• 유통과학연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.121-132
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• 2017

Purpose - There are many variables related to consumer-brand relationship such as brand attitude, attachment, commitment and brand loyalty and we should manage these all variables successfully to achieve a strong brand loyalty. The objective of this research is to investigate the path from brand attitude and brand attachment to brand commitment and brand loyalty. Specially, this article focuses on the moderating effects of brand type and consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships between variables. Research design, data, and methodology - The seven hypotheses were proposed and tested empirically in this research. Three of seven hypotheses were the effects of brand attitude and brand attachment on the brand commitment and brand loyalty. Another two hypotheses presented the moderating effect of brand type and other two hypotheses expressed the moderating effect of consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships between variables. Research data were collected from the surveying of university students and the 282 samples were used to test the proposed hypotheses empirically. We utilized SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 for statistical analyses such as reliability test, validity test and path analysis. Results - The results show that brand attitude influences the brand loyalty and brand attachment influences the brand commitment positively. The brand attachment also influences the brand commitment positively. We found that there is a moderating effect of brand type in the causal relationship between brand attitude and loyalty though there is no significant moderating effect in the causality between brand attachment and commitment. We also fount that there is no significant moderating effect of consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships among brand attitude, brand attachment, brand commitment and brand loyalty. In Summary, 5 of 7 hypotheses in this study were supported and 2 hypotheses were not supported. Conclusions - There is a path model of consumer-brand relationship from brand attitude and brand attachment to brand commitment and brand loyalty. Companies should provide their consumers with effective marketing program in every phase of consumer-brand relationship to build brand loyalty. In addition, there are possibilities that the relationships among brand attitude, brand attachment, brand commitment and brand loyalty are moderated by brand type and consumer innovativeness. Companies should consider perceived brand type and innovativenss of their consumers in planning and executing their various marketing programs for their brand management.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2010

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have greatly contributed to the identification of common variants responsible for numerous complex traits. There are, however, unavoidable limitations in detecting causal and/or rare variants for traits in this approach, which depends on an LD-based tagging SNP microarray chip. In an effort to detect potential casual and/or rare variants for complex traits, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and triglycerides (TGs), we conducted a targeted resequencing of loci identified by the Korea Association REsource (KARE) GWAS. The target regions for resequencing comprised whole exons, exon-intron boundaries, and regulatory regions of genes that appeared within 1 Mb of the GWA signal boundary. From 124 individuals selected in population-based cohorts, a total of 0.7 Mb target regions were captured by the NimbleGen sequence capture 385K array. Subsequent sequencing, carried out by the Roche 454 Genome Sequencer FLX, generated about 110,000 sequence reads per individual. Mapping of sequence reads to the human reference genome was performed using the SSAHA2 program. An average of 62.2% of total reads was mapped to targets with an average 22X-fold coverage. A total of 5,983 SNPs (average 846 SNPs per individual) were called and annotated by GATK software, with 96.5% accuracy that was estimated by comparison with Affymetrix 5.0 genotyped data in identical individuals. About 51% of total SNPs were singletons that can be considered possible rare variants in the population. Among SNPs that appeared in exons, which occupies about 20% of total SNPs, 304 nonsynonymous singletons were tested with Polyphen to predict the protein damage caused by mutation. In total, we were able to detect 9 and 6 potentially functional rare SNPs for T2D and triglycerides, respectively, evoking a further step of replication genotyping in independent populations to prove their bona fide relevance to traits.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.498-508
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels are associated with a higher risk of hypertension (HTN); however, it remains unclear whether the relationship is causal. We aimed to evaluate the causal effects of circulating 25(OH)D levels on the prevalence of HTN in the Korean population using the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Epidemiological data, serum 25(OH)D data, and genomic DNA biospecimens were obtained from 2,591 participants, a subset of the study population in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 2011-2012. Five 25(OH)D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; DHCR7 rs12785878, CYP2R1 rs10741657, CYP2R1 rs12794714, CYP24A1 rs6013897, and GC rs2282679), identified a priori from genome-wide association studies, were used as instrument variables (IVs) for serum 25(OH)D levels. In the MR analysis, we performed IV analyses using the two-stage least squares method. RESULTS: In the observational analysis, circulating 25(OH)D levels were found to be inversely associated with the HTN prevalence in ordinary least squares models (odds ratio: 0.97, 95% confidence interval: 0.96, 0.99) after adjusting for the potential confounders. There were differences in the circulating 25(OH)D levels across genotypes of individual SNPs. In the MR analysis, using individual SNPs as IVs, 25(OH)D levels were not associated with the HTN prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: We found no association between genetically determined circulating 25(OH)D levels and HTN in Korean adults. Our results are listed owing to the relatively small sample size and possible weak instrument bias; therefore, further studies are needed to confirm these results.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2012

This study explores the important causal relationship between the public (domestic) and trade (international) disputes of South Korea and China. To understand the relations between the domestic and international disputes, Putnam's study of the two-level game theory has been conducted in order to analyze the effect of complicated social and political frameworks on international trade disputes. Due to the social and political differences between South Korea and China, this study provides three findings based on negotiation, policy, and strategic approaches.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.31-54
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• 1998

