the most commonly used KCD (Korean standard classification of disease and cause of death) were in the order of Unspecified Alzheimer's Dementia (F00.9), Mild Cognitive Impairment (F06.7), and Unspecified Dementia (F03). 2. The most commonly used pattern identification were zang-fu and qi-blood-yin-yang in both groups. 3. Diagnostic evaluation tools were mainly conducted by MMSE, radiologic examination, K-DRS, GDS and CDR in both groups. 4. Both groups reported using acupuncture and herbal medicine mainly. 5. In both groups, the acupuncture method was used extensively in the order of Body, Scalp, and Sa-Am. 6. Neuropsychiatrists used a variety of herbal medicines such as Wonjiseokchangpo-san (Yuanzhushichangpu-san), Yukmijihwang-tang (Liuweidihuang-tang), Palmijihwang-won (Baweidihuang-won), Sunghyangjungki-san (Xingxiang Zhengqi-san) and Ondam-tanggami (Wendan-tangjiawei). General physicians used a variety of herbal medicines such as Ondam-tanggami (Wendan-tangjiawei), Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang), Yukmijihwang-tang (Liuweidihuang-tang). 7. Neuropsychiatrists used a variety of Korean herbal preparation products (benefit and non-benefit) such as Ekgan-sangajinpibanha (Yigan-sanjiachenpibanxia), Yukmijihwang-tang (Liuweidihuang-tang), Jodeung-san (houteng-san), Palmijihwang-won (Baweidihuang-won). General physicians used a variety of Korean herbal preparation products such as Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang), Banhabaegchulcheonma-tang (banxiabaizhutianma-tang), Yukmijihwang-tang (Liuweidihuang-tang), Ekgan-sangajinpibanha (Yigan-sanjiachenpibanxia), Palmijihwang-won (Baweidihuang-won). Conclusions: By confirming awareness of Korean medical doctors treating dementia in clinical fields and understanding differences between neuropsychiatrists of Korean medicine and general physicians, it can be used to understand guideline users' needs and confirm clinical questions during development of future clinical practice guidelines for dementia.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.83-105
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• 2017

In contemporary society interest in and consumption of beauty treatment are increasing, raising interest in health and beauty. However, beauty-related laws are becoming factors of hindrance of beauty development. Currently the Public Health Control Act plays a basic role in the beauty art business in Korea, However the contents are in discord with international laws and its definition is not clear. Therefore it is causing conflicts of different occupations and job associations which are similar to art business. Especially, because neither definitions nor policies on beauty care devices exist in the Public Health Control Act, beauty care devices using in foreign countries cannot be used in Korea due to classification as medical devices. Under this circumstance, therefore, beauty care device uses by beauty artists violate the law. The government has tried to solve these irrational regulations. Recently, the Small and Medium Business Administration announced 'the improvement plan of small business and young founders site regulation for public economy recovery' in a ministerial meeting on December 28, 2016. Regulations on policy preparation for skincare devices were inclusive in this announcement. It is the question whether the regulations will be executed or not. Even though beauty industrial competitiveness was presented in the 18th Presidential Council on National Competitiveness in 2009, it was not practiced. The proposal bills for beauty law improvement have been put forth several times since 2000 including an improvement plan for regulating beauty care devices. However, so far there have been no improvements. The damage on the regulation classifying beauty devices as medical devices is not only restricted to skincare. This develops beauty devices and the beauty industry which imports and exports beauty devices. When beauty devices are exported, complicated procedures are unavoidable and when beauty devices are imported, irrational problems like reregistration procedures and costs occur. The reason why an improvement plan has not gone into practice is the resistance of the dermatologists' association. Dermatologists tend to stand positively against harming public health by saying that beauty devices used by beauty artists cause people to suffer side effects. In contrast, anyone who has a licence to use beauty devices is able to use them in foreign countries. It is not only infringement of one's right as a beauty artist but also people's right to receive beauty care services. With this reason, Korean's current law under which beauty devices are ruled as medical devices should be revised with accordance to domestic surroundings. Therefore in order to advance and globalize the beauty industry, the support and cooperation of the Korean government and relevant associations is needed to legislate and revise the beauty devices laws. The relevant associations abandon regional self-centeredness and cooperate to define ranges, size and management of beauty devices for safe use. If no collaboration exists, an arbitration agency should be established to solve the problem.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.126-131
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• 2015

