• 간호행정학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.109-122
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• 2000

The present study examined the causal relationships among nurses' perceived autonomy, job satisfaction, work environment (work overload, role conflict, situational support, head nurses' leadership), personal aspects(experiences, need for achievement, professional knowledge and skill) by constructing and testing a theoretical framework. Based on literature review nurses' perceived autonomy and job satisfaction were conceived of as outcomes of the interplay among work environment and personal characteristics. Work environment factors involved work overload, role conflict, situational support, and head nurses' leadership (task oriented leadership, relation oriented leadership). Personal charateristics included experiences, need for achievement, and professional knowledge and skill. Three large general hospital in Chonbuk were selected to participate. The total sample of 516 registered nurses represents a response rate of 92 percent. Data for this study was collected from July to September in 1998 by Questionnaire. Path analyses with LISREL 7.16 program were used to test the fit of the proposed conceptual model to the data and to examine the causal relationship among variables. The result showed that both the proposed model and the modified model fit the data excellently. It needs to be notified, however, that path analisis can not count measurement errors; measurement error can attenuate estimates of coefficient and explanatory power. Nevertheless the model revealed relatively high explanatory power. 42 percent of nurses' perceived autonomy was explained by predicted variables; 32 percent of nurses' job satisfaction was explained by by predicted variables. Tn predicting nurses' perceived autonomy the findings of this study clearly demonstrated the work overload might be the most important variable of all the antecedent variables. Head nurses' relation oriented leadership, situational supports, need for achievement, and role conflict were also found to be important determinants for nurses' perceived autonomy. As for the job satisfaction, role conflict, situational supports, need for the achievement, and head nurses' relation oriented leadership were in turn important predictors. Unexpectedly the result showed perceived autonomy have few influence on job satisfaction. The results were discussed, including directions for the future research and practical implication drawn from the research were suggested.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제16D권5호
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• pp.691-700
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• 2009

이벤트는 환자의 증상과 같이 시간 속성을 갖는 하나의 흐름을 의미하며 인터벌 이벤트는 시작과 종료 시점에 대한 시간 간격을 갖는다. 그리고 시간 데이터마이닝에 대한 많은 연구가 있었지만 환자 이력, 구매자 이력, 로그 이력과 같은 인터벌 이벤트에 대한 지식 탐사 방법에 대한 연구는 미흡하다. 이 논문에서는 이벤트들의 인과 관계에 대한 연관 규칙을 탐사하고 이 규칙에 기반하여 결과 이벤트 발생을 예측하는 시간 데이터마이닝 방법을 제안한다. 제안 방법은 이벤트 시간 속성을 사용하여 인터벌 이벤트로 요약하고 이벤트들의 인과 관계를 탐사하여 이벤트 발생을 예측한다. 성능평가를 통하여 제안 방법은 다양한 지지도를 적용하여 발생 빈도에 상관없이 이벤트 발생에 높은 영향을 주는 의미있는 희소 관계를 발견함으로써 기존의 데이터마이닝 기법에 비하여 보다 우수한 정보를 탐사할 수 있다.

• 논리연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.21-67
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• 2017

이 글에서 필자는, 선언 인과(disjunctive cause)를 위한 사토리오(Satorio 2006)의 논증을 비판적으로 검토하고 평가한 후, 사토리오가 선언 인과로 의도한 바를 우리의 직관에 더 잘 부합하는 인과 구조로 보여주고자 한다. 우선, 선언 원인을 주장하는 사토리오의 논증을 소개한다. 다음으로, 이 논증에 가능한 반론들에 대한 사토리오의 응답과 그 논증에서 필자가 새롭게 주목하는 문제를 논의한다. 마지막으로, 사토리오가 선언 원인의 근거로 제시한 인과 구조를, 조절 효과 변수와 인과 상호작용 그리고 확률 궤적으로 해명한다. 결과 사건과 관련하여 원인 사건과 조절 효과의 인과 상호작용, 그리고 결과 사건의 비결정성이 갖는 의미와 역할을 본다. 이들 논의를 통해 선언 원인 사건에 대한 사토리오의 해명보다 필자의 해명이 우리의 직관에 더 부합하며, 또한 인과적 책임을 행위자에게 할당하는 데에 더 설득적임을 보여준다. 이 글에서 필자의 핵심 주장은 다음과 같다. 선언 인과 구조는 사토리오가 주장하는 것과 다르게 해명해야 한다. 선언 원인 사건이 아니라, 사건들이 결과 사건에 연결될 성향들이 있는 데 이들 성향의 선언 관계가 있다. 인과적 책임을 행위자에게 부여하려면, 인과 사건의 비결정성에 주목해야 한다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.72-86
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• 2013