The purpose of this research is three-fold; 1, establish the causal model of market-orientation, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction and firm's perfor-mance. 2. testify the hypothesis derived by the model on a service industry of fastfood franchise. 3. develop the diagnostic tool for managing the service firm from the perspective of CS. The results show us; 1. customer satisfaction increases the performance of franchise store. 2. employee satisfaction does not necessarily increases customer satisfaction in a short-run, however the long-run impact of employee satisfaction on customer satisfaction is conjectured to be increased. 3. Satisfaction Portfolio Analysis can be utilized as management tool to improve the customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction for service industry.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.133-148
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• 1999

This study is conducted a survey of consumer problems and dissatisfactionand their complaining behavior with door to door and mail order sellings. Results of the study show that both door to door selling and mail order selling the level of consumer complaining behavior was below median point. Path analysis of the variables affected complaining behavior showed that total causal effect to the biggest consumer dissatisfaction.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.131-144
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of the consumer's knowledge the consumer's attitude the family characteristics and the variables on consumer socialization to the consumer's functions of homemakers. The samples were selected from 428 homemakers living in Kwangju, Frequncies Perentiles Means Standard Deviations Multiple regression Path analysis were used as statistical analysis The results were sumarized as follows: Resulting from multiple regression analysis the consumer's function had the positive linear relationships with variables such as family life cycles interaction with family consume knowledge and consumer attitude. The most influential variable was consumer attitude.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.218-230
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• 2018

According to the burst of aged people, researchers have focused on aging-related diseases. Cognitive impairment including Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the representative diseases related to aging, has no treatment option until now. Recently, it has been revealed that systemic inflammation plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of AD. Previous studies have suggested the association between poor oral health and cognitive impairment. Poor oral health can cause dental caries, chronic periodontitis, multiple tooth loss, and poor chewing ability, etc. Especially, periodontitis is a well-known chronic inflammatory disease and affects cognitive impairment directly and indirectly by inflammatory products mediators. Therefore, reduction of pathogenic microbial burden and inflammatory products by treating periodontitis can be a therapeutic modality to prevent cognitive impairment or to slow down the progression of it. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the causal relations and plausible mechanisms between poor oral health and cognitive impairment.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.488-504
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 한식당에서 환경단서와 체험요인이 브랜드태도에 영향을 미치는지와 이러한 관계에서 브랜드명성이 조절변수 역할을 하는지를 파악하는데 있었다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 한국의 한식당 중에서 매출액을 기준으로 하여 상위 20위 안에 드는 H와 B 외식업체를 방문했던 고객들을 대상으로 설문지를 배포하여 자료를 수집하였다. 총 353부의 설문지가 위계적 회귀분석을 사용하여 통계분석 되었으며, 다음과 같은 주요한 4가지 사항이 발견되었다. 첫째, 환경단서 중 공간성, 심미성, 청결성, 쾌적성이 브랜드태도에 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 체험유형에 속하는 행동, 관계, 인지, 감성 모두가 브랜드태도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 브랜드명성은 환경단서 중 심미성차원과 브랜드태도 간에만 조절역할을 한 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 브랜드명성은 체험 중 행동과 브랜드태도 간에만 조절역할을 한 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과들을 바탕으로 한식당 마케터들은 환경단서와 체험을 강화시키고, 마케팅 기법을 활용하여 브랜드명성을 강화시켜야 한다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.249-257
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 중학생들이 유전과 관련된 과학적 현상에 대한 설명 글쓰기에서 드러나는 개념 성취 수준을 살펴보고, 과학적 현상을 설명하기 위해 어떠한 논변 구조와 정당화 방식을 사용하는지, 과학적 지식을 적절하게 정당화에 이용하고 있는지를 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 서울시 소재 중학교 3학년 학생들 162명이 '유전과 진화'를 학습한 후에 크기와 모양이 같은 초록색 피망과 빨간색 피망이 같은 종류인지 다른 종류인지 다른 주장을 하는 경쟁 논변 중 하나를 선택하여 그 이유를 설명하도록 하였다. 연구 결과, 개념 성취 개념 성취 수준에서 전체 응답자(162명) 중 47%(77명)는 정답을, 53%(85명)는 오답을 제시하였다. 논변 수준을 살펴보면, 정답 학생들은 자료를 주장이나 결론에 연결하여 논거를 제시하는 수준인 수준 3(Constructing warrant)이 오답 학생들은 주장과 자료를 논리적으로 연결하지 않고 증거만 제시하는 수준인 수준 2(Providing evidence)가 가장 많았다. 정당화를 하면서 과학 지식(Scientific idea)의 사용을 학생들의 조사한 결과, 인과적 설명의 질을 결정할 수 있는 요소로 과학 지식을 사용한 학생 중 36%가 옳은 과학 지식(Correct scientific knowledge)을 사용하였으나, 나머지 학생들은 옳지 않은 과학 지식이나 특정되지 않은 과학 지식을 사용하였다. 이와 같은 연구 결과들은 인식적 실행인 과학적 현상을 설명하는 논변적 글쓰기를 장려하기 위해서 논변의 구조에 대한 영역 일반적인 지식의 교수 실행을 통해 관련된 특정 과학 지식을 적용하여 자신의 생각을 증거와 주장을 잘 연결할 수 있도록 훈련하는 것이 필요하다는 것을 강조한다.