Pathogenic Escherichia coli is recognized as an important cause of diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence E. coli contamination in the Korean traditional food bibimbap. E. coli were isolated from 84 of 1142 (7.3%) bibimbap investigated from 2005 to 2011. Antibiotic resistance profiling demonstrated that 6 of the 84 isolates (7.2%) showed multiple drug resistance. Fifteen virulence genes specific for pathogenic E. coli such as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) were examined by multiplex PCR for mixed bacterial cultures derived from bibimbap samples. The EPEC virulence gene (ent) was detected in 5 strains (5.9%), while ETEC, EAEC, and EIEC were not detected. STEC serotypes O103 (1.2%), O91 (1.2%), and O128 (6.0%) were found, but other serogroups such as O26, O157, O145, O111 and O121 were not detecded. Automated Repetitive-Sequence-Based PCR analysis showed different patterns.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.67-94
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• 1997

The main purpose of this study is to arrange the diseases, principal medicinal substances and the prescriptions for the Soumin's Sinsooyul-Pyoyul-Byung(少陽人 腎受熱表熱病) by historical examination in the viewpoint of the Constitutional Medicine(四象醫學). In this study, first I collected the original texts of the diseases and priscriptions in Dongyi-Soose-Bowon(東醫壽世保元), and described the development process of the Soumin(少陽人)'s diseases and priscriptions by comparing with the contents in Dongyi-Soose-Bowon(東醫壽世保元). Next, I collected the efficacy of the medicinal substances and priscriptions by the examination of successive literatures referred it, and tried to explain the efficacy of each medicinal substances in the viewpoint of the Constitutional Medicine(四象醫學) by the analysis of successive literatures. As a result, the conclusions could be summarized as follows. 1. The Differentiation of Syndromes(辦證) in the Existing Medicine(旣存醫學) was formed according to the Eight Principal Syndromes(八綱), the Five Elements(五行), the Merdian system(經絡), therefore there were many confusions with the changes of the times. The differentiation of Syndromes(辦證) in the Constitutional Medicine(四象醫學) was formed according to the pathological change of Ascending and Descending Yin Yang(陰陽升降) in the Four Internal Organs(四臟), therefore, there was the consistency in the recognition of diseases. 2. The classification of the Soumin's Pyoyul-Byung(少陽人 表熱病) was divided into Yukuang Disease(鬱狂證) and Mangyang Disease(亡陽證) according to sweating or not. The conception of these diseases was mostly achived in Shanhanlun(優寒論). The treatment of Shanhanlun(優寒論) was alike to that of Dongyi-Soose-Bowon(東醫壽世保元) in a part. 3. Je ma, Lee thinked that the cause of the Soumin's Pyoyul-Byung(少陽人 表熱病) is the breakdown of the balanced equilibrium in ascending and descending Yin Yang(陰陽升降) for a Large Sin and a Small Bi(腎大脾小), and it is treated by warming and ascending Yang(溫補升陽). 4. The medicinal substances composing prescriptions for the Soumin's Pyoyul-Byung(少陰人 表熱病) is characterized with the efficacy of Ascending Yang and supplying Qi(升陽益氣) and regulating the digestive organs with the efficacy of warming it. 5. The medicinal substances composing the precriptions for the Soumin's Pyoyul-Byung(少陰人 表熱病) is divided into four parts with the state of Yang Qi(陽氣) in the disease it used. 6. The purpose of prescriptions for the Soumin's Pyoyul-Byung(少陰人 表熱病) is to strengthen the Soumin(少陰人)'s Yangnan Qi(陽暖之氣). Je ma, Lee kept the principle not to mix with another constitution's medicinal substances in the creation of the priscription.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1329-1338
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• 2015

This article aims to develop model for the right policy Tools available from the cause analysis regarding the regional differences of subway modal split in Seoul metropolitan area. This allows two major factors of the most influential subway modal split to be proved and Portfolio Analysis is conducted. The results are as follows. Firstly, the two primary factors affecting subway modal split were shown as subway adjacent area and local line bus. It signifies that expansion of subway adjacent area, establishing the number of the subway stations and increase of local line bus are required in order to improve a diminishing subway modal split. Following that, pattern of the improvement to strengthen better subway connections are classified according to the two areas which are Concentration Area of Improvement in Subway Station Area (CAISSA) and Concentration Area of Improvement in Local Bus (CAILB). Our study revealed that Ganbukgu, Seodaemungu, Geumcheongu, and Gwanakgu were selected as the area of CAILB and Songpagu, and Junggu were selected as the area of CAISSA. As all things are considered, transportation policy makers should be taken into account in the two main factors driven by our study according to types in order to enhance the future subway share proportion.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.157-171
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• 2001

