• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2004

Purpose: This study elicited Korean women's perceptions of the life situations that contribute to Hwabyung, a culture.bound psychiatric illness in Korea, and delineated a typology of the perceived causative factors for this illness. Method: A purposive sample of 21 Korean women was recruited from a church, a senior center in Seoul and a clinic that provides traditional Korean and westernized medical services to patients in the Gyeonggi area. Inclusion criteria were: 1) the diagnosis of Hwabyung by a traditional doctor or "stress reaction and depression" by a westernized doctor; and 2) a score greater than 40 on the Hwabyung Self.Report Instrument. Surveys using the HSRI and individual interviews using Qmethodology were used. Result: The average age of the participants was 53.7 years(range 35-84). The mean score on the HSRI was 46.2(range = 42-52). Data analysis showed that participants perceived three life situations to cause Hwabyung: vulnerable situation, lowered self.esteem, and negative life events. Conclusions: Korean women, suffering from Hwabyung, perceived at least three different causal patterns for this illness. Nursing care plans should be tailored to meet these differences.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 1999

Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae is the causal pathogen of several hosts including oats corn foxtail millet wheatgrass sugarcane and rice. The pathogen is a seedborne pathogen of rice and known to occur widely in rice growing countries. The pathogen cause inhibition of germination brown stripe on the leaf curling of the leaf sheath and abnormal elongation of the mesocotyl of irce. Bacterial colonies grow slowly and are convex circular and creamy with tan to brown center. The causal baterium is Gram-negative and rod shape with a single polar flagellum Nonfluorescence poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate accumulation and precipitate formation around the colony on the medium are useful in the differentiation of this bacterium from other subspecies of A. avenae as well as nonfluorescent bacteria pathogenic to rice. This bacterium has belonged to the genus of Psdeudomonas but recently was transferred to the new genus Acidovorax on the basis of bacteriological and molecular biological data. However the difference of biochemical characteristics protein profile of the cell and host range among strains should be more clarified. To develop an effective control strategy for this disease understanding of detailed life cycle of the disease ritical environmental factors affecting disease development on each host and relationship to grain discoloration of rice are prerequisite. Although the affected area has been world-widely reported there is on recent progress on the understanding of the bacteriological and ecological characteristics of the causal bacterium and control means of the disease.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.935-942
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to measure the causal relationships among attitude toward eating seafood, perceived behavioral control (PBC), health involvement, behavioral intention and consumption. A total of 235 questionnaires were completed. A structural equation model was used to measure the causal effects of the constructs. The results of the study demonstrated that the structural analysis results for the data also indicated an excellent model fit. Health involvement had considerable effects on attitude and intention, which were statistically significant. The effects of attitude and PBC on intention were also statistically significant. Futhermore, the effects of attitude, PBC, and intention on consumption were statistically significant. As expected, intention had a significant effect on consumption. Moreover, health involvement had significant indirect effects on intention through attitude and PBC. Attitude had a significant indirect effect on consumption through intention. PBC also had a significant indirect effect on consumption through intention. By developing and testing conceptual models that integrated the relationship among variables such as health involvement and attitude, along with seafood consumption behavior, this study approaches a deeper understanding of how perceptions, on the importance of a healthy diet and other factors, influence consumption behavior.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.9.1-9.6
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• 2022

Mendelian randomization (MR) uses genetic variation as a natural experiment to investigate the causal effects of modifiable risk factors (exposures) on outcomes. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) is widely used to measure causal effects between exposures and outcomes via genome-wide association studies. 2SMR can increase statistical power by utilizing summary statistics from large consortia such as the UK Biobank. However, the first-order term approximation of standard error is commonly used when applying 2SMR. This approximation can underestimate the variance of causal effects in MR, which can lead to an increased false-positive rate. An alternative is to use the second-order approximation of the standard error, which can considerably correct for the deviation of the first-order approximation. In this study, we simulated MR to show the degree to which the first-order approximation underestimates the variance. We show that depending on the specific situation, the first-order approximation can underestimate the variance almost by half when compared to the true variance, whereas the second-order approximation is robust and accurate.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.18-33
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper investigates the causal relationship between logistics infrastructure development and the economic growth of Korea. Considering the industrial and economic structure of Korea, it is likely that logistics infrastructure is positively associated with the economic growth of the country. Design/methodology - The causal relationship between logistics infrastructure and economic development is estimated using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) considering long-run equilibrium between the two factors. To this end, a dataset consisting of 7 logistics infrastructure proxies and 5 economic growth indicators covering the period of 1990-2017 is used. Findings - It was found that causality, in general, runs from logistics infrastructure development to economic growth. Specifically, the results indicate that maritime transport is positively associated with the economic growth of Korea in terms of GDP and international trade. In addition, other modes of transport also have a positive impact on either the GDP or international trade of Korea. Originality/value - While existing studies in this area are based on either regional observations or a specific mode of transport, this study presents empirical evidence on causality between logistics infrastructure and the economic growth of Korea using a more comprehensive dataset. In addition, the findings in this paper can provide valuable implications for transport infrastructure development policies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.328-335
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the causal relationships among environmental belief, ambivalence, subjective norm, attitude and meat consumption behavior. A total of 318 questionnaires were completed. A structural equation model was employed to assess the causal effects of constructs. The results of the study demonstrated that the structural analysis results for the data also indicated excellent model fit. The effects of environmental belief, ambivalence, and subjective norm on attitude were statistically significant. The effects of environmental belief, subjective norm and attitude on meat consumption were statistically significant. The effects of attitude on intention were statistically significant. As had been expected, intention exerted a significant effect on meat consumption. Moreover, environmental belief and ambivalence exerted significant indirect effects on meat consumption through attitude. Subjective norm exerted a significant indirect effect on meat consumption through attitude and intention. Subjective norm also exerted a significant indirect effect on intention through attitude. In developing and testing conceptual models which integrate the relationship among behavioral belief, attitude variable, behavioral intention and meat consumption, this study may approach a deeper understanding of the complex relationship among meat consumption behavior-related variables. Greater understanding of the complex relationship among meat consumption behavior-related variables can improve the practical or managerial diagnosis of the problem and opportunities for different marketing strategies including meat production and meat product development and marketing communication.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2016

Recently, Live-Virtual-Constructive (L-V-C) integrate training system has proposed as a solution for the problems such as limitation of training areas, increase of mission complexity, rise in oil prices. In order to integrate each training system into the one effectively, we should solve the issue about stress of pilots by the environmental differences between Live and Virtual simulation which could be occurred when each system is connected together. Although it was already examined in previous study that the psychological effects on pilots was occurred by the environmental differences between actual and simulated flights, the study did not include what the causal factors affecting psychological effects are. The aim of this study is to examine which environmental factors that cause pilots' psychological effects. This study analyzed the biochemical stress hormone, cortisol to measure the pilots' psychological effects and cortisol was measured using Enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA). A total of 40 pilots participated in the experiment to compare the differences in pilots' cortisol response among live simulation, virtual simulation, and the virtual simulation applying three environmental factors (gravity force, noise, and equipment) respectively. As a result, there were significant differences in cortisol level when applied the gravity force and equipment factors to the virtual simulation, while there was no significant difference in the case of the noise factor. The results from this study can be used as a basis for the future research on how to make L-V system by providing minimum linkage errors and design the virtual simulator that can reduce the differences in the pilots' psychological effects.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.127-140
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• 2004

The subjects of this study were 258 Korean-Chinese parent-child dyads of an elementary school in Yanbian Province, northeastern China. Research questions covered relationships among children's school adjustment and ecological factors, significance of factors within ecological levels, and direct and indirect effects in causal relationships. Results showed significant effects within each ecological level. Achievement motivation of the individual system, home environment and social support of the microsystem, and mother's job satisfaction in the exosystem had significant relationships with children's school adjustment. Mother's education and job satisfaction influenced school adjustment through home environment; the causal relationship between social support and school adjustment was mediated by achievement motivation. Personal and general factors from each ecological level were more significant than ethnic related factors in explaining children's school adjustment.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.127-139
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• 2014

The purpose of this research is to present the major factors which determine dominant design of Smartphone OS and to verify a logical causal relationship with them and user satisfaction. To achieve this goal, OS compatibility, OS enhancement, Installed base, and network effect were presented as determinants of Smartphone OS which serves as the basis for determining dominant design and their logical causal relationship with user satisfaction was empirically analyzed. The results of the research showed that OS compatibility and OS enhancements had a positive effect on the expansion of user base. Of the two factors, OS enhancement showed that it does not only expand the user base but also acts as the cause for the fortification of the network effect. Furthermore, it was shown that OS enhancement had a direct positive effect on user satisfaction. The findings of this research are significant in its academic contribution as well as its potential for practical application by presenting the logical causal relationship in the process of determining OS dominant design an area which was previously untouched by empirical testing.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.447-453
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• 2003

Causal factors related to the skin disorder such as black stains during cold storage of 'Niitaka' pear fruit are of great importance to solve the postharvest disorder problems. The morphological and biochemical changes observe of pear skin affected by different harvest times and storage environments. Occurrence rate of black stain in 'Niitaka' pear fruit was the highest in newspaper bagging with 75% among various bagging materials at harvest time because of the high relative humidity within the double layer paper bags. During cold storage, the rate was 54～100% in 30 $\mu\textrm{m}$ polyethylene (PE) film packaging. As the harvest time was postponed, the rate increasedduring cold stoinge. The into was 1.5 to 2.4 times higher in pears harvested in late September than in those harvested in early and mid October. There was no significant difference in occurrence of black stain fruit between the 30 and 50 $\mu\textrm{m}$ PE film bags. The causal fungus of the black stain pear was assumed as Gloeodes pomigena (Schweintz, 1920). The treatment of 0.1～0.5 ppm ozone gas prevented the occurrence of the pear fruit black stain until 180 days after cold storage. The ozone treatment on the affected fruit was also effective in preventing the progress of the black stain.