산업집적은 경제지리학에서 오랫동안 연구되어온 주제 중의 하나이며 지금까지 다양한 방법을 통해 산업집적 현상을 설명하고 이의 영향을 평가해왔다. 하지만 시계열 데이터를 이용해 집적의 추이를 살펴본 연구는 아직 활발히 이루어지지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 지난 29년 간의 데이터를 이용해 사례로 선정된 산업들의 집적 정도를 평가하고 이러한 시계열 패턴과 도로 네트워크의 확장이 어떠한 인과관계를 맺고 있는 지 살펴보고 있다. 집적 정도를 측정한 결과 사례로 선정된 산업의 종사자들은 지리적으로 균등하게 분포되지 않고 있었다. 또한 사례 산업들 간에 공통된 시계열적 변화 특성은 나타나지 않았으나 각 산업의 발전 단계 및 비즈니스 환경 변화가 개별 산업의 집적 정도에 영향을 주고 있는 것으로 보이고 있다. 집적 정도와 도로교통망 사이의 관계를 살펴보기 위해 각 산업 별로 Granger causality test를 실시하였고 도로 교통망이 산업 집적에 영향을 주고 있음을 몇몇 사례를 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 이와 반대의 경우 혹은 상호 간에 영향을 주는 사례도 나타나 교통망과 산업집적이 보다 복잡한 관계를 맺고 있음을 보여준다.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2007년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.267-272
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• 2007

건설산업에서 정부는 발주자이며 최대의 수요자이다. 따라서 정부는 건설산업의 보호와 육성을 담당하는 가장 중요한 Sector임이 분명하다. 그 중에서도 발주제도는 발주자가 최종낙찰자를 선별하는 기준이 될 뿐만 아니라, 건설산업과 발주기관에 막대한 영향력을 미치게 된다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 최근 제시된 최저가 낙찰제도의 확대시행이 건설산업과 공공부문에 미치는 영향을 Causal Loop Diagram을 활용하여 인과적으로 분석함으로써 제도가 가진 장점과 단점을 동시에 파악해 보고 현재 제도가 변화해 가는 형태를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 기존의 대립을 거듭하던 연구에 중립의 입장을 지키며 제도를 분석하는 방식에 대한 새로운 입장을 제시하고자 하였다. 궁극적으로 최저가 낙찰제도의 확대에 대해 찬/반의 대립을 펼치고 있는 정부와 민간의 의식개선 측면에서 둘의 관계를 보다 유기적으로 개선하고, 제도의 비효율적 요소들에 대해 지속적인 관심을 이끌고 단점을 개선해 보다 제도를 발전적인 유도하는 것이 본 연구의 최종 목표로 설정하였다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.159-172
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• 2020

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate economic variables which have impact on the prices and returns of preferred stocks and to provide investors, underwriters, and policy makers with information regarding correlations and causal relations between them. Design/methodology/approach - This study collected 98 monthly data from Korea Exchange and Bank of Korea. The Granger causal relation analysis, unit-root test and the multiple regression analysis were hired in order to analyze the data. Findings - First, our study derives the economic variables affecting the prices and returns of preferred stocks and their implications, while previous studies focused mainly on the differential characteristics and related economic factors between common and preferred stocks. Empirical results show that the significant variables influencing the prices and returns of preffered stocks are consumer sentiment index, consumer price index, industrial production index, KOSPI volatility index, and exchange rate between Korean won and US dollar. Second, consumer sentiment index, consumer price index, and industrial production index have significant casual relations with the returns of preferred stocks, providing market participants with important information regarding investment in preferred stocks. Research implications or Originality - This study is different from previous studies in that preferred stocks themselves are investigated rather than the gap between common stocks and preferred stocks. In addition, we derive the major macro variables affecting the prices and returns of preferred stocks and find some useful causal relations between the macro variables and returns of preferred stocks. These findings give important implications to market participants, including stock investors, underwriters, and policy makers.

• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.117-138
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• 2005

The defence industry of the Republic of Korea(ROK) has grown up since 1970, however it is facing a growth hindrance due to its structural problem. Many professionals of defense industry has developed some measures to upgrade and energize the defence industry of ROK, and also the current government is implementing various transformations and new policies under the initiative of cooperative independence defence. But most of papers published so far have some limitations resulting from their qualitative contents. And also it is true for them not to show policy alternatives devised by the system thinking. This paper identifies essential factors of defense industry, then analyze the causal relation among those factors. It also shows the causal loop to identify the politic leverages, on which concrete measures to resolve the structural problems are based.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 1994

The experimental evidence evaluation of the 11th grade students(N:91) was investigated. Specially, the influence of students' ideas about optical phenomena and presented evidence types on their evidence evaluation, and the influence of students' ideas on their causal inference modes were investigated. After eliciting the students' ideas about shadow phenomena and conformity of their idea, the experimental results with a binary outcome were presented as the evidence. Then the students were asked to evaluate the evidence. Again students' ideas were elicited. Most of students had causal ideas such that the shape of object(96%) and the inclination of screen(75%) were causes of shadow shape, not the shape(70%) and color(92%) of light source. In the case of the shape of object and the color of light source, most students(70%) believed strongly their ideas. Most responses(80%) in the evidence were evidence-based, and 12% of them were theory-based. There was no significant difference of reponses types between students with causal ideas(81%) and students with non-causal ideas(78%), between covariable and non-covariable evidence. But in the case of non-causal ideas, covariable evidence was more likely to yield evidence-based reponses than non-covariable evidence. If students had preconcepts inconsistent(84%) with the evidence, they were more likely to make evidence-based responses than the students with consistent ideas (75%) with the evidence. Especially in the case perceptually biased evidence, this tendency was marked. In the case of covariable evidence, many students made inclusion inferences(40%) rather than uncertainty inferences(32%). In the case of uncertainty inferences(94%), students more likely to make evidence-based reponses than inclusion inferences(83%) and exclusion infernces(88%). In the case of inclusion inferences and exclusion infernces, students tended to make idea-based responses and distort the evidences. In conclusion, when the students evaluate the experimental evidences, their ideas influence the causal inference modes. Especially, according to the conformity of the preconcepts and logical relation of evidences, the inference modes are more strongly depended upon the preconcepts rather than evidences.

• 재무관리논총
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.221-244
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• 2003

This study is aimed to investigate the effects of foreign exchange rates on stock market returns. For the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan and Korea, the cross-correlation precedence of foreign exchange rate on stock market is found in the case of Germany and Korea. But that of stock market is not observed in any case. We performed three kinds of causality and exogeneity test of Granger test, Sims test and Geweke-Meese-Dent test. The analyses on the full period show the time-lag causal, exogeneous relation of foreign exchange rates with Granger, Sims and GMD test for Korea. The United Kingdom presents the significance with Granger and Sims test while Germany reveals the time-lag relation with Granger and GMD test. When we divide the period into two parts with the Louvre Accord, the first part give the less degree of time-lag relation. But in the second period the three kinds of causality and exogeneity test propose consistent time-lag relation with foreign exchange rates on stock markets for the United Kingdom and Korea with the three test methods. And Granger's test prove German foreign exchange market have a time-lag relation on stock market.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 1999년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.439-444
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• 1999

This paper presents an authoring system for users to create and edit multimedia documents more easily. Our system supports dynamic authoring to feedback the inconsistency that could be occurred when users authorize and flexible media synchronization. For these, we define a new time relation based on causal relation and provide an internal representation using trees and structured document parsing. The system consists of the components such as visual interface, parsing, and presentation engine. It has been implemented on Microsoft Windows 95 with Visual C++.