The study was designed to provide the fundamental information for understanding discomfort of bone marrow donors and for promoting an individual comfort by comparing the difference on discomfort between unrelated donors and related donors. The subject of the study was fifty related donors and thirty unrelated donors who was in the C University Hospital. This survey had been carried out and collected from October, 1998 to March, 1999. The scale of discomfort of donors associated with bone marrow donation were assessed by the questionnaire deviced by Kim Sang Dol and amended by the researcher. Data was analyzed by $x^2-test$, t-test, two-way ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The results were as follows. 1. Considering the general characteristics of bone marrow donors according to gender, male was consisted of $60\%$ and female was consisted of $40\%$. Of those related donors are consisted for $62.5\%$ and accounted for $37.5\%$ of those unrelated donors. Considering the classification to the job, employee of company were major donors which was $35\%$, and next order was student, individual businessman, and housewife. Considering the education level. college students were $48.7\%$ and students who have less than high school level were $42.5\%$. 2. According to the above the results regarding discomfort of bone marrow donation, it is especially shown that the major cause for discomfort of bone marrow donors is on physical factor. The concrete examples for physical factor are pain in the region of bone marrow harvest and pain in the injection part by fluid therapy and blood-sampling, an immovability of the body after bone marrow harvest, and difficulties on walking. Considering physiological factor, there are an uneasiness about leading to injure their health, vague fear about the hospital. and a tedium at hospital. Environmental factors for discomfort of bone marrow donors are insufficient explanation for needle gauge and procedure of bone marrow donation and difficulty on following medical schedule. Therefore. it is necessary to establish more effective and systematically organized program for nursing intervention based on the research results. An effective program is only useful in getting rid of discomfort of bone marrow donors.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 1995

To study the clinical profiles and outcome of surgery in infants with esophageal atresia, we reviewed 96 esophageal atresia cases who were treated from April, 1978 to June, 1995. There were 51 male and 45 female infants, a ratio of 1.1:1. The low birth weight(<2500g) patients were 32%. Clinical findings at the time of diagnosis included drooling in 57%, choking in 50%, cyanosis in 38%, respiratory distress in 27% and swallowing difficulty in 20%. Gross classification included 6 cases of type A esophageal atresia(6%), 79 cases of type C(82%), 3 cases of type E (3%) and 8 cases of type F(8%). Associated anomalies occurred in 34 infants(35%). Among them, cardiac anomalies were most common(60%). A primary repair of the defect was carried out in 76 patients with type A or C. A staged operation comprising a repair or gastric tube interposition after gastrostomy was performed in 8 patients. In all 3 infants with H-type, a division of fistula was performed. Esophageal resection and anastomosis was done in 8 infants with esophageal stenosis. In one infant, a gastrostomy was performed and he expired before staged operation. Anastomotic complications included leakage in 16 cases(17%), stricture in 37 cases(39%) and recurrent tracheoesopohageal fistula in 3 cases(3%). The mortality rate was 14% and the leading cause of death was pneumonia. The overall survival rate was 86%, and according to Waterston criteria, the survival rates were 93%, 85% and 58% in class A, Band C, respectively. 75 patients were followed up with median follow up 6.4 years. Among them, 93% were uneventful and 7% had frequent pneumonia.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.6
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• pp.517-527
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• 2009

Background: Bronchiectasis (BE) remains a rare respiratory disease in Korea. This retrospective study was done to investigate the potential pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) that cause in patients with BE, through the use of sputum specimens. Methods: One hundred eleven adult patients, who had undergone chest computed tomography (CT), sputum gram stain/culture, and BE detected by chest CT, were included in this study. Sputum adequacy was determined by using Murray-Washington classification. Results: The mean (${\pm}$SD) age of patients was 60.9 (${\pm}$14.0). The number of PPMs was 167 (67%) in the total 248 isolated organisms. The most frequent PPMs were P. aeruginosa (23.4%), K. pneumoniae (10.5%), and S. aureus (8.4%). The proportion of adequate sputum (AS) was 25.8% in the total sputum specimens. The patients with AS were 41 (37%) and the patients with inadequate sputum (IS) were 70 (63%). The proportion of P. aeruginosa was higher in AS compared to that of IS (44% vs. 19%, p=0.004). The BE score was also higher in P. aeruginosa (+) patients compared to that of P. aeruginosa (-) patients (10.8 vs. 7.6, p=0.001). Conclusion: Although the proportion of AS in the total sputum was low, PPMs were isolated in most patients with BE. It is likely that P. aeruginosa was isolated in AS and AS patients had higher BE